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Datasheet

Xestia c-nigrum (spotted cutworm)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 12 May 2016
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Xestia c-nigrum
  • Preferred Common Name
  • spotted cutworm
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
X. c-nigrum; mature larva
TitleX. c-nigrum; mature larva
Caption
CopyrightDavid Agassiz
X. c-nigrum; mature larva
X. c-nigrum; mature larvaDavid Agassiz

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Preferred Common Name

  • spotted cutworm

Other Scientific Names

  • (Diarsia c-nigrum) Linnaeus
  • Agrotis c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Agrotis c-nigrum ab. fritschi Culot, 1910
  • Agrotis c-nigrum ab. umbrata Schultz, 1908
  • Agrotis c-nigrum form maerens Dannehl, 1925
  • Agrotis c-nigrum form nigrescens Buresch, 1914
  • Agrotis c-nigrum var. depravata Bang-Haas, 1912
  • Agrotis degenerata Staudinger, 1889
  • Amathes c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Amathes c-nigrum ab. albinotica Cockayne, 1952
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. brevipennis Lempke, 1962
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. confluens Lempke, 1939
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. cruda Lampke, 1962
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. immaculata Lempke, 1939
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. juncta Lempke, 1939
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. pallida Lempke, 1962
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. semiconfluens Lempke, 1962
  • Amathes c-nigrum f. signata Lempke, 1962
  • Amathes c-nigrum ignorata Eitschberger, 1972
  • Amathes e-nigrum f. fuscolimbata Lempke, 1962
  • Bombyx gothica var. nunatrum Esper [1786]
  • Bombyx gothica var. singularis Esper [1786]
  • Diarsia c-nigrum kurilana Bryk, 1942
  • Graphiphora c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Noctua c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Noctua c-nigrum ab. grisea Turner, 1939
  • Noctua c-nigrum var. rosea Tutt, 1892
  • Phalaena c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Phalaena Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, 1758
  • Rhyacia c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
  • Xestia adela Franclemont, 1980

International Common Names

  • English: black c-moth; cutworm, spotted; setaceous hebrew character
  • French: noctuelle c-noir; ver-gris tachete

Local Common Names

  • Denmark: sort c
  • Finland: c-merkkinen maayökkönen
  • Germany: Erdraupen-art
  • Japan: siromon-yaga
  • Sweden: c-tecknet jordfly

EPPO code

  • AMATCN (Xestia c-nigrum)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Noctuidae
  •                             Genus: Xestia
  •                                 Species: Xestia c-nigrum

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentAbdinbekova & Akhmedov, 1981; Abdinbekova et al., 1982; Guseinov, 1985
ChinaPresentHampson, 1903
-ShaanxiPresentBoursin, 1963
-ShanxiPresentBoursin, 1963
-YunnanPresentBoursin, 1963
-ZhejiangPresentBoursin, 1963
Georgia (Republic of)PresentLysenko et al., 1971
India
-Himachal PradeshPresentCotes & Swinhoe, 1887; Hampson, 1903
-Indian PunjabPresentSingh, 1977; Cotes & Swinhoe, 1887; Hampson, 1903
-KarnatakaPresentSingh, 1982
-MaharashtraPresentCotes & Swinhoe, 1887
-MeghalayaPresentCotes & Swinhoe, 1887
-SikkimPresentHampson, 1903
-Tamil NaduPresentChandramohan, 1996; Cotes & Swinhoe, 1887; Hampson, 1903
Japan
-HokkaidoWidespreadFujimura, 1976b; Goto et al., 1986a; Goto et al., 1986b; Tsutsui & Hayakawa, 1991
-HonshuPresentOku & Kobayashi, 1985
KazakhstanPresentShek, 1965
Korea, DPRPresentHampson, 1903
Korea, Republic ofPresentEguchi, 1926; APPPC, 1987
KyrgyzstanPresentIl'-ichev & Smolich, 1989
PakistanPresentHampson, 1903
TurkeyPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
UzbekistanPresentIl'-ichev & Komkov, 1987
VietnamPresentDe Joannis, 1928

AFRICA

MoroccoPresentCayrol, 1972

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaWidespreadLafontaine, 1998; Jones, 1951
-AlbertaWidespreadBowman, 1951; Lafontaine, 1998
-British ColumbiaWidespreadLafontaine, 1998; Jones, 1951
-ManitobaPresentWylie & Ayre, 1979; Lafontaine, 1998
-New BrunswickWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-Newfoundland and LabradorWidespreadMorris, 1980; Lafontaine, 1998
-Northwest TerritoriesPresentLafontaine, 1998
-Nova ScotiaWidespreadFerguson, 1954; Lafontaine, 1998
-OntarioWidespreadRockburne & Lafontaine, 1976; Lafontaine, 1998
-QuebecWidespreadRockburne & Lafontaine, 1976; Handfield, 1997; Lafontaine, 1998
-SaskatchewanPresentLafontaine, 1998
-Yukon TerritoryPresentLafontaine & Wood, 1997; Lafontaine, 1998
MexicoWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
USA
-AlaskaWidespreadOldroyd, 1947; Lafontaine, 1998
-ArizonaPresentLafontaine, 1998
-CaliforniaWidespreadDibble et al., 1979a; Lafontaine, 1998
-ColoradoWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-IdahoWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-MaineWidespreadBrower, 1974; Lafontaine, 1998
-MichiganWidespreadMarmor et al., 1981; Moore, 1955; Lafontaine, 1998
-MinnesotaWidespreadKnutson, 1944; Lafontaine, 1998
-MontanaWidespreadCook, 1930; Lafontaine, 1998
-NebraskaWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-NevadaPresentLafontaine, 1998
-New HampshirePresentLafontaine, 1998
-New MexicoWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-New YorkWidespreadForbes, 1954; Lafontaine, 1998
-North CarolinaPresentLafontaine, 1998
-OhioWidespreadRings et al., 1992; Lafontaine, 1998
-OregonWidespreadKieffer et al., 1983; Lafontaine, 1998
-PennsylvaniaPresentLafontaine, 1998
-UtahPresentLafontaine, 1998
-VermontWidespreadGrehan et al., 1995; Lafontaine, 1998
-WashingtonWidespreadHowell & George, 1979; Howell, 1979; Wright & Cone, 1980; Lafontaine, 1998
-West VirginiaPresentLafontaine, 1998
-WisconsinWidespreadLafontaine, 1998
-WyomingWidespreadLafontaine, 1998

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

El SalvadorPresentLafontaine, 1998

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
AustriaPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
BelgiumPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
BulgariaWidespreadSubchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
Czech RepublicWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
DenmarkWidespreadKarsholdt et al., 1985; Nordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
EstoniaWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
FinlandWidespreadNordström et al., 1969; Mikkola & Jalas, 1977; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
FranceWidespreadRahn, 1983; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
-CorsicaWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
GermanyWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996; Blobner, 1984
GreeceWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
HungaryWidespreadSzeoke, 1976; Meszaros et al., 1979; Subchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
IcelandPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
IrelandWidespreadBretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
ItalyWidespreadMolinari et al., 1995; Pucci & Paparatti, 1987; Guda & Capizza, 1988
LatviaWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
LithuaniaWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
LuxembourgWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
MaltaPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
NetherlandsWidespreadLempke, 1962; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
NorwayWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996; Nordström, 1969
PolandWidespreadLipa, 1976; Nowacki, 1992; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
PortugalWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
-AzoresPresentNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
-MadeiraPresentWolff, 1977
RomaniaWidespreadIonescu, 1985; Ionescu, 1986; Rosca et al., 1986; Brudea & Rosca, 1992; Subchev et al., 1996
Russian Federation
-Central RussiaWidespreadTyshchenko & Tyshchenko, 1988; Il'-ichev & Komkov, 1987
-Eastern SiberiaPresentKononenko et al., 1989; Hampson, 1903
-Russian Far EastWidespreadDashevskii & Rybakova, 1979
-Southern RussiaWidespreadBabchuk et al., 1978; Tyshchenko & Tyshchenko, 1988
-Western SiberiaPresentMusich, 1976
SlovakiaWidespreadCaputa, 1982; Panigaj, 1984; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
SpainWidespreadGarrido et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
SwedenWidespreadNordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
SwitzerlandWidespreadNowacki & Fibiger, 1996
UKWidespreadBretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
-Channel IslandsPresentBretherton et al., 1979
UkraineWidespreadBabchuk et al., 1978; Klyuchko et al., 1981; Klyuchko & Koval', 1981
Yugoslavia (former)PresentVasic & Jodal, 1976; Tradic, 1979

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Acer (maples)AceraceaeWild host
Allium cepa (onion)LiliaceaeOther
Apium graveolens (celery)ApiaceaeOther
Arctium (Burdock)AsteraceaeWild host
Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry)RosaceaeWild host
Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)SolanaceaeWild host
Avena sativa (oats)PoaceaeOther
Beta vulgaris (beetroot)ChenopodiaceaeOther
Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet)ChenopodiaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage)BrassicaceaeOther
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape)BrassicaceaeOther
Calendula (marigolds)AsteraceaeWild host
Chenopodium (Goosefoot)ChenopodiaceaeWild host
Chrysanthemum (daisy)AsteraceaeWild host
Cichorium (chicory)AsteraceaeWild host
Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle)AsteraceaeWild host
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeOther
Comptonia peregrina (sweetfern)MyricaceaeWild host
Cucumis sativus (cucumber)CucurbitaceaeOther
Daucus carota (carrot)ApiaceaeOther
Epilobium (willowherbs)OnagraceaeWild host
Fragaria (strawberry)RosaceaeOther
Gossypium (cotton)MalvaceaeOther
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)AsteraceaeOther
Hordeum vulgare (barley)PoaceaeOther
Lactuca sativa (lettuce)AsteraceaeOther
Lamium album (white deadnettle)LamiaceaeWild host
Linum usitatissimum (flax)LinaceaeOther
LobeliaCampanulaceaeWild host
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeOther
Medicago sativa (lucerne)FabaceaeOther
Melilotus (melilots)FabaceaeWild host
Mentha spicata (Spear mint)LamiaceaeOther
Myosotis (forget-me-nots)BoraginaceaeWild host
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)SolanaceaeOther
Onobrychis (sainfoin)FabaceaeWild host
Papaver (poppies)PapaveraceaeWild host
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)FabaceaeOther
Phleum pratense (timothy grass)PoaceaeOther
Pisum sativum (pea)FabaceaeOther
Plantago (Plantain)PlantaginaceaeWild host
Poaceae (grasses)PoaceaeOther
Primula (Primrose)PrimulaceaeWild host
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeOther
Rheum hybridum (rhubarb)PolygonaceaeOther
Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry)GrossulariaceaeOther
Rosa (roses)RosaceaeWild host
Rubia tinctorum (Rose madder)RubiaceaeWild host
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)RosaceaeOther
Rumex (Dock)PolygonaceaeWild host
Salix repens (creeping willow (UK))SalicaceaeWild host
Senecio vulgarisAsteraceaeWild host
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)SolanaceaeOther
Solanum tuberosum (potato)SolanaceaeOther
Solidago (Goldenrod)AsteraceaeWild host
Spiraea latifolia (Meadowsweet)RosaceaeWild host
Stellaria media (common chickweed)CaryophyllaceaeWild host
Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion)AsteraceaeWild host
Thalictrum (meadow-rue)RanunculaceaeWild host
Trifolium (clovers)FabaceaeOther
Triticum aestivum (wheat)PoaceaeOther
Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush blueberry)EricaceaeWild host
Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry)EricaceaeWild host
ViburnumCaprifoliaceaeWild host
Vicia (vetch)FabaceaeWild host
Viola (violet)ViolaceaeWild host
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)VitaceaeMain
Zea mays (maize)PoaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

external feeding

Growing point

external feeding

Inflorescence

external feeding

Leaves

external feeding

Seeds

external feeding

Stems

external feeding

Whole plant

external feeding

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Aspergillus flavusAntagonist
Athrycia trepidaParasiteLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensisPathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensisPathogenLarvae
Banchus flavescensParasiteLarvae
Beauveria bassianaPathogenLarvae
Blondelia nigripesParasiteLarvae
Carcelia gnavaParasiteLarvae
Compsilura concinnataParasiteLarvae
Cotesia congregataParasiteLarvae
Cotesia xylinusParasiteLarvae
Cotesia yakutatensisParasiteLarvae
Dibrachys cavusParasiteLarvae
Dicrocheles scedastesParasite
Entomophaga aulicaePathogenLarvae
Entomophthora inexpectatumPathogenLarvae
Erynia gammaePathogenLarvae
Erynia radicansPathogenLarvae
Euphorocera claripennisParasiteLarvae
Euplectrus bicolorParasiteLarvae
Euplectrus frontalisParasiteLarvae
Exorista larvarumParasiteLarvae
Granulosis virusPathogenLarvae
Ichneumon melanotisParasiteLarvae
Linnaemya pictaParasiteLarvae
Linnaemya pictaParasiteLarvae
Meloboris leucaniaeParasiteLarvae
Metarhizium anisopliaePathogenLarvae
Meteorus gyratorParasiteLarvae
Nemorilla floralisParasiteLarvae
Nucleopolyhedrosis virusPathogenLarvae
Panzeria rudisParasiteLarvae
Phorocera assimilisParasiteLarvae
Phryxe vulgarisParasiteLarvae
Ramonda spathulataParasiteLarvae
Sorosporella uvellaPathogenLarvae
Tachina feraParasiteLarvae
TrichogrammaParasite
Turanogonia chinensisParasiteLarvae
Voria ruralisParasiteLarvae
Winthemia quadripustulataParasiteLarvae

References

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Abdinbekova AA, Akhmedov RM, 1981. Features of the photoperiodic adaptation of some species of owlet moths (Noctuidae, Agrotinae) in Azerbaijan. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 63:166-168

Abdinbekova AA, Akhmedov RM, Guseinov SI, 1982. Analysis of the phenology of some species of owlet moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Azerbaijan. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 61(6):949-953

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Arnaud PH Jr, 1978. A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Miscellaneous Publication, Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, No. 1319:[4 +] 860 pp.

Babchuk IV, Klyuchko ZF, Koval' EZ, 1978. Mass reproduction of the black-c moth. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 12:35

Beck H, 1960. Die Larvalsystematik der Eulen ( Noctuidae). In: Sachtleben H, Stammer HJ, eds. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten. Berlin, Germany: Akademie - Verl., 406 pp.

Boursin C, 1963. Die Noctuinae-Arten (Agrotinae vulgo sensu) aus Dr. h.c. H. Höne's China-Ausbeuten (Beitrag zur Fauna Sinica). Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1170:1-108.

Bowman K, 1951. An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 29:121-165.

Bretherton RF, Goater B, Lorimer RI, 1979. Noctuidae. In: Heath J, Emmet JM, eds. The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 9. London, UK: Curwen Books, 120-278.

Brower AE, 1974. A list of the Lepidoptera of Maine. Part 1. The Macrolepidoptera. Technical Bulletin, Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Maine, No. 66:136pp.

Brudea V, Rosca I, 1992. Identification of the best synthetic pheromones fur use in forecasting and indicating the need for chemical treatment. Cerceta^breve~ri Agronomice i^circumflex~n Moldova, 25(4):95-100; 6 ref.

Caputa A, 1982. Occurrence of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) in the Gader region and Blatnicky Valley in the Vel'ka Fatra. Entomologicke Problemy, 17:159-249

Carter DJ, 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe, with special reference to the British Isles. Series Entomologica, Volume 31.

Carter DJ, Hargreaves B (Illustrator), 1986. A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies and moths in Britain and Europe. London, UK: Collins, 296 pp.

Cayrol RA, 1972. Famille des Noctuidae. Sous-famille des Melicleptriinae. Helicoverpa armigera Hb. In: Balachowsky AS, ed. Entomologie appliquée à l'agriculture, Vol. 2, Paris, France: Masson et Cie, 1431-1444.

Chandramohan N, 1996. Light trap catches of cutworms in the Nilgiris. Madras Agricultural Journal, 83(1):62; 1 ref.

CIE, 1979. Distribution Maps of Pests, Map No. 400. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cook WC, 1930. An ecologically annotated list of the Phalaenidae of Montana (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 62:257-277.

Cotes EC, Swinhoe C, 1887. A Catalogue of the Moths of India, Part 1. Sphinges. Calcutta, India: Trustees of the Indian Museum.

Covell CV Jr, 1984. A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Crumb SE, 1929. Tobacco cutworms. Technical Bulletin No. 88. Washington DC, USA: United States Department of Agriculture.

Crumb SE, 1932. The more important climbing cutworms. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 27:73-100.

Crumb SE, 1956. The Larvae of the Phalaenidae. Technical Bulletin No. 1135. Washington DC, USA: United States Department of Agriculture.

Dashevskii SV, Rybakova NA, 1979. A test on the control of cutworms. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 2:34-35

De Joannis J, 1928. LépidoptFres HétérocFres du Tonkin. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 97:241-368.

Dibble JE, Joose J, LaVine P, Haire S, Bearden BE, 1979. Climbing cutworms; early-season pests of grapes. California Agriculture, 33(2):14-15

Dibble JE, Joose JL, LaVine PD, Haire SM, Bearden BE, 1979. These worms can be turned. American Fruit Grower, 99:10.

Eguchi M, 1926. Noctuidae infesting Sugar-beet. Korea Agriculture Experimental Station Bulletin, 3:257-263.

Ferguson DC, 1954. The Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 23 (part 3).

Fibiger M, 1993. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 2, Noctuinae II. Soro, Denmark: Entomological Press.

Fibiger M, 1997. Noctuidae Europaeae. Volume 3, Noctuinae III. Soro, Denmark: Entomological Press.

Forbes WTM, 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part 3 Noctuidae. Cornell, USA: Cornell University Agriculture Experiment Station, Memoir 329.

Forster W, Wohlfahrt TA, 1971. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. Band IV Eulen (Noctuidae). Stuttgart, Germany: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung.

Franclemont JG, 1980. 'Noctua c-nigrum' in eastern North America, the description of two new species of Xestia Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinp). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 82(4):576-586

Fujimura T, 1976. Mating behaviour and sex attractant of the spotted cutworm moth, Amathes c-nigrum L. (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 20(3):133-138

Fujimura T, 1976. Oviposition and host selection by the spotted cutworm, Amathes c-nigrum L. Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, No.113:79-85

Fujimura T, 1976. The hibernation of the spotted cutworm, Amathes C-nigrum L. in Tokachi, Hokkaido. Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 113:87-93

Garrido A, Lacasa A, Rivero JMdel, 1979. Light-traps at the service of entomological research. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that qualitatively and quantitatively influenced the catches and the species of lepidoptera taken in rice-fields in 1975. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Proteccion Vegetal, No. 10:105-126

Godfrey GL, 1987. Noctuidae (Noctuoidea). In: Stehr FW, ed. Immature Insects. Dubuque, Iowa, USA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 549-578.

Goto C, 1990. Enhancement of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infection by a granulosis virus (GV) isolated from the spotted cutworm, Xestia c-nigrum L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 25(1):135-137

Goto C, Tsutsui H, 1989. Epizootic of Entomophaga aulicp in lepidopterous pests of lucerne. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 33(1):35-38

Goto C, Tsutsui H, Hayakawa H, 1986. Parasites of some noctuid larvae in Hokkaido. I. Parasitic flies. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(3):204-205

Goto C, Tsutsui H, Hayakawa H, 1986. Parasites of some noctuid larvae in Hokkaido. II. Parasitic wasps. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(3):205-207

Goto C, Tsutsui H, Honma K, Iizuka T, Nakashima T, 1985. Studies on nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses of the spotted cutworm, Xestia c-nigrum L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 29(2):102-106

Grehan JR, Parker BL, Nielsen GR, Miller DH, Hedbor JD, Sabourin M, Griggs MS, 1995. Moths and butterflies of Vermont (Lepidoptera. A faunal checklist.) Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Vermont, Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, State of Vermont, Miscellaneous Publication, 116.

Guseinov SI, 1985. The effect of photothermic conditions on the development of the spotted cutworm. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Biologicheskikh Nauk, No. 1:23-27

Hampson GF, 1903. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Volume 4. London, UK.

Handfield L, 1997. Liste des LépidoptFres du Québec et du Labrador. Frabreries, Supplément 7.

Heppner JB, Inoue H, eds, 1992. Checklist Lepidoptera of Taiwan. Gainesville, USA: Scientific Publishers, 1(2):276 pp.

Herting B, 1960. Biology of the westpalaearctic tachina Dipt., Tachinidae. Monographien ang. Ent. 16 (Beihefte Z. ang. Ent.), 1-188.

Hinz R, 1991. Investigations on the biology of some species of Ichneumonini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 64(1-2):190-114

Hirai Y, 1977. cis-7-Tetradecen-1-ol acetate: a sex pheromone component of the spotted cutworm moth, Amathes c-nigrum L. In: Kono T, Ishii S, (Chairmen). Proceedings of a symposium on insect pheromones and their applications. Nagaoka and Tokyo, December 8-11, 1976. Japan, Tokyo: Japan Plant Protection Association, 165

Honek A, 1979. Regulation of diapause, number of instars, and body growth in the moth species Amathes c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomologia Generalis, 5(3):221-229

Howell JF, 1979. Phenology of the adult spotted cutworm in the Yakima Valley. Environmental Entomology, 8(6):1065-1069

Howell JF, George DA, 1979. Spotted cutworm: control in apple orchards with chlorpyrifos. Journal of Economic Entomology, 72(1):27-29

Hudson A, Lefkovitch LP, 1982. Allozyme variation in four Ontario populations of Xestia adela and Xestia dolosa and in a British population of Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 75(3):250-256

Il'ichev AL, Komkov DYa, 1987. Tests on the sex attractants of polyphagous noctuids. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 6:49

Il'ichev AL, Smolich IP, 1989. Testing the sex pheromones of cutworms. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 8:39

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Ionescu C, 1985. Frequency and population dynamics of species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) collected in light traps from the Bucharest area in the period 1979-1984. II. Hadeninp. Buletinul de Protectia Plantelor, No. 1-2:53-60

Ionescu C, 1986. Distribution range, structure and seasonal dynamics, in the year 1982, of the principal species of Lepidoptera Noctuidae of economic importance in Romania. Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor, 19:121-136

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Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
Abdinbekova & Akhmedov, 1981; Abdinbekova et al., 1982; Guseinov, 1985Albania: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Austria: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Belgium: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Bulgaria: Widespread
Subchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Canada: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996China: Present
Hampson, 1903China: Present
Hampson, 1903China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzech Republic: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Germany: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Denmark: Widespread
Karsholdt et al., 1985; Nordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Estonia: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Spain: Widespread
Garrido et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Spain: Widespread
Garrido et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Finland: Widespread
Nordström et al., 1969; Mikkola & Jalas, 1977; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996France: Widespread
Rahn, 1983; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996France
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK: Widespread
Bretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996UK
See regional map for distribution within the countryGeorgia (Republic of): Present
Lysenko et al., 1971Georgia (Republic of): Present
Lysenko et al., 1971Greece: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Greece: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Hungary: Widespread
Szeoke, 1976; Meszaros et al., 1979; Subchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Ireland: Widespread
Bretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIceland: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Iceland: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Italy: Widespread
Molinari et al., 1995Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKyrgyzstan: PresentKorea, DPR: Present
Hampson, 1903Korea, Republic of: Present
Eguchi, 1926; APPPC, 1987Kazakhstan: Present
Shek, 1965Kazakhstan: Present
Shek, 1965Lithuania: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Luxembourg: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Latvia: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Morocco: Present
Cayrol, 1972Morocco: Present
Cayrol, 1972Malta: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Malta: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Mexico: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Mexico: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Netherlands: Widespread
Lempke, 1962; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Norway: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Pakistan: Present
Hampson, 1903Poland: Widespread
Lipa, 1976; Nowacki, 1992; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Portugal: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRomania: Widespread
Ionescu, 1985; Ionescu, 1986; Rosca et al., 1986; Brudea & Rosca, 1992; Subchev et al., 1996Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Widespread
Nordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Slovakia: Widespread
Caputa, 1982; Panigaj, 1984; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996El Salvador: Present
Lafontaine, 1998El Salvador: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Ukraine: Widespread
Babchuk et al., 1978; Klyuchko et al., 1981Ukraine: Widespread
Babchuk et al., 1978; Klyuchko et al., 1981USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUzbekistan: PresentVietnam: Present
De Joannis, 1928Yugoslavia (former): Present
Vasic & Jodal, 1976
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
Abdinbekova & Akhmedov, 1981; Abdinbekova et al., 1982; Guseinov, 1985China: Present
Hampson, 1903Shanxi: Present
Boursin, 1963Shaanxi: Present
Boursin, 1963Yunnan: Present
Boursin, 1963Zhejiang: Present
Boursin, 1963Georgia (Republic of): Present
Lysenko et al., 1971Himachal Pradesh: Present
; Hampson, 1903Karnataka: Present
Singh, 1982Maharashtra: Present
Meghalaya: Present
Indian Punjab: Present
Singh, 1977; ; Hampson, 1903Sikkim: Present
Hampson, 1903Tamil Nadu: Present
Chandramohan, 1996; ; Hampson, 1903Hokkaido: Widespread
Fujimura ,1976b; Goto et al. ,1986a; Goto et al. ,1986b; Tsutsui & Hayakawa, 1991Honshu: Present
Oku & Kobayashi, 1985Kyrgyzstan: PresentKorea, DPR: Present
Hampson, 1903Korea, Republic of: Present
Eguchi, 1926; APPPC, 1987Kazakhstan: Present
Shek, 1965Pakistan: Present
Hampson, 1903Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Ukraine: Widespread
Babchuk et al., 1978; Klyuchko et al., 1981Uzbekistan: PresentVietnam: Present
De Joannis, 1928
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Austria: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Belgium: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Bulgaria: Widespread
Subchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Switzerland: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Czech Republic: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Germany: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Denmark: Widespread
Karsholdt et al., 1985; Nordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Estonia: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Spain: Widespread
Garrido et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Finland: Widespread
Nordström et al., 1969; Mikkola & Jalas, 1977; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996France: Widespread
Rahn, 1983; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Corsica: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996UK: Widespread
Bretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Channel Islands: Present
Bretherton et al., 1979Georgia (Republic of): Present
Lysenko et al., 1971Greece: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Hungary: Widespread
Szeoke, 1976; Meszaros et al., 1979; Subchev et al., 1996; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Ireland: Widespread
Bretherton et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Iceland: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Italy: Widespread
Molinari et al., 1995Kazakhstan: Present
Shek, 1965Lithuania: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Luxembourg: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Latvia: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Morocco: Present
Cayrol, 1972Malta: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Netherlands: Widespread
Lempke, 1962; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Norway: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Poland: Widespread
Lipa, 1976; Nowacki, 1992; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Portugal: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Azores: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Madeira: Present
Wolff, 1977Romania: Widespread
Ionescu, 1985; Ionescu, 1986; Rosca et al., 1986; Brudea & Rosca, 1992; Subchev et al., 1996Central Russia: Widespread
Tyshchenko & Tyshchenko, 1988Eastern Siberia: Present
Kononenko et al., 1989; Hampson, 1903Russian Far East: Widespread
Dashevskii & Rybakova, 1979Southern Russia: Widespread
Babchuk et al., 1978; Tyshchenko & Tyshchenko, 1988Western Siberia: Present
Musich, 1976Sweden: Widespread
Nordström et al., 1969; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Slovakia: Widespread
Caputa, 1982; Panigaj, 1984; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Ukraine: Widespread
Babchuk et al., 1978; Klyuchko et al., 1981Yugoslavia (former): Present
Vasic & Jodal, 1976
Distribution map (africa) Spain: Widespread
Garrido et al., 1979; Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Greece: Widespread
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Morocco: Present
Cayrol, 1972Malta: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Madeira: Present
Wolff, 1977Turkey: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Alberta: Widespread
Bowman, 1951; Lafontaine, 1998British Columbia: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Manitoba: Present
Wylie & Ayre, 1979; Lafontaine, 1998New Brunswick: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Newfoundland and Labrador: Widespread
Morris, 1980; Lafontaine, 1998Nova Scotia: Widespread
Ferguson, 1954; Lafontaine, 1998Northwest Territories: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Ontario: Widespread
Rockburne & Lafontaine, 1976; Lafontaine, 1998Quebec: Widespread
Rockburne & Lafontaine, 1976; Handfield, 1997; Lafontaine, 1998Saskatchewan: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Yukon Territory: Present
Lafontaine & Wood, 1997; Lafontaine, 1998Iceland: Present
Nowacki & Fibiger, 1996Mexico: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998El Salvador: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Alaska: Widespread
Oldroyd, 1947; Lafontaine, 1998Arizona: Present
Lafontaine, 1998California: Widespread
Dibble et al. ,1979a; Lafontaine, 1998Colorado: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Idaho: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Maine: Widespread
Brower, 1974; Lafontaine, 1998Michigan: Widespread
Marmor et al., 1981; Moore, 1955; Lafontaine, 1998Minnesota: Widespread
Knutson, 1944; Lafontaine, 1998Montana: Widespread
Cook, 1930; Lafontaine, 1998North Carolina: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Nebraska: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998New Hampshire: Present
Lafontaine, 1998New Mexico: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998Nevada: Present
Lafontaine, 1998New York: Widespread
Forbes, 1954; Lafontaine, 1998Ohio: Widespread
Rings et al., 1992; Lafontaine, 1998Oregon: Widespread
Kieffer et al., 1983; Lafontaine, 1998Pennsylvania: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Utah: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Vermont: Widespread
Grehan et al., 1995; Lafontaine, 1998Washington: Widespread
Howell & George, 1979; Howell, 1979; Wright & Cone, 1980; Lafontaine, 1998Wisconsin: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998West Virginia: Present
Lafontaine, 1998Wyoming: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Widespread
Lafontaine, 1998El Salvador: Present
Lafontaine, 1998
Distribution map (south america)
Distribution map (pacific) China: Present
Hampson, 1903