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Datasheet

Aonidiella citrina (yellow scale)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 21 March 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Aonidiella citrina
  • Preferred Common Name
  • yellow scale
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
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  • Distribution mapMore information

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Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

  • Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890)

Preferred Common Name

  • yellow scale

Other Scientific Names

  • Aspidiotus citrinus Craw, 1890
  • Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus (Craw)
  • Chrysomphalus citrinus (Craw)

International Common Names

  • English: citrus yellow scale
  • Spanish: escama amarilla de los cítricos (Mexico)
  • French: cochenille jaune

Local Common Names

  • Italy: cocciniglia gialla
  • Mexico: escama amarilla de los citricos
  • Turkey: sari kosnil

EPPO code

  • AONDCI (Aonidiella citrina)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Hemiptera
  •                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
  •                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
  •                                 Family: Diaspididae
  •                                     Genus: Aonidiella
  •                                         Species: Aonidiella citrina

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
AzerbaijanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
BangladeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014
ChinaPresentEPPO, 2014
-FujianPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-GuangdongPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-GuangxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-HebeiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-Hong KongPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-HubeiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-HunanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-JiangsuPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-JiangxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-QinghaiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-SichuanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-TibetPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-YunnanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-ZhejiangPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Georgia (Republic of)PresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
IndiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Andhra PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-DelhiPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-Himachal PradeshPresentReddy & Ruchi, 2015
-KarnatakaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-OdishaPresentNHM, 1983
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
IndonesiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Irian JayaPresentEPPO, 2014
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentEPPO, 2014
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014
MalaysiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-SabahPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-SarawakPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
PakistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
PhilippinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Saudi ArabiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
TaiwanPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
ThailandPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
TurkeyRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
YemenPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

BeninPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
CameroonPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
CongoPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Côte d'IvoirePresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
EgyptPresentMohamed & Goma'a, 2004
EthiopiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
GabonPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
LibyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
MadagascarPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
MaliWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
MauritiusPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
NigerPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Saint HelenaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
SenegalPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
South AfricaAbsent, unreliable recordEPPO, 2014
TanzaniaRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014; EPPO 1999
-ZanzibarPresentNHM, 1956

NORTH AMERICA

MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
USARestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-FloridaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-TexasPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Trinidad and TobagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014; SENASA, 2013, personal communication
ChilePresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

AustriaAbsent, no pest recordEPPO, 2014
FranceRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014; Germain & Bertaux, 2002
-CorsicaPresentKreiter & Germain, 2005; EPPO, 2014
GreecePresentEPPO, 2014
ItalyRestricted distribution1994CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
NetherlandsAbsent, confirmed by surveyEPPO, 2014; NPPO of the Netherlands, 2013Based on ongoing long-term monitoring for plant passport system.
Russian FederationRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-Russia (Europe)Restricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 1997
-Southern RussiaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
UKAbsent, no pest recordEPPO, 2014

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentEPPO, 2014
-New South WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-South AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-VictoriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
FijiAbsent, invalid recordEPPO, 2014
Papua New GuineaAbsent, invalid recordEPPO, 2014
SamoaAbsent, invalid recordEPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

Top of page
Plant nameFamilyContext
Acacia (wattles)FabaceaeWild host
CamelliaTheaceaeHabitat/association
Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeOther
Citrofortunella mitisRutaceaeOther
CitroncirusOther
CitrusRutaceaeOther
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeMain
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeMain
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeMain
Citrus unshiu (satsuma)RutaceaeMain
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)RutaceaeMain
Clematis hybridsRanunculaceaeOther
Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits)CucurbitaceaeHabitat/association
EucalyptusMyrtaceaeHabitat/association
Euonymus (spindle trees)CelastraceaeHabitat/association
FicusMoraceaeHabitat/association
Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)MoraceaeOther
Fortunella (kumquats)RutaceaeOther
Hedera helix (ivy)AraliaceaeHabitat/association
Jasminum nudiflorum (Winter jasmine)OleaceaeHabitat/association
Ligustrum (privet)OleaceaeHabitat/association
Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia)MagnoliaceaeHabitat/association
Mangifera indica (mango)AnacardiaceaeHabitat/association
Musa x paradisiaca (plantain)MusaceaeHabitat/association
Myrica (waxmyrtles)MyricaceaeHabitat/association
Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive)OleaceaeHabitat/association
Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange)RutaceaeOther
Populus (poplars)SalicaceaeHabitat/association
Prunus (stone fruit)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Psidium guajava (guava)MyrtaceaeHabitat/association
Rosa (roses)RosaceaeHabitat/association
Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree)AraliaceaeHabitat/association
Strelitzia reginae (Queens bird-of-paradise)StrelitziaceaeHabitat/association
ViburnumCaprifoliaceaeHabitat/association
YuccaAgavaceaeHabitat/association

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

discoloration
lesions: scab or pitting
premature drop
reduced size

Leaves

abnormal colours
wilting

Stems

dieback
wilt

Natural Enemies

Top of page
Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Aphytis aonidiaeParasite
Aphytis chrysomphaliParasiteNymphs
Aphytis coheniParasite
Aphytis lingnanensisParasiteAdults/NymphsUSSR
Aphytis melinusParasiteAdults/NymphsTurkey; USSR
Chilocorus kuwanaePredatorAdults/Nymphs
Chilocorus nigritaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Coccidiphila gerasimoviPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Comperiella bifasciataParasiteNymphsAustralia; USACitrus
Encarsia aurantiiParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Encarsia citrinaParasiteNymphs
Encarsia lounsburyiParasiteAdults/NymphsCaliforniaCitrus

References

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APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

CABI/EPPO, 1997. Aonidiella citrina. Distribution maps of Pests No. 349. First revision. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

CABI/EPPO, 1998. Distribution maps of quarantine pests for Europe (edited by Smith IM, Charles LMF). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, xviii + 768 pp.

Carmean L, 1988. Managing pesticide-resistant red and yellow scale. Citrograph, 73(7):142.

Clausen CP, 1978. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Agricultural Handbook No. 480. Washington DC, USA: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

Danzig EM, 1993. Fauna of Russia. Families Phoenicoccidae and Diaspididae. St. Petersburg, Russia: Nauka, 450 pp.

De Bach P, Hendrickson RM Jr, Rose M, 1978. Competitive displacement: extinction of the yellow scale, Aonidiella citrina (Coq.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), by its ecological homologue, the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) in southern California. Hilgardia, 46(1):35pp.

Dzhashi VS, 1970. The non-specialized pests of tea in the USSR and their control. Subtropicheskie Kul'tury, 6:174-187.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

FERRIS GF, 1938. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series II, SII-la, 2a:137-268.

Germain JF, Bertaux F, 2002. Aonidiella citrina has arrived in France. (Aonidiella citrina maintenant présente en France: cette nouvelle espèce de cochenille a été identifiée sur oranger et mandarinier sur la Côte-d'Azur.) Phytoma, No.550:49-51.

Gieselmann MJ, Moreno DS, Fargerland J, Tashiro H, Roelofs WL, 1979. Identification of the sex pheromone of the yellow scale. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 5(1):27-33.

Gill RJ, 1997. The scale insects of California. Part 3. The armoured scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology, No 3. Sacramento, USA: Department of Food and Agriculture.

Grafton-Cardwell EE, 1998. Pesticide-resistant armored scale in San Joaquin Valley citrus: what are our options? California, USA: Citrus Research Board, Secretary of food and Agriculture, California. http://www.citrusresearch.com/sub/sub697/scale.htm.

Hely PC, Pasfield G, Gellatley JG, 1982. Insect Pests of Fruit and Vegetables in NSW. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, viii + 312 pp.

Kreiter P, Germain JF, 2005. Pseudococcus comstocki, new species for France and Aonidiella citrina, new species for Corsica (Hem., Pseudococcidae and Diaspididae). (Pseudococcus comstocki, espèce nouvelle pour la France et Aonidiella citrina, nouvelle pour la Corse (Hem., Pseudococcidae et Diaspididae).) Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 110(2):132.

Longo S, Mazzeo G, Russo A, Siscaro G, 1994. Aonidiella citrina (Coquillet) a new pest of citrus in Italy. Informatore Fitopatologico, 44(12):19-25.

McKenzie HL, 1937. Morphological differences distinguishing California red scale, yellow scale and related species (Homoptera: Diaspididae). California University Publication in Entomology, 6:323-335.

Mohamed GH, Goma'a EF, 2004. Presence of coccoid insects on Ficus nitida and the effect of three species of them on the anatomical structure of infested seedlings. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 42(2):807-819.

Moreno DS, Carman GE, Rice RE, Shaw JG, Bain NS, 1972b. Demonstration of a sex pheromone of the yellow scale, Aonidiella citrina. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65;433-436.

Moreno DS, Rice RE, Carman GE, 1972a. Specificity of the sex pheromones of female yellow scales and Californian red scale. Journal of Economic Entomology, 50:698-701.

Nel RG, 1933. A comparison of Aonidiella aurantii and Aonidiella citrina, including a study of the internal anatomy of the latter. Hilgardia, 7:417-466.

Onder EP, 1982. Investigations on the biology, food-plants, damage and factors affecting seasonal population fluctuations of Aonidiella species (Homoptera: Diaspididae) injurious to citrus trees in Izmir and its surroundings. Arastirma Eserleri Serisi, No. 43:171 pp.

Quayle HJ, 1941. Insects of Citrus and other Subtropical Fruits. Ithaca, New York, USA: Comstock Publishing Company.

Reddy SGE, Ruchi Sharma, 2015. First report of scale insects as pests of Kangra tea in Himachal Pradesh, India. Current Biotica, 9(3):289-292. http://www.currentbiotica.com/CB/Journals9-Issue-III/CB-9-3-Short-notes-4.pdf

Roelofs WL, Gieselmann MJ, Mori K, Moreno DS, 1982. Sex pheromone chirality comparison between sibling species - California red scale and yellow scale. Naturwissenschaften, 69(7):348.

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Austria: Absent, no pest record
EPPO, 2014Australia: Present
EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAzerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014Benin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Congo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryEgypt: Present
Mohamed & Goma'a, 2004Ethiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014France: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014; Germain & Bertaux, 2002France
See regional map for distribution within the countryGabon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014UK: Absent, no pest record
EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia: Present
EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Italy: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
EPPO, 2014Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKorea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mali: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Present
EPPO, 2014Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryNiger: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Saint Helena: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Thailand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Tanzania
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryYemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014Fujian: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Guangdong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Guangxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Hubei: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Hebei: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Hong Kong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Hunan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Jiangsu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Jiangxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Qinghai: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Sichuan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Tibet: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Yunnan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Zhejiang: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
EPPO, 2014India: Present
EPPO, 2014Andhra Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Delhi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Himachal Pradesh: Present
Reddy & Ruchi, 2015Karnataka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Odisha: PresentUttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
EPPO, 2014Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sabah: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Sarawak: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Thailand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Austria: Absent, no pest record
EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014France: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014; Germain & Bertaux, 2002Corsica: Present
Kreiter & Germain, 2005; EPPO, 2014UK: Absent, no pest record
EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Italy: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russia (Europe): Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997Southern Russia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (africa) Benin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Congo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Mohamed & Goma'a, 2004Ethiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Gabon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mali: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Niger: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Saint Helena: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Zanzibar: PresentYemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014California: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Texas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
EPPO, 2014New South Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014South Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Victoria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2014