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Datasheet

Apple mosaic virus (chestnut mosaic)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 06 August 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Apple mosaic virus
  • Preferred Common Name
  • chestnut mosaic
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Bromoviridae
  •                 Genus: Ilarvirus

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Vein yellowing induced by ApMV in almond
TitleVein yellowing induced by ApMV in almond
Caption
CopyrightG.P. Martelli
Vein yellowing induced by ApMV in almond
Vein yellowing induced by ApMV in almondG.P. Martelli

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Apple mosaic virus

Preferred Common Name

  • chestnut mosaic

Subspecies

  • Mild apple mosaic virus

Other Scientific Names

  • Apple mosaic ilarvirus
  • Birch line pattern virus
  • Birch ringspot virus
  • Dutch plum line pattern virus
  • European plum line pattern virus
  • Hop A virus
  • Hop virus A
  • Hop virus C
  • Horsechestnut yellow mosaic virus
  • Mountain ash variegation virus
  • Rose mosaic virus

International Common Names

  • English: apple infectious variegation virus; peach line pattern; plum European line pattern; plum line pattern virus; rose infectious chlorosis virus; rose mosaic
  • Spanish: virus del mosaico del manzano
  • French: virus de la mosaïque du pommier

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Apfelmosaikvirus; Apfelmosaik-Virus
  • Italy: virus del mosaico del melo

EPPO code

  • APMV00 (Apple mosaic ilarvirus)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Bromoviridae
  •                 Genus: Ilarvirus
  •                     Species: Apple mosaic virus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AzerbaijanPresentGuseinov, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
BangladeshPresentIslam et al., 2010
ChinaRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-GansuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-HenanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-LiaoningPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-ShaanxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-ShandongPresentRuan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-YunnanPresentLi et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014
IndiaRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-HaryanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Raychaudhuri et al., 1977; EPPO, 2014
-Himachal PradeshPresentBhardwaj et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Indian PunjabPresentSingh et al., 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentKanno et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-HokkaidoPresentSano et al., 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
JordanWidespreadEPPO, 2014
LebanonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
SyriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
TurkeyPresentYildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

AlgeriaPresentRouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014
KenyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
MoroccoPresentBouani et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014
South AfricaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; van der Walt & Engelbrecht, 1974
TanzaniaAbsent, unreliable recordEPPO, 2014
TunisiaRestricted distributionZeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Mahfoudhi et al., 2013
ZimbabwePresent, few occurrencesCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaWidespreadHardcastle & Gotlieb, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-AlbertaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-British ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-New BrunswickPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Nova ScotiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Prince Edward IslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-QuebecPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
MexicoPresentCardenas Alonso, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
USAWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-AlabamaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-AlaskaPresentRobertson, 2012; EPPO, 2014
-ArizonaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-ColoradoPresentHampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-ConnecticutWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-DelawareWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-FloridaPresentManners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-IdahoWidespreadKlein & Husfloen, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-IndianaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-IowaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-KansasWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-KentuckyWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MaineWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MarylandWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MassachusettsWidespreadMakarski & Agrios, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MichiganWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MississippiWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MissouriPresentMillikan, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-MontanaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-NevadaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-New HampshireWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-New JerseyWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Wong et al., 1988
-OhioWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-OregonWidespreadPostman & Cameron, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-PennsylvaniaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-South CarolinaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-TennesseeWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-TexasWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-UtahWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-VermontWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; Gotlieb, 1975; EPPO, 2014
-VirginiaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-WashingtonWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-WisconsinWidespreadGotlieb & Berbee, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-WyomingPresentHampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Santa CatarinaPresentLeite & Bleicher, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
ChilePresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
UruguayPresentTozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentMyrta et al., 2004
AustriaRestricted distribution****Knapp et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
BelarusPresentSemenas & Koukharchik, 2000; EPPO, 2014
BelgiumPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Welwaert & Samyn, 1983
Bosnia-HercegovinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
BulgariaRestricted distribution196*Topchiiska, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
CyprusPresentEPPO, 2014
Czech RepublicPresentSvoboda, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentAlbrechtova et al., 1979
DenmarkPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
FinlandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
FrancePresentMarenaud & Germain, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
GermanyRestricted distribution****Gruntzig et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
GreecePresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Varveri & Bem, 1995; EPPO, 2014
HungaryRestricted distribution1951CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
ItalyWidespreadSavino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
LatviaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Kilevits & Miltyn'sh, 1977; EPPO, 2014
NetherlandsPresentBos, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
NorwayWidespread****CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
PolandPresentZawadzka, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
PortugalPresentCastilho, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
RomaniaPresentNicolaescu, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Russian FederationPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Central RussiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Southern RussiaPresentEPPO, 2014
SerbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
SlovakiaPresentPaulechova, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
SloveniaPresentTurk, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
SpainRestricted distributionLlacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
SwedenRestricted distribution****Ryden, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
SwitzerlandRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
UKWidespread****Sweet & Campbell, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-England and WalesWidespreadEPPO, 2014
-ScotlandPresentEPPO, 2014
UkrainePresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Voronin & Kartausova, 1989
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2001

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentMcLean & Revill, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-New South WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-South AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-TasmaniaPresentJohnstone et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-VictoriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
New ZealandPresentWood et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort)AsteraceaeWild host
Betula (birches)BetulaceaeMain
Betula pendula (common silver birch)BetulaceaeWild host
Campanula (campanulas)CampanulaceaeWild host
Clematis vitalba (old man's beard)RanunculaceaeWild host
CorylusBetulaceaeWild host
Corylus avellana (hazel)BetulaceaeMain
Cydonia oblonga (quince)RosaceaeOther
Fragaria (strawberry)RosaceaeMain
GaleopsisLamiaceaeWild host
Humulus lupulus (hop)CannabaceaeMain
Malus (ornamental species apple)RosaceaeWild host
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree)RosaceaeMain
Prunus (stone fruit)RosaceaeMain
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)RosaceaeMain
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeMain
Prunus domestica (plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus dulcis (almond)RosaceaeMain
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)RosaceaeMain
Ribes rubrum (red currant)GrossulariaceaeMain
Rosa (roses)RosaceaeMain
Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)RosaceaeMain
Rubus canescensRosaceaeWild host
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)RosaceaeMain
Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry)RosaceaeMain
Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry)RosaceaeOther
Salvia verbenacaLamiaceaeWild host
ScandixApiaceaeWild host
Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry)SolanaceaeWild host

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal patterns

Whole plant

distortion; rosetting

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Fruits (inc. pods)YesPest or symptoms usually invisible
RootsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)

References

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Akbas B, Degirmenci K, 2010. First report from Turkey of European plum line pattern caused by Apple mosaic virus. Plant Disease, 94(5):641. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Albrechtova L, Chod K, Fencl J, 1979. Nachweis des Apple mosaic virus und des Tobacco necrosis virus in Hopfen. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 94:45-55.

Aramburu JM, Rovira M, 1995. Effect of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) on the growth and yield of "Negret" hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:565-568; 10 ref.

Barba M, 1986. Detection of apple mosaic and Prunus necrotic ringspot viruses in almond by ELISA. Archiv fnr Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, 22(4):279-282

Bhardwaj SV, Khosla K, Modgil M, Sharma DR, 1994. Standardization of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and penicillinase (PNC) based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of apple mosaic virus from Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Virology, 10(1):7-12

Bos L, 1976. Symptom expression and variation of rose mosaic. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 82(6):239-249

Bouani A, Al-Rwahnih M, Ghanem-Sabanadzovic NA, Alami I, Zemzami M, Myrta A, Savino V, 2004. A preliminary account of the sanitary status of stone-fruit trees in Morocco. Bulletin OEPP, 34(3):399-402.

Bradford FC, Joly L, 1933. Infectious variegation in the apple. Journal of Agricultural Research, 46:901-908.

CABI/EPPO, 2001. Apple mosaic virus. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Map No. 354. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cambra M, Olmos A, Asensio M, Esteban O, Candresse T, Gorris MT, Boscia D, 1998. Detection and typing of Prunus viruses in plant tissues and in vectors by print and spot-capture PCR, heminested-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:257-263; 14 ref.

Cambra M, Olmos A, Candresse T, Gorris MT, 1997. Detection of prunus viruses by print-capture PCR. Bulletin OEPP, 27(4):535-537; 5 ref.

Candresse T, Kofalvi SA, Lanneau M, Dunez J, 1998. A PCR-ELISA procedure for the simultaneous detection and identification of prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and apple mosaic (ApMV) ilarviruses. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:219-225; 21 ref.

Cardenas-Alonso MR, 1994. Virus diseases of ornamentals in Mexico, and management alternatives. Revista Chapingo. Serie Horticultura, 1(1):124-130

Castilho MB, 1982. Virus diseases of apple in Northern Portugal. Garcia de Orta, Estudos Agronomicos, 9(1/2):271-273

De Sequeira OA, 1967. Purification and serology of an apple mosaic virus. Virology, 31:314-322.

Desvignes JC, 1999. Maladies a Virus des Arbres Fruitiers. Editions Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et LTgumes, Paris.

Dhingra KL, 1972. Transmission of apple mosaic by natural root grafting. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 29:348-350.

Digiaro M, Savino V, 1992. Role of pollen and seeds in the spread of ilarviruses in almond. Advances in Horticultural Science, 6(3):134-136

Eppler A, 1992. Studies on the transmission of hop viruses by dodder, Cuscuta spp. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 57(2a):341-349

Eppler A, 1998. Some remarks on the seed transmissibility of hop viruses. Proceedings 50th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent 1998, 913-916.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fidan n, 1994. Indexing of apple trees for apple mosaic virus, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus and apple stem grooving virus by ELISA. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 23(3):127-132; 13 ref.

Francki RIB, 1985. The viruses and their taxonomy. In: Francki RIB, ed. The Plant Viruses; Vol. 1. Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes. New York, USA; London, UK: Plenum Press, 1-18.

Fulton RW, 1952. Mechanical transmission and properties of rose mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 42:413-416.

Fulton RW, 1967. Purification and serology of rose mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 57:1197-1201.

Fulton RW, 1968. Serology of viruses causing cherry necrotic ringspot, plum line pattern, rose mosaic and apple mosaic. Phytopathology, 58:635-638.

Fulton RW, 1972. Apple mosaic virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 83. Wellesbourne, UK: Association of Applied Biologists, 4 pp.

Fulton RW, 1981. Ilarviruses In: Kurstak E, ed. Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis. North Holland, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 377-421.

Fulton RW, 1983. Ilarvirus Group. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 275. Wellesbourne, UK: Association of Applied Biologists, 3 pp.

Garrett RG, Cooper JA, Smith PR, 1985. Virus epidemiology and control. In: Francki RIB, ed. The Plant Viruses; Vol. 1. Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes. New York, USA; London, UK: Plenum Press, 269-297.

Gotlieb AR, 1975. Apple mosaic virus infecting yellow birch in Vermont. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society, 2:97.

Gotlieb AR, Berbee JG, 1973. Line pattern of birch caused by apple mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 63:1470-1477.

Gruntzig M, Fuchs E, 1988. Comparison of different methods for detecting prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV), prune dwarf virus (PDV) and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in plum trees. Zentralblatt fnr Mikrobiologie, 143(1):25-37

Gruntzig M, Fuchs E, Pfeilstetter E, Kai BA, Otto F, 1994. Investigation on the distribution of mechanically transmissble viruses in trees of pome and stone fruits. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 29(3):217-248

Guseinov IN, 1975. Apple mosaic in Azerbaijan. Zashchita Rastenii, No.10:55

Halk EL, Hsu HT, pbig J, Franke J, 1984. Production of monoclonal antibodies against three ilarviruses and alfalfa mosaic virus and their use in serotyping. Phytopathology, 74(3):367-372

Hampton RO, 1988. Health status (virus) of native North American Humulus lupulus in the natural habitat. Journal of Phytopathology, 123(4):353-361

Hardcastle T, Gotlieb AR, 1980. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for the detection of apple mosaic virus in yellow birch [Betula alleghaniensis]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 10(3):278-283

Howell WE, Parish CL, Mink GI, 1990. Apple mosaic. In: Jones AL, Aldwinckle HS, eds. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press, 77.

Hunter JA, Chamberlain EE, Atkinson JD, 1958. Note on the transmission of apple mosaic by natural root grafting. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1:80-82.

Imed A, Boscia D, Boari A, Saldarelli P, Digiaro M, Savino V, 1997. A comparison of apple mosaic virus isolates from prunus trees and production of specific monoclonal antibodies. Bulletin OEPP, 27(4):563-564.

Islam MM, Alam A, Rahman QA, Moinuddin FM, Kabir MH, 2010. The diseases of rose at Bangladesh agricultural university campus, Mymensingh. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology, 6(3):15-20. http://gscience.gurpukur.com/product_info.php?cPath=6_160_174&products_id=977&osCsid=a67f963b6bef7c008e4e2e456f81a687

Johnstone GR, Munro D, Brown GS, Skotland CB, 1995. Serological detection, occurrence and spread of ilarviruses in temperate fruit crops, hops and roses in Tasmania. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:132-135; 12 ref.

Kanno Y, Yoshikawa N, Takahashi T, 1993. Some properties of hop latent and apple mosaic viruses isolated from hop plants and their distribution in Japan. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 59(6):651-658

Kilevits MA, Miltyn'sh GE, 1977. Raising of healthy virus-free apple planting material in Latvian SSR. Teknologyia Vyrashchivaniya Bezvirusnogo Posadochnogo Materiala Plodovykh Kultur i Vingrada, 19-23.

Klein RE, Husfloen SD, 1995. Incidence of five viruses in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Disease, 79(4):425

Knapp E, Hanzer V, Weiss H, CGmara Machado Ada, Weiss B, Wang Q, Katinger H, Laimer da CGmara Machado M, 1995. New aspects of virus elimination in fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:409-418; 29 ref.

Leite GB, Bleicher J, 1993. Viruses and mycoplasmas of apples in the state of Santa Catarina. Agropecuaria Catarinense, 6(3):21-24

Li F, Chen JL, Yang GH, Cai H, Kong BH, Chen HR, 2009. First report of Apple mosaic virus infecting rose in Yunnan, China. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91(1):237. http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/

Llacer G, Cambra M, Camarsa E, Gorris MT, 1997. Viruses infecting almond trees in region of Valencia. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 27:551-553.

Mahfoudhi N, El-Air M, Salleh W, Moujahed R, Djelouah K, 2013. Occurrence and distribution of pome fruit viruses in Tunisia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52(1):136-140. http://www.fupress.com/pm/

Makarski JS Jr, Agrios GN, 1973. Respiration, organic acid, and sugar composition of apple fruits collected from apple mosaic virus- or russet ring virus-infected trees. Phytopathology, 63(12):1483-1488

Manners MM, 1985. The rose mosaic heat therapy program at Florida Southern College. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 98:344-347

Marenaud C, Germain E, 1975. Hazel mosaic. Annales de Phytopathologie, 7(2):133-145

Martelli GP, Savino V, 1997. Infectious diseases of almond with special reference to the Mediterranean area. Bulletin OEPP, 27(4):525-534; 3 pp. of ref.

McLean GD, Revill P, 1989. Virus status of temperate fruit in Australia. Acta Horticulturae, 240:51-53

McMorran JP, Cameron HR, 1983. Detection of 41 isolates of necrotic ringspot, apple mosaic, and prune dwarf viruses in Prunus and Malus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plant Disease, 67(5):536-538

Millikan DF, 1982. Virus diseases of shade and ornamental trees. Arboricultural Journal, 6(3):195-203

Myrta A, Terlizzi Bdi, Stamo B, Al-Rwahnih M, Savino V, Carraro L, 2004. A preliminary account of the presence of pome fruit viruses in Albania. Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops: Fruit Tree Diseases, Valencia, Spain, 21-25 July, 2003.], No.657:55-58. http://www.actahort.org

Navarro L, Jußrez J, Llßcer G, Arregui JM, 1997. Sanitation techniques for almond. Bulletin OEPP, 27(4):569-570.

Nicolpscu M, 1972. Studies on apple mosaic virus in Rumania. I. Characteristics of a spherical virus isolated from the variety Jonathan. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie, Botanica, 24(6):533-536

Otto S, Fuchs E, Kegler K, Gruntzig M, Meyer U, 1990. Nachweis quantitativer Resistenz bei Apfel gegen das Apfelmoaic-Virus (apple mosaic virus). Archiv fnr Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, 26:525-533.

Pallßs V, Sßnchez-Navarro JA, Dfez J, Desvignes JC, Rowhani A, Sßnchez-Pina MA, 1995. Characterization and genomic organization of apple mosaic ilarvirus. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:100-108; 17 ref.

Pandey BN, Sindhan GS, Singh BE, 1972. Note on the effect of heat treatment on the inactivation of some temperate-fruit viruses (hot water treatment). Progressive Horticulture, 4(2):53-58

Pasquini G, Barba M, 1991. Production and application of monoclonal antibodies against apple mosaic virus. Petria, 1(1):31-36

Paulechova K, 1978. Distribution of virus and mycoplasma-like diseases of some trees of the family Rosaceae in Eastern Slovakia. Acta Botanica Slovaca Academiae Scientiarum Slovacp, A4, 345-352

Postman JD, Cameron HR, 1987. Apple mosaic virus in U.S. Filbert germ plasm. Plant Disease, 71(10):944-945

Quacquarelli A, Martelli GP, 1972. A note on almond mosaic virus and on the heat therapy of diseased stocks. Proceedings 3rd Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, Oeiras 1972, 421-427.

Raychaudhuri SP, Sharma DC, Giri BK, 1977. Virus and mycoplasmal diseases of temperate fruit in India. Progressive Horticulture, 9:8-18.

Rebandel Z, Zawadzka BJ, Wierszyllowski J, 1979. Effect of apple mosaic virus on bud-take and growth of trees in the nursery. Fruit Science Reports, 6(1):9-17

Robertson NL, 2012. First report of Apple mosaic virus in Alaska. Plant Disease, 96(3):463. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Roossinck MJ, Bujarski J, Ding SW, Hajimorad R, Hanada K, Scott S, Tousignant M, 2000. Family Bromoviridae. In Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauguet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Prongle CR, Wickner RB, eds. Virus Taxonomy; Seventh Report on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 923-935.

Rouag N, Guechi A, Matic S, Myrta A, 2008. Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Algeria. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90(2):393-395. http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/

Roussel S, Kummert J, Dutrecq O, Lepoivre P, Jijakli MH, 2004. Development of molecular tests for the detection of ILAR and latent viruses in fruit trees. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences [56th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent, Belgium, 4 May 2004. Part II.], 69(4):427-432. http://fltbwww.rug.ac.be/

Ruan XF, Yang Y, Ma SS, Zhou YY, 1998. Research on virus detection by ELISA in sweet cherry. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 29:277-282.

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Ryden K, 1977. Virus and mycoplasma diseases in Swedish apple trees. Vaxtskyddsrapporter Tradgard, Lantbrukshogskolan, 1:45 pp.

Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V, 1994. Nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic ilarvirus RNA 4. Journal of General Virology, 75(6):1441-1445

Sano T, Sasaki M, Shikata E, 1985. Apple mosaic virus isolated from hop plants in Japan. Annals of Applied Biology, 106(2):305-312

Savino V, Catalano L, Terlizzi Bdi, Digiaro M, Murolo O, 1995. The sanitary status of stone fruit species in Apulia. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:169-175; 14 ref.

Scott SW, Zimmerman MT, Ge X, MacKenzie DJ, 1998. The coat proteins and putative movement proteins of isolates of prunus necrotic ringspot virus from different host species and geographic origins are extensively conserved. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104(2):155-161; 24 ref.

Semenas SE, Koukharchik NV, 2000. Preliminary evaluation of the distribution of some pathogenic viruses in the central area of Belarus. Plodovodstvo, 13:109-111.

Shiel PJ, Alrefai RH, Domier LL, Korban SS, Berger PH, 1995. The complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus RNA-3. Archives of Virology, 140(7):1247-1256; 21 ref.

Shiel PJ, Berger PH, 2000. The complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) RNA 1 and RNA 2: ApMV is more closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus than to other ilarviruses. Journal of General Virology, 81(1):273-278; 18 ref.

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Albania: Present
Myrta et al., 2004Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Austria: Restricted distribution
Knapp et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Australia: Present
McLean & Revill, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAzerbaijan: Present
Guseinov, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
Guseinov, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
Islam et al., 2010Belgium: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Restricted distribution
Topchiiska, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBelarus: Present
Semenas & Koukharchik, 2000; EPPO, 2014Canada: Widespread
Hardcastle & Gotlieb, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014China: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014China: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): Present
Albrechtova et al., 1979Cyprus: Present
EPPO, 2014Cyprus: Present
EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
Svoboda, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Germany: Restricted distribution
Gruntzig et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Spain: Restricted distribution
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Spain: Restricted distribution
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Finland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Marenaud & Germain, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014UK: Widespread
Sweet & Campbell, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014UK
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK
See regional map for distribution within the countryGreece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Varveri & Bem, 1995; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Varveri & Bem, 1995; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014India: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly: Widespread
Savino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Jordan: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kanno et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Latvia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Kilevits & Miltyn'sh, 1977; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Bouani et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Bouani et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Cardenas Alonso, 1994; Cardenas Alonso, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Cardenas Alonso, 1994; Cardenas Alonso, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Netherlands: Present
Bos, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Norway: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
Wood et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Zawadzka, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
Castilho, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Romania: Present
Nicolaescu, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Restricted distribution
Ryden, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Slovenia: Present
Turk, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Paulechova, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Restricted distribution
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Mahfoudhi et al., 2013Tunisia: Restricted distribution
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Mahfoudhi et al., 2013Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014USA: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014USA: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
Tozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Zimbabwe: Present, few occurrences
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Azerbaijan: Present
Guseinov, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
Islam et al., 2010China: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Gansu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014Henan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014Liaoning: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014Shandong: Present
Ruan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Shaanxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Wang & Hong, 1997; EPPO, 2014Yunnan: Present
Li et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014India: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Himachal Pradesh: Present
Bhardwaj et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Haryana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Raychaudhuri et al., 1977; EPPO, 2014Indian Punjab: Present
Singh et al., 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Uttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kanno et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Hokkaido: Present
Sano et al., 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
Myrta et al., 2004Austria: Restricted distribution
Knapp et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
Guseinov, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Belgium: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Restricted distribution
Topchiiska, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Belarus: Present
Semenas & Koukharchik, 2000; EPPO, 2014Switzerland: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Albrechtova et al., 1979Cyprus: Present
EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
Svoboda, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Germany: Restricted distribution
Gruntzig et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Spain: Restricted distribution
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Finland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Marenaud & Germain, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014UK: Widespread
Sweet & Campbell, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014England and Wales: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Scotland: Present
EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Varveri & Bem, 1995; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Italy: Widespread
Savino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Latvia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Kilevits & Miltyn'sh, 1977; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Bouani et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014Netherlands: Present
Bos, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Norway: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Zawadzka, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
Castilho, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Romania: Present
Nicolaescu, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Central Russia: Present
EPPO, 2014Southern Russia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sweden: Restricted distribution
Ryden, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Slovenia: Present
Turk, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Paulechova, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Restricted distribution
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Mahfoudhi et al., 2013Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001
Distribution map (africa) Cyprus: Present
EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Spain: Restricted distribution
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Varveri & Bem, 1995; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Bouani et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Restricted distribution
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014; Mahfoudhi et al., 2013Turkey: Present
Yildizgordu & Hurigil, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Akbas & Degirmenci, 2010; EPPO, 2014South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Zimbabwe: Present, few occurrences
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Widespread
Hardcastle & Gotlieb, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Alberta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014British Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New Brunswick: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Nova Scotia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Prince Edward Island: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Quebec: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Cardenas Alonso, 1994; Cardenas Alonso, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014USA: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Alaska: Present
Robertson, 2012; EPPO, 2014Alabama: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Arizona: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014California: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Colorado: Present
Hampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Connecticut: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Delaware: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
Manners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Iowa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Idaho: Widespread
Klein & Husfloen, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Indiana: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Kansas: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Kentucky: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Massachusetts: Widespread
Makarski & Agrios, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Maryland: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Maine: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Michigan: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Missouri: Present
Millikan, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Mississippi: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Montana: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New Hampshire: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New Jersey: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Nevada: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New York: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Ohio: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Oregon: Widespread
Postman & Cameron, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Pennsylvania: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014South Carolina: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Tennessee: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Texas: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Utah: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Virginia: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Vermont: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Gotlieb, 1975; EPPO, 2014Washington: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Wisconsin: Widespread
Gotlieb & Berbee, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Wyoming: Present
Hampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Present
Cardenas Alonso, 1994; Cardenas Alonso, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014USA: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
Manners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Santa Catarina: Present
Leite & Bleicher, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Uruguay: Present
Tozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
McLean & Revill, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New South Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014South Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Tasmania: Present
Johnstone et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Victoria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014China: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
Wood et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2001; EPPO, 2014