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Datasheet

Xiphinema rivesi (dagger nematode)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 21 September 2016
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Vector of Plant Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Xiphinema rivesi
  • Preferred Common Name
  • dagger nematode
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Nematoda
  •             Class: Adenophorea
  •                 Order: Dorylaimida
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    Compendia
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    UK
    compend@cabi.org
  • Distribution mapMore information

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969

Preferred Common Name

  • dagger nematode

EPPO code

  • XIPHRI (Xiphinema rivesi)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Nematoda
  •             Class: Adenophorea
  •                 Order: Dorylaimida
  •                     Family: Xiphinematidae
  •                         Genus: Xiphinema
  •                             Species: Xiphinema rivesi

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
PakistanPresentKhan et al., 1996; Islam et al., 1996; Khan et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

EgyptPresentHandoo et al., 2015; Ibrahim & Handoo, 2016
SpainArias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-Canary IslandsRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaRestricted distributionDriel et al., 1990; Robbins & Brown, 1991; Robbins, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-OntarioPresentAllen et al., 1988; Driel et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-QuebecPresentBelair, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
USARestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-ArkansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaWidespreadJaffee et al., 1988; Griesbach & Maggenti, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-MarylandPresentWojtowicz et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-MichiganPresentBrown et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentWojtowicz et al., 1982; Georgi, 1988b; Bitterlin, 1987; Griesbach & Maggenti, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-OregonWidespreadConverse, 1981; Converse & Ramsdell, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-PennsylvaniaPresentForer & Stouffer, 1982; Wojtowicz et al., 1982; Mountain et al., 1983; Halbrendt et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-South CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-VermontPresentWojtowicz et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
ChilePresentAuger et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014
PeruPresentAlkemade & Loof, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

FrancePresentDalmasso, 1969; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-France (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2004
GermanyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
ItalyWidespreadTacconi & Talame, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
PortugalWidespreadLamberti et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-AzoresPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-MadeiraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-Portugal (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2004
SlovakiaPresentFauna Europaea, 2014
SloveniaRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
SpainWidespreadArias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-Spain (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2004

OCEANIA

AustraliaRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
SamoaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
TongaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Roots

external feeding
galls along length
soft rot of cortex

Vegetative organs

surface lesions or discoloration

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
AphanomycesPathogenAdults/Eggs/Juveniles/Cysts
Catenaria anguillulaePathogenAdults/Eggs/Juveniles/Cysts
Lagenidium caudatumPathogenAdults/Eggs/Juveniles/Cysts
LeptolegniaPathogenAdults/Eggs/Juveniles/Cysts
Mononchoides fortidensPredatorAdults/Juveniles
Mononchoides longicaudatusPredatorAdults/Juveniles
Pseudomonas denitrificansPathogenAdults/Eggs/Juveniles/Cysts

Pathway Vectors

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VectorNotesLong DistanceLocalReferences
Clothing/footwear and possessionsYes
Containers and packaging (wood)Yes
Land vehiclesYes
Soil, sand, gravel etc.Yes

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomesadults; eggs; juvenilesNo
Growing medium accompanying plantsadults; eggs; juvenilesNo
Rootsadults; eggs; juvenilesNo
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsNo
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Leaves
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Alkemade JRM, Loof PAA, 1990. The genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in Peru. Revue de Ne^acute~matologie, 13(3):339-348; 9 ref.

Allen WR, Stobbs LW, Schagen JG van, Ebsary BA, 1988. Association of Xiphinema species with soil type and grapevines infected with tomato ringspot virus in Ontario, Canada. Plant Disease, 72(10):861-863

Arias M, Belo A, Fresno J, 1994. Grapevine virus vector nematodes in Spain. Investigacion Agraria, Produccion y Proteccion Vegetales, Fuera de Serie No. 2:187-199

Arias M, Navacerrada G, 1973. Geographical distribution of Xiphinema Cobb in Spanish vineyards. Nematologia Mediterranea, 1(1):28-35

Auger J, Leal G, Magunacelaya JC, Esterio M, 2009. Xiphinema rivesi from Chile transmits Tomato ringspot virus to cucumber. Plant Disease, 93(9):971. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Belair G, 1991. Effects of preplant soil fumigation on nematode population densities and on growth and yield of raspberry. Phytoprotection, 72:21-25.

Bilgrami AL, Jairajpuri MS, 1989. Resistance of prey to predation and strike rate of the predators, Mononchoides longicaudatus and M. fortidens (Nematoda: Diplogasterida). Revue de Nématologie, 12(1):45-49; 12 ref.

Bitterlin MW, 1987. Tomato ringspot virus: interactions with its nematode vector Xiphinema rivesi, studies on virus transmission to and detection in fruit trees, serological characterization, and implications for cross protection. Dissertation Abstracts International, B (Sciences and Engineering), 47(8):3191; [156 pp., publ. 1986.].

Bitterlin MW, Gonsalves D, 1987. Spatial distribution of Xiphinema rivesi and persistence of tomato ringspot virus and its vector in soil. Plant Disease, 71(5):408-411

Brown DJF, Halbrendt JM, Jones AT, Vrain TC, Robbins RT, 1994. Transmission of three North American nepoviruses by populations of four distinct species of the Xiphinema americanum group. Phytopathology, 84(6):646-649

Brown DJF, Halbrendt JM, Robbins RT, Vrain TC, 1993. Transmission of nepoviruses by Xiphinema americanum-group nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):349-354; [^italic~Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, 2-6 August 1992, Vancouver, BC, Canada.^roman~]; 29 ref.

Brown DJF, Lamberti F, Taylor CE, Trudgill DL, 1988. Nematode-virus plant interactions. Nematologia Mediterranea, 16(2):153-158

CABI/EPPO, 1998. Distribution maps of quarantine pests for Europe (edited by Smith IM, Charles LMF). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, xviii + 768 pp.

CABI/EPPO, 2004. Xiphinema rivesi. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 940. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Converse RH, 1981. Infection of cultivated strawberries by tomato ringspot virus. Phytopathology, 71(11):1149-1152

Converse RH, Ramsdell DC, 1982. Occurrence of tomato and tobacco ringspot viruses and of dagger and other nematodes associated with cultivated highbush blueberries in Oregon. Plant Disease, 66(8):710-712

Dalmasso A, 1969. Etude anatomique et taxonomique des genres Xiphinema, Longidorus et Paralongidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimidae). Mem. MusTum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 61(2):33-82.

Driel L van, Potter JW, Ebsary BA, 1990. Distribution of virus vector nematodes associated with peach and other fruit crops in Essex County, Ontario. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 70(1):23-26

Ebsary BA, Potter JW, Allen WR, 1984. Redescription and distribution of Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 and Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 in Canada with a description of Xiphinema occiduum n.sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62(9):1696-1702.

EPPO, 1990. Specific quarantine requirements. EPPO Technical Documents, No. 1008. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fauna Europaea, 2014. Fauna Europaea version 2. Web Service available online at http://www.faunaeur.org.

Forer LB, 1981. Xiphinema rivesi associated with tomato ringspot virus-incited diseases in Pennsylvania. Phytopathology, 71(7):767

Forer LB, Hill NS, Powell CA, 1981. Xiphinema rivesi: A new tomato ringspot virus vector. Phytopathology, 71:874 (Abstr.).

Forer LB, Powell CA, Stouffer RF, 1984. Transmission of tomato ringspot virus to apple rootstock cuttings and to cherry and peach seedlings by Xiphinema rivesi. Plant Disease, 68(12):1052-1054

Forer LB, Stouffer RF, 1982. Xiphinema spp. associated with tomato ringspot virus infection of Pennsylvania fruit crops. Plant Disease, 66(8):735-736

Georgi LL, 1988. Effect of three plant species on population densities of Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi. Journal of Nematology, 20(3):474-477

Georgi LL, 1988. Morphological variation in Xiphinema americanum spp. from New York orchards. Journal of Nematology, 20:47-50.

Georgi LL, 1988. Transmission of tomato ringspot virus by Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi from New York apple orchards. Journal of Nematology, 20(2):304-308

Griesbach JA, Maggenti AR, 1990. The morphometrics of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato in California. Revue de Ne^acute~matologie, 13(1):93-103; 24 ref.

Griffin GD, Epstein AH, 1964. Association of dagger nematode, Xiphinema americanum, with stunting and winterkill of ornamental spruce. Phytopathology, 54(2):177-180.

Halbrendt JM, Brown DJF, 1992. Morphometric evidence for three juvenile stages in some species of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato. Journal of Nematology, 24(2):305-309; 25 ref.

Halbrendt JM, Brown DJF, 1993. Aspects of biology and development of Xiphinema americanum and related species. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):355-360; [^italic~Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, 2-6 August 1992, Vancouver, BC, Canada.^roman~]; 33 ref.

Halbrendt JM, Cummins JN, Welliver R, Hadidi A, Podleckis E, 1991. Screening apple rootstocks for resistance to the tomato ringspot virus. Pennsylvania Fruit News, 71(2):39-42

Handoo ZA, Ibrahim IKA, Chitwood DJ, Mokbel AA, 2015. First report of Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 on citrus in northern Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 33(2):161-165.

Hooper DJ, 1986. Extraction of free-living stages from soil. In: Southey JF, ed. Laboratory Methods for work with Plant and Soil Nematodes. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Reference Book No. 402. London, UK: HMSO, 5-30.

Ibrahim IKA, Handoo ZA, 2016. Occurrence of phytoparasitic nematodes on some crop plants in northern Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 34(2):163-169.

Islam S, Khan A, Bilqees FM, 1996. Survey of stylet-bearing nematodes associated with apple (Malus pumila mill.) in swat district, N.W.F.P., Pakistan. Proceedings of Parasitology, No. 21:1-9; 45 ref.

Jaffee BA, 1986. Parasitism of Xiphinema rivesi and X. americanum by zoosporic fungi. Journal of Nematology, 18(1):87-93

Jaffee BA, Glenn DM, Forer LB, Shaffer RL, 1988. Effect of soil texture on Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi. Nematologica, 34(2):226-237; 14 ref.

Jaffee BA, Harrison MB, Shaffer RL, Strang MB, 1987. Seasonal population fluctuation of Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi in New York and Pennsylvania orchards. Journal of Nematology, 19:369-378.

Jaffee BA, Shaffer RL, 1985. Evaluation of post-plant nematicides for control of dagger nematodes on peach, 1982-83. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, American-Phytopathological Society, 40:102-103.

Jaffee BA, Shaffer RL, 1987. Parasitism of Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi by Catenaria anguillulp and other zoosporic fungi in soil solution, Bprmann funnels, or soil. Nematologica, 33(2):220-231

Jaffee BA, Shaffer RL, Travis JW, 1986. Evaluation of DS 38697 5G for control of dagger nematodes on apple, 1984-85. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 41:72.

Jones AT, Brown DJF, Halbrendt JM, Vrain TC, Robbins RT, 1995. The transmission of three nepoviruses by populations of four Xiphinema americanum-group species. Acta Horticulturae, No. 385:105-109; 20 ref.

Khan A, Islam S, Shaukat SS, Bilqees FM, 1996. Efficacy of carbofuran and Tenekil against nematodes associated with apple in Swat, Pakistan. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6(1):59-62; 13 ref.

Khan A, Shaukat SS, Islam S, 1997. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on seasonal variation of three plant-parasitic nematodes associated with apple in Swat, Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 7:26-29.

Lamberti F, Bleve-Zacheo T, 1979. Studies on Xiphinema americanum sensu lato with descriptions of fifteen new species (Nematoda, Longidoridae). Nematologia Mediterranea, 7(1):51-106

Lamberti F, Bravo MA, Agostinelli A, Lemos RM, 1994. The Xiphinema americanum-group in Portugal with descriptions of four new species (Nematoda, Dorylaimida). Nematologia Mediterranea, 22(2):189-218; 10 ref.

Lamberti F, Carone M, 1991. A dichotomous key for the identification of species of Xiphinema (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) within the X. americanum-group. Nematologia Mediterranea, 19(2):341-348; 19 ref.

Loof PAA, Luc M, Coomans A, 1993. The Xiphinema americanum group (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). 1. Comments upon the key to species published by Lamberti and Carone (1992). Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 16(4):355-358; 16 ref.

Luc M, Doucet ME, 1990. The family of Longidoridae Thorne, 1935 (Nemata) in Argentina. 1. Distribution. Revista de Ciencias Agropecuarias - Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 7:19-25; 30 ref.

Malek RB, 1969. Population fluctuations and observations of the life cycle of Xiphinema americanum associated with cotton wood (Populus deltoides) in South Dakota. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 36(2):270-274.

Malik Z, Jairajpuri MS, 1985. Observations on the morphology of adults and juveniles of Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913. Indian Journal of Nematology, 14(2):152-159.

McGuire JM, Douthit LB, 1976. Effect of acquisition access time on amount and location of tobacco ringspot virus within Xiphinema americanum. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society, 3:340

McGuire JM, Douthit LB, 1978. Host effect on acquisition and transmission of tobacco ringspot virus by Xiphinema americanum. Phytopathology, 68(3):457-459

Mountain WL, Powell CA, Forer LB, 1992. A trough system for measuring transmission of tomato ringspot virus by dagger nematodes. HortScience, 27(12):1283-1285

Mountain WL, Powell CA, Forer LB, Stouffer RF, 1983. Transmission of tomato ringspot virus from dandelion via seed and dagger nematodes. Plant Disease, 67(8):867-868

Ohshima Y, Nishizawa T, Hirata A, Okabe M, 1971. Nematode fauna of mulberry orchards. Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Fuchu, Tokyo, April 7-9, 1971, 33.

Olsen LG, 1983. Nematode control in concord grapes in Michigan, 1983. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, American Phytopathological Society, 39:91-92

Olsen LG, Nelson JW, 1986. Nematode control in blueberries in Michigan, 1985. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 41:74.

Olsen LG, Nelson JW, 1988. Nematode control in blueberries in Michigan, 1986/87. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 43:167.

Perry VG, 1958. Parasitism of two species of dagger nematodes (Xiphinema americanum and X. chambersi) to strawberry. Phytopathology, 48:420-423.

Ramsdell DC, Myers RL, 1974. Peach rosette mosaic virus, symptomatology and nematodes associated with grapevine 'degeneration' in Michigan. Phytopathology, 64(9):1174-1178.

Robbins RT, 1993. Distribution of Xiphinema americanum and related species in North America. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):344-348; [^italic~Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, 2-6 August 1992, Vancouver, BC, Canada.^roman~]; 27 ref.

Robbins RT, Brown DJF, 1991. Comments on the taxonomy, occurrence and distribution of Longidoridae (Nematoda) in North America. Nematologica, 37(4):395-419; 149 ref.

Smith IM, McNamara DG, Scott PR, Holderness M, 1997. Quarantine pests for Europe. Second Edition. Data sheets on quarantine pests for the European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Quarantine pests for Europe. Second Edition. Data sheets on quarantine pests for the European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization., Ed. 2:vii + 1425 pp.; many ref.

Stouffer RF, Mowery PD, 1980. Effect of preplant soil fumigation on the control of Prunus stem pitting and the growth of Late Sunhaven peach trees. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricp, 15:247-250

Tacconi R, Ambrogioni L, 1995. Quarantine Nematodes. Bologna, Italy: Editrice "Lo Scarabeo".

Tacconi R, TalamF M, 1995. Parasitic nematodes of stone and pome fruits and vegetable crops. Rivista di Frutticoltura e di Ortofloricoltura, 57(3):63-71; 71 ref.

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Thompson JA, Miller RW, Conrad N, Carpenter AS, 1983. Evaluation of postplant nematicides for control of the dagger nematode on apples, 1983. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, American Phytopathological Society, 39:87

Vrain TC, 1993. Restriction fragment length polymorphism separates species of the Xiphinema americanum group. Journal of Nematology, 25(3):361-364; [^italic~Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, 2-6 August 1992, Vancouver, BC, Canada.^roman~]; 18 ref.

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Australia: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Restricted distribution
Driel et al., 1990; Robbins & Brown, 1991; Robbins, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryChile: Present
Auger et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Handoo et al., 2015; Ibrahim & Handoo, 2016Spain: Widespread
Arias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Arias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Spain
See regional map for distribution within the countrySpain
See regional map for distribution within the countryFrance: Present
Dalmasso, 1969; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014France
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Italy: Widespread
Tacconi & Talame, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
Alkemade & Loof, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
Khan et al., 1996; Islam et al., 1996; Khan et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Widespread
Lamberti et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countrySlovenia: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Fauna Europaea, 2014Tonga: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countrySamoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
Khan et al., 1996; Islam et al., 1996; Khan et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Arias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Spain (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004France: Present
Dalmasso, 1969; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014France (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Italy: Widespread
Tacconi & Talame, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Widespread
Lamberti et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Azores: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Portugal (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004Slovenia: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Fauna Europaea, 2014
Distribution map (africa) Egypt: Present
Handoo et al., 2015; Ibrahim & Handoo, 2016Spain: Widespread
Arias & Navacerrada, 1973; Arias et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Canary Islands: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Restricted distribution
Driel et al., 1990; Robbins & Brown, 1991; Robbins, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Ontario: Present
Allen et al., 1988; Driel et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Quebec: Present
Belair, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Arkansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014California: Widespread
Jaffee et al., 1988; Griesbach & Maggenti, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Maryland: Present
Wojtowicz et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Michigan: Present
Brown et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014New York: Present
Wojtowicz et al., 1982; Georgi ,1988b; Bitterlin, 1987; Griesbach & Maggenti, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Oregon: Widespread
Converse, 1981; Converse & Ramsdell, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Pennsylvania: Present
Forer & Stouffer, 1982; Wojtowicz et al., 1982; Mountain et al., 1983; Halbrendt et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014South Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Vermont: Present
Wojtowicz et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) USA: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
Auger et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
Alkemade & Loof, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Tonga: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2004; EPPO, 2014