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Datasheet

Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma (apple rubbery wood)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 20 January 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma
  • Preferred Common Name
  • apple rubbery wood
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Bacteria
  •     Phylum: Firmicutes
  •         Class: Mollicutes
  •             Order: Acholeplasmatales
  •                 Family: Acholeplasmataceae
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    Compendia
    CAB International
    Wallingford
    Oxfordshire
    OX10 8DE
    UK
    compend@cabi.org
  • Distribution mapMore information

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma

Preferred Common Name

  • apple rubbery wood

Other Scientific Names

  • apple rubbery wood disease
  • Apple rubbery wood MLO
  • Apple rubbery wood virus
  • Pyrusvirus molliens
  • Quince bark necrosis virus
  • Quince yellow blotch agent
  • Quince yellow blotch virus

International Common Names

  • English: pear rubbery wood disease; quince chlorotic blotch
  • French: bois caoutchouc; bois souple du pommier

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Gummiholzkrankheit der Birne; Gummiholzkrankheit des Apfels

English acronym

  • ARW

EPPO code

  • ARW000 (Apple rubbery wood agent)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Bacteria
  •     Phylum: Firmicutes
  •         Class: Mollicutes
  •             Order: Acholeplasmatales
  •                 Family: Acholeplasmataceae
  •                     Genus: Phytoplasma
  •                         Species: Apple rubbery wood phytoplasma

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

IndiaRestricted distributionDhingra & Ahlawat, 1973; EPPO, 2014
-Himachal PradeshPresentEPPO, 2014
-Uttar PradeshPresentEPPO, 2014

AFRICA

South AfricaPresentCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaRestricted distributionCMI, 1975; Welsh, 1960; EPPO, 2014
-British ColumbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
MexicoPresentGuerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999
USARestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-MichiganPresentEPPO, 2014
-MissouriPresentEPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentEPPO, 2014
-WashingtonPresentEPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

BrazilPresentGuerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999

EUROPE

AustriaRestricted distribution****CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
Czech RepublicPresentBertaccini et al., 1998; Fialová et al., 2003
DenmarkPresentCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
FrancePresentLemoine & Michelesi, 1990
GermanyRestricted distributionCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
ItalyWidespreadCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
MoldovaPresentKrasnova et al., 1981
NetherlandsPresent, few occurrencesCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
NorwayWidespread****CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
PolandPresentZawadzka et al., 1979; EPPO, 2014
RomaniaPresentMinioiu et al., 1980
SerbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
SwedenRestricted distribution****CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
SwitzerlandRestricted distributionCMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
UKRestricted distribution****CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
UkrainePresentKrasnova et al., 1981
Yugoslavia (former)PresentCMI, 1975

OCEANIA

AustraliaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-QueenslandPresentEPPO, 2014
-South AustraliaPresentEPPO, 2014
-TasmaniaPresentEPPO, 2014
New ZealandPresentEPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Cydonia oblonga (quince)RosaceaeOther
Malus baccata (siberian crab apple)RosaceaeOther
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus cerasus (sour cherry)RosaceaeOther
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageVegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Leaves

abnormal colours

Stems

distortion
necrosis
stunting or rosetting

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
RootsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Beakbane AB, Thompson EC, 1945. Abnormal lignification in the wood of some apple trees. Nature, 156:145-146.

Beakbane BA, Mishra MD, Posnette AF, 1971. Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with chat fruit and rubbery wood disease of apple, Malus domestica (Borkh.), compared with those in strawberry with green petal disease. Journal of General Microbiology, 66:55-62.

Bertaccini A, Vibio M, Frßnovß-Honetslegrovß J, Janeckovß M, 1998. Molecular detection of phytoplasmas in apple with rubbery wood symptoms. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:693-700; 22 ref.

Bertaccini A, Vibio M, Janeckova M, Franova-Honetslegrova, 1997. Molecular detection of phytoplasmas in apple with rubbery wood symptoms in the Czech republic. In: Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on virus and virus like diseases of temperate fruit crops. June 23-27. Bethseda, Maryland, USA, 102-103.

CHAMBERLAIN EE, ATKINSON JD, HUNTER JA, WOOD GA, 1969. Apple rubbery wood on Golden Delicious in N.Z. Orchardist of New Zealand, 42(8):252-255.

Chamberlain EE, Atkinson JD, Wood GA, Hunter JA, 1971. Apple Rubbery Wood Virus. New Zealand J. Agric. Research, 14:707-719.

CMI, 1975. Apple rubbery wood virus Prentice. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Map No. 305, Edition 3. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cropley R, 1963. Apple Rubbery Wood. In: Posnette AF, ed. Virus Diseases of Apples and Pears, CAB. Technical Communication No. 30, 71-71.

Davies DL, Adams AN, Glenister M, 1985. Mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in pears and apples. Report East Malling Research Station for 1984 Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom, 151

Desvignes JC, 1999. Apple Rubbery Wood - Flat Limb. In: Virus diseases of fruit trees. +ditions centre technique interprofessionnel des fruits et lTgumes, Paris, France, 136-138.

Desvignes JC, BoyT R, Cornaggia D, Grasseau N, 1992. Quick detection of the principal apple and pear virus diseases. Acta Horticulturae, 309:377-384.

Dhingra KL, Ahlawat YS, 1973. Apple rubbery-wood virus in Simla Hills. Indian Phytopathology, 26:343-346.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fialova R, Navratil M, Podsednikova R, 2000. Histological manifestation of rubbery wood symptoms in apple trees. Programme 18th International Symposium Virus & Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruits Crops. July 9-15, 2000, Canterbury and HRI, East Malling, England.

Fialová R, Navrátil M, Válová P, 2003. Phytoplasma occurrence in apple trees in the Czech Republic. Plant Protection Science, 39(1):7-12.

Guerra L, Kirkpatrick B, 1999. Attempts to confirm that phytoplasmas are the causal agent of apple rubbery wood diseases. Davis, CA, USA: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California. World Wide Web page at http://www.nrsp5.wsu.edu/nrsparwp.html.

Krasnova KM, Ponomareva VS, Sadlyak AM, Bruskova TN, 1981. The investigation of rubbery wood disease. Zashchita Rastenii, No.6:36-37

Kuprii AV, 1979. Distribution and harmfulness of gutta-percha disease in the Ukraine. Latvijas Lauksaimniecibas Akademijas Raksti, No.176:138-142

Lemoine J, 1986. Rubbery Wood-Bois caoutchouc. Phytoma, DTfense des cultures, December 1986, 31-32.

Lemoine J, 1990. Diseases of decline. Arboriculture Fruitiere, No. 434:38-48

Lemoine J, 2000. Apple Rubbery Wood (Bois caoutchouc du Pommier). World Wide Web page at http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Centres/Angers/result/fichvir8.html.

Lemoine J, Michelesi JC, 1990. Effects of three virus diseases on three pear cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 44(1-2):69-81

Minoiu N, 1976. Chemotherapy of some fruit tree viruses. Acta Hort., 67:103-108.

Minoiu N, Craciun C, 1982. Electron microscopy detection of apple rubbery wood pathogens and cobalt-therapy of infected fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae, 130:313-315.

Minoiu N, Isac M, Pattantyus K, Stirban M, Craciun C, Straulea M, 1980. Experimental results concerning the apple rubbery wood mycoplasma in Romania. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricp, 15:267-271

Németh M, 1986. In: Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees Dordrecht, : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 463-479.

Poggi Pollini C, Giunchedi L, Filippini G, Seemnller E, Vindimian G, 1995. Etiological studies of apple rubbery wood disease. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:503-505; 12 ref.

Seemnller E, Marcone C, Lauer U, Ragozzino A, G÷schl M, 1998. Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas. Journal of Plant Pathology, 80:3-26.

Seliskar CE, Wilson CL, 1981. Yellows Diseases of Trees. In: Maramorosch K, Raychaudhuri SP, eds. Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Academic Press, 35-96.

Trifonov D, 1969. Apple Rubbery Wood. I. Detection and study of infection on some Bulgarian varieties and rootstocks. Grad. loz. Nauka, 6:19-24.

Waterworth HE, Fridlund PR, 1989. Apple Rubbery Wood. In: Fridlund PR, ed. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Pome Fruits and Simulating Non-infectious Disorders. Washington State University Press, 118-126.

Welsh MF, 1960. Rubbery wood (virus). 39th Annual Report of the Canadian Plant Disease Survey 1959. Compiled by Creelman DW, p. 70.

Wood GA, 1997. Viruses and phytoplasma in European pear trees in New Zealand and the role of these pathogens in the compatibility of pear with quince rootstocks. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 25(4):333-340; 49 ref.

Wood GA, Cassidy DC, 1978. Effect of rubbery wood disease on growth and yield of Golden Delicious apple trees. Orchardist of New Zealand, 51(2):66-67

Zawadzka B, 1977. The results of preliminary investigation on apple rubbery wood disease in Poland. Fruit Science Reports, 4(4):15-23

Zawadzka B, 1988. The influence of virus and mycoplasma diseases on frost damage of apple trees. Acta Horticulturae, 235:59-67.

Zawadzka BJ, Rebandel Z, Wierszyllowski J, 1979. Effect of apple rubbery wood disease on the bud take and growth of trees in the nursery. Fruit Science Reports, 6(1):19-25

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Austria: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Australia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999Canada: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; Welsh, 1960; EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
Bertaccini et al., 1998; Fialová et al., 2003Germany: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Lemoine & Michelesi, 1990UK: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014India: Restricted distribution
Dhingra & Ahlawat, 1973; EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly: Widespread
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981Mexico: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999Mexico: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999Netherlands: Present, few occurrences
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Norway: Widespread
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Zawadzka et al., 1979; EPPO, 2014Romania: PresentSerbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sweden: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981Ukraine: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryYugoslavia (former): Present
CMI, 1975South Africa: Present
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) India: Restricted distribution
Dhingra & Ahlawat, 1973; EPPO, 2014Himachal Pradesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Uttar Pradesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981
Distribution map (europe) Austria: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Switzerland: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
Bertaccini et al., 1998; Fialová et al., 2003Germany: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Lemoine & Michelesi, 1990UK: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Italy: Widespread
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981Netherlands: Present, few occurrences
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Norway: Widespread
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Zawadzka et al., 1979; EPPO, 2014Romania: PresentSerbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sweden: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Krasnova et al., 1981Yugoslavia (former): Present
CMI, 1975
Distribution map (africa) South Africa: Present
CMI, 1975; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Restricted distribution
CMI, 1975; Welsh, 1960; EPPO, 2014British Columbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Michigan: Present
EPPO, 2014Missouri: Present
EPPO, 2014New York: Present
EPPO, 2014Washington: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Brazil: Present
Guerra & Kirkpatrick, 1999
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Queensland: Present
EPPO, 2014South Australia: Present
EPPO, 2014Tasmania: Present
EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
EPPO, 2014