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Datasheet

Hedya nubiferana (bud moth)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 13 July 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Hedya nubiferana
  • Preferred Common Name
  • bud moth
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Adult H. nubiferana caught on sticky trap. Wingspan 15-21 mm.
TitleAdult moth
CaptionAdult H. nubiferana caught on sticky trap. Wingspan 15-21 mm.
CopyrightHorticulture Research International/East Malling
Adult H. nubiferana caught on sticky trap. Wingspan 15-21 mm.
Adult mothAdult H. nubiferana caught on sticky trap. Wingspan 15-21 mm.Horticulture Research International/East Malling

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Hedya nubiferana Haworth

Preferred Common Name

  • bud moth

Other Scientific Names

  • Argyroploce nubiferana
  • Argyroploce variegana (Hübner)
  • Grapholita variegana (Hübner)
  • Grapholitha variegana
  • Hedia nubiferana
  • Hedia variegana
  • Hedya dimidioalba Retzius
  • Hedya variegana (Hübner)
  • Olethreutes nubiferana
  • Olethreutes variegana (Hübner)
  • Penthina variegana Barrett (1905)
  • Tortrix nubiferana Haworth
  • Tortrix variegana

International Common Names

  • English: cone pitch moth; fruit tree tortrix moth; green budworm; marble orchard tortrix
  • Spanish: torcedora del capullo; tortrix verde de las yemas
  • French: pique-bouton bigarré; pique-bouton bigarre (m); tordeuse verte des arbres fruitiers; tordeuse verte des bourgeons

Local Common Names

  • Denmark: gra knopvikler; knopvikler, gra
  • Finland: versokaeaeriaeinen
  • Germany: Spatzendreckchen; Wickler, Grauer Knospen-
  • Italy: tortrice degli alberi di frutto; tortrice delle gemme
  • Netherlands: Bladroller, groene
  • Norway: knopvikler, gra
  • Sweden: knoppvecklare, stoerre
  • Turkey: yesil tomurcuk tirtili

EPPO code

  • ARGPVA (Argyroploce variegana)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Tortricidae
  •                             Genus: Hedya
  •                                 Species: Hedya nubiferana

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

TurkeyPresentKilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990; Bulut & Kilincer, 1989

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
-British ColumbiaPresentChapman & Lienk, 1971
USA
-OhioPresentRings, 1992

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentKapidani & Duraj, 1991
BulgariaPresentKolev & Balevski, 1978; Balevski & Ivanov, 1979
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentKomarek, 1987
DenmarkPresentGrausland et al., 1993
FinlandPresentPeltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986
FrancePresentAudemard & Daures, 1992
GermanyPresentDickler & Zimmermann, 1972; Naton, 1972; Mletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald, 1976; Burghardt & Knauf, 1981; Krause, 1985; Gottwald et al., 1986; Deyer, 1984
HungaryPresentReichart et al., 1973b; Reichart et al., 1973a; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Reichart et al., 1976
ItalyPresentPollini & Bariselli, 1997
LithuaniaPresentIvinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983
NetherlandsPresentEvenhuis & Vlug, 1979
PolandPresentKoslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Niemczyk et al., 1975; Niemczyk, 1980; Koslinska et al., 1990; Miczulski & Koslinska, 1976; Niemczyk & Dronke, 1976
RomaniaPresentSusea, 1986
Russian FederationPresentBatasheva, 1981; Myttus et al., 1987; Zurabova et al., 1986; Naumova, 1988; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990
UKPresentVernon & Gould, 1972; Wardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996
Yugoslavia (former)PresentCiglar & Schmidt, 1983

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree)RosaceaeOther
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus spinosa (blackthorn)RosaceaeOther
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Growing point

external feeding

Inflorescence

external feeding

Leaves

leaves rolled or folded
webbing

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Apanteles xanthostigmaParasiteLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis galleriaePathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstakiPathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensisPathogenLarvae
Blondelia nigripesParasite
CopidosomaParasiteEggs
Dolichogenidea longicaudaParasiteLarvae
Macrocentrus pallipesParasiteLarvae
Meteorus ictericusParasiteLarvae
Pristomerus vulneratorParasiteLarvae
Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineataParasite
Trichogramma dendrolimiParasiteEggs
Trichogramma telengaiParasite
Trichogramma turkeiensisParasiteEggs

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Fruits (inc. pods)larvaeYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Growing medium accompanying plants
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Adler CRL, 1991. Identification of pupae on apple in eastern north America. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 51-64.

Arn H, 1991. Sex pheromones. In: Helle W, Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. World Crop Pests. Volume: Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.

Audemard H, Daures V, 1992. Trapping survey of populations of lepidopteran pests in 2 apple orchards for an integrated control programme. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 27(1-4):51-57

Balachowsky AS, 1966. Entomologie appliquée à l' agriculture. Tome II. LépidoptFres, 1er Volume. Masson et Cie, Paris.

Balevski A, Ivanov S, 1979. Control of leafrollers - damagers of fruit in apple orchards. Rastitelna Zashchita, 27(4):32-35

Barrett CG, 1904-05. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands., UK 425-469.

Barrett CG, 1905-07. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. London, UK 470-504.

Batasheva ZN, 1981. Leafrollers on raspberry. Zashchita Rastenii, 6:41.

Beeke H, De Jong DJ, 1991. Identification of larvae and pupae. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 65-76.

Bradley JD, Tremewan WG, Smith A, 1979. British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. London, UK: The Ray Society, 336.

Bulut H, 1990. Investigations on the distribution and natural effectiveness of Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) in the eggs of Hedya nubiferana and Spilonota ocellana F. Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Biological Control. Izmir, Turkey: Ege Universitesi, 25-35

Bulut H, Kilincer N, 1989. Investigations on species of Trichogramma spp. (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of important lepidopterous pests of fruit trees and their distribution in Ankara. Bitki Koruma Bulteni, 29(1-2):19-46

Burghardt G, Knauf W, 1981. The use of pheromone traps as part of a forecasting process for harmful Lepidoptera. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 2(3/5):269-278

Bykhovets AI, Sumaroka AF, Zolotar' RM, 1981. The testing of synthetic sex pheromone traps for surveillance of the codling moth. Khemoretseptsiya Nasekomykh, 6:121-126

Chapman PJ, Lienk SE, 1971. Tortricid fauna of apple in New York. Special Publications, Agricultural Experimental Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York State, 46-48.

Charles PJ, 1968-71. Contribution à l'é tude d'un complexe de Tordeuses des bourgeons et rameaux de Pommier. Proc. 13rd int. Cong. Entomol. Moscou 1966, t. 2, 139-140.

Ciglar I, Schmidt L, 1983. Insect fauna of the apple orchard 'Borinci' - Vinkovci, Croatia, Yugoslavia. Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica, 19(1/2):83-90

Cross JV, 1996. A pheromone trap survey of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards in England subject to different insecticide management. Entomologist, 115(3/4):168-180; 14 ref.

De Jong DG, Vlug HJ, 1976. Bestimmungsschlüssel der in den Niederlanden am Apfel vorkommenden Blattwicklerraupen. Nützlinge in Apfelanlagen. Einführung in den Integrierten Pflanzenschutz, Teil 3. Wageningen, Netherlands: IOBC/WPRS, 35-38.

Dem'yanenko VE, Tret'yakov NN, 1990. Tortricid distribution in apple orchards. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), 5:33

Dickler E, Zimmermann H, 1972. Investigations on the control of the bark Tortricid Enarmonia formosana Scop. (Lepid., Tortr.). Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem, 144:143-150

Dreyer W, 1984. The biology of important hawthorn insects and their parasites. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 97(3):286-298

Evenhuis HH, Jong DJ de, Vlug HJ, 1973. The pupae of the leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on apple in the Netherlands. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 73(4):351-365

Evenhuis HH, Vlug HJ, 1973. On two species of Apanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) as parasites of apple leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Entomologische Berichten, 33(5):86-90

Ford LT, 1949. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. London, UK.

Gottwald R, 1976. The directed control of various species of tortricid from the point of view of reduced treatment with insecticides. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR, 30(6):117-121

Gottwald R, Freier B, Karg W, 1986. Fundamentals of integrated plant protection against animal pests in high-intensity apple growing in the German Democratic Republic. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR, 40(1):10-15

Grauslund J, Lindhard H, Christensen JV, Schenk AME, Webster AD, Wertheim SJ, 1993. An experiment to compare integrated and conventional spray programmes in eight apple cultivars. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Integrated Fruit Production, Veldhoven, Netherlands, 24-28 August, 1992. Acta Horticulturae, 347:57-63.

Ivinskis PP, Pakal'nishkis SA, 1983. Microlepidoptera of orchard coenoses of the Lithuanian SSR. Acta Entomologica Lituanica, 6:55-75

Johansson K, 1971. Laboratory tests with Entobakterin-3 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae) against larvae of the gypsy moth, the nun moth, the greater budroller, the cabbage moth and the cabbage sawfly. Meddelanden, Statens Vaxtskyddanstalt, 15(139):111-137

Kapidani A, Duraj N, 1991. Investigations on the biology and control of the tortricid Archips rosana L. in Albania. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 52(2):79-88

Kilincer N, Gurkan MO, Bulut H, 1992. Control using pheromones in fruit orchards in Ankara Province. Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Entomology Izmir, Turkey; Ege Universitesi, 193-200

Kolev K, Balevski A, 1978. Increased infestation by leafrollers on fruit trees. Rastitelna Zashchita, 26(5):27-32

Komarek S, 1987. Study on the species composition and the population dynamics of the family Tortricidae in some orchards in southern Bohemia using pheromone traps. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 48(1):2-23.

Koslinska M, 1973. The Tortricid fauna (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on apple trees in some areas of Poland. Part II. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 43(2):331-346

Koslinska M, Tworkowska U, Predki S, Wojtas-Koziel B, Gromisz Z, Bachnacki R, Karczewski J, Piotrowski S, Pluciennik Z, Zielinska B, Dlugowolski B, 1990. Flight phenology of the eye-spotted bud moth - Spilonota ocellana (F.) and the green budworm - Hedya nubiferana (Hw.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Poland. Prace Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach. Seria A, Prace Doswiadczalne z Zakresu Sadownictwa, 29:87-96

Krakowiak A, 1974. Occurrence of leaf rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the orchards of the Poznan region. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 44(4):835-838

Krause G, 1985. Observations on catches of non-target species in pheromone traps in orchards. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz, 58(4):68-70

Meyrick E, 1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. London, UK.

Miczulski B, Koslinska M, 1976. Parasites of leafrollers (Tortricidae) occurring in apple orchards in some regions of Poland. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 46(1):165-178

Mletzko HG, Zech E, 1972. Ecological investigations on tortrix moths (Lep., Tortricidae) in an intensively managed apple orchard. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutzdienst in der DDR, 26(12):242-245

Myttus EP, Emel'yanov VA, Laanmaa MK, Nikolpva ZV, 1987. Dynamics of the flight of males of the variable (Hedya nubiferana Haw.) and the rose (Archips rosana L.) leaf-rollers (Tortricidae) to sex pheromone in orchards of the Pskov region. Trudy Latviiskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii, No. 237:4-10

Naton E, 1972. The efficiency of light-traps for the capture of Tortricids frequent in orchards dependent on construction and light colour. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 71(3):270-277

Naumova LV, 1988. Testing of synthetic pheromones of leafrollers. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 3:34-35

Niemczyk E, 1980. Applying bacterial preparations against orchard pests. In: Proceedings of the International symposium of IOBC/WPRS on integrated control in agriculture, forestryVienna, ed. Workshop sessions. Vienna, Austria: International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section, 416-419

Niemczyk E, Dronka K, 1976. The effectiveness of the bacterial preparation Dipel for the control of leaf-rollers (Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, E, 6(1):143-149

Niemczyk E, Dronka K, Dawydko B, Predki S, 1975. Effectiveness of bacterial preparation Thuricide 90TS to control leaf rollers (Tortricidae) in apple-orchards. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, E, 5(1):75-85

Osman SE, Balazs K, 1988. Observations on the parasitoid Macrocentrus pallipes Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in connection with its two hosts Hedya nubiferana Haw. and Pandemis heparana Den & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 23(1-2):147-152

Papp J, Reichart G, 1973. Data on knowledge of some Braconid parasites on moth pests of fruit trees (Lepidoptera et Hymenoptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 26(2):363-371

Peltotalo P, Tuovinen T, 1986. Specificity of pheromone preparates for lepidopterous pests. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 25(2):139-146

Pierce FN, Metcalfe JW, 1922. The Genitalia of the group Tortricidae of the lepidoptera of the British Islands. Oundle, UK.

Pollini A, Bariselli M, 1997. Adoxophyes orana, a new danger for fruit cultivation in Emilia-Romagna. Informatore Agrario, 53(12):93-95.

Reichart G, Berezvai F, Jakab J, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1976. Study of moth communities damaging fruit trees in the spring of 1975. Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet Evkonyve, 14:49-67

Reichart G, Javor A, Berezvai F, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1973. Composition of set of pests to be found in curled spring shoots of pome fruit trees in Hungary. Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet Kozlemenyei, 7:67-78

Reichart G, Szathmary B, Berezvai F, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1974. On the composition of pest communities living in curled shoots of pomaceous fruit trees in the spring. Novenyvedelem Korszerusitese, 8:39-49

Reichart G, Szegeny A, Berezvai F, Molnar J, 1973. Analysis of the pest association found in 1971 in curled spring shoot of pome fruit trees in Hungary. A Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet Kozlemenyei, 6:19-37.

Reichart G, Wator M, Berezvai F, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1975. Spring aspect of pest communities in 1974, found in twisted shoots of pomaceous fruit trees. Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet Evkonyve, 13:87-106

Rings RW, 1992. New apple pest, Hedya nubiferana (Haworth), discovered in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science, 92(3):72

Sanders GE, Dustan AG, 1919. The apple bud moths and their control in Nova Scotia. Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch Bulletin, 16:1-39.

Susea S, 1986. Aspects of the use of pheromones in determining the degree of attack by some lepidopterous pests in apple orchards. Buletinul de Protectia Plantelor, 1:24-28

Vernon JDR, Gould HJ, 1972. Further trials on alternatives to DDT for the control of pre-blossom pests on apple and pear. Plant Pathology, 21(1):1-9.

Wardlow LR, Baker CRB, Ludlam FAB, 1978. Light-trap catches of fruit tortricid moths in Kent, 1964-74, and associated temperature sums. Plant Pathology, 27(4):169-182

Weirs R, Riedl H, 1991. Other Tortricids on Pome and Stone Fruits. North American Species. In: van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 5. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 413-434.

Witzgall P, Chambon JP, Bengtsson M, Unelius CR, Appelgren M, Makranczy G, Muraleedharan N, Reed DW, Hellrigl K, Buser HR, Hallberg E, Bergstrom G, Toth M, Lofstedt C, Lofqvist J, 1996. Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Chemoecology, 7(1):13-23.

Zurabova eR, Pokozii IT, Yatsenko VG, Vavilov VG, 1986. Lepidocide against Lepidoptera in orchards and soft-fruit crops. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 5:26-27.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Albania: Present
Kapidani & Duraj, 1991Bulgaria: Present
Kolev & Balevski, 1978; Kolev & Balevski, 1978; Balevski & Ivanov, 1979Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): Present
Komarek, 1987Germany: Present
Dickler & Zimmermann, 1972; Naton, 1972; Mletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald, 1976; Burghardt & Knauf, 1981; Krause, 1985; Gottwald et al., 1986Denmark: Present
Grausland et al., 1993Finland: Present
Peltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986France: Present
Audemard & Daures, 1992UK: Present
Vernon & Gould, 1972; Wardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996Hungary: Present
Reichart et al. ,1973b; Reichart et al. ,1973a; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Reichart et al., 1976Italy: Present
Pollini & Bariselli, 1997Lithuania: Present
Ivinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983Netherlands: PresentPoland: Present
Koslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Niemczyk et al., 1975; Niemczyk, 1980; Koslinska et al., 1990Romania: Present
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Batasheva, 1981; Myttus et al., 1987; Zurabova et al., 1986; Naumova, 1988; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Russian Federation: Present
Batasheva, 1981; Myttus et al., 1987; Zurabova et al., 1986; Naumova, 1988; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryYugoslavia (former): Present
Ciglar & Schmidt, 1983
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Russian Federation: Present
Batasheva, 1981; Myttus et al., 1987; Zurabova et al., 1986; Naumova, 1988; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
Kapidani & Duraj, 1991Bulgaria: Present
Kolev & Balevski, 1978; Kolev & Balevski, 1978; Balevski & Ivanov, 1979Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Komarek, 1987Germany: Present
Dickler & Zimmermann, 1972; Naton, 1972; Mletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald, 1976; Burghardt & Knauf, 1981; Krause, 1985; Gottwald et al., 1986Denmark: Present
Grausland et al., 1993Finland: Present
Peltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986France: Present
Audemard & Daures, 1992UK: Present
Vernon & Gould, 1972; Wardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996Hungary: Present
Reichart et al. ,1973b; Reichart et al. ,1973a; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Reichart et al., 1976Italy: Present
Pollini & Bariselli, 1997Lithuania: Present
Ivinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983Netherlands: PresentPoland: Present
Koslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Niemczyk et al., 1975; Niemczyk, 1980; Koslinska et al., 1990Romania: Present
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Batasheva, 1981; Myttus et al., 1987; Zurabova et al., 1986; Naumova, 1988; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990Yugoslavia (former): Present
Ciglar & Schmidt, 1983
Distribution map (africa) Turkey: Present
Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990
Distribution map (north america) British Columbia: Present
Chapman & Lienk, 1971Ohio: Present
Rings, 1992
Distribution map (central america)
Distribution map (south america)
Distribution map (pacific)