Cookies on Invasive Species Compendium

Like most websites we use cookies. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible.

Continuing to use www.cabi.org means you agree to our use of cookies. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use.

Datasheet

Watermelon mosaic virus (watermelon mosaic)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 02 May 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Watermelon mosaic virus
  • Preferred Common Name
  • watermelon mosaic
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Potyviridae
  •                 Genus: Potyvirus

Don't need the entire report?

Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.

Generate report

Pictures

Top of page
PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Necrotic lesions on fully developed leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
TitleSymptoms on leaves
CaptionNecrotic lesions on fully developed leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
CopyrightM.N. Pearson
Necrotic lesions on fully developed leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
Symptoms on leavesNecrotic lesions on fully developed leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.M.N. Pearson
Chlorotic patches and leaf distortion in tip leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
TitleSymptoms on leaf
CaptionChlorotic patches and leaf distortion in tip leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
CopyrightM.N. Pearson
Chlorotic patches and leaf distortion in tip leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.
Symptoms on leafChlorotic patches and leaf distortion in tip leaves of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans.M.N. Pearson
Left: Necrosis and dieback of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans vine.

Right: Healthy V. fragrans vine growing on the support tree Jatropha curcus.
TitleHealthy and infected vines
CaptionLeft: Necrosis and dieback of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans vine. Right: Healthy V. fragrans vine growing on the support tree Jatropha curcus.
CopyrightM.N. Pearson
Left: Necrosis and dieback of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans vine.

Right: Healthy V. fragrans vine growing on the support tree Jatropha curcus.
Healthy and infected vinesLeft: Necrosis and dieback of VNV-infected Vanilla fragrans vine. Right: Healthy V. fragrans vine growing on the support tree Jatropha curcus.M.N. Pearson
Fruit symptoms on WMV-2-infected rockmelon.
TitleSymptoms on rockmelon
CaptionFruit symptoms on WMV-2-infected rockmelon.
CopyrightHFRI of NZ
Fruit symptoms on WMV-2-infected rockmelon.
Symptoms on rockmelonFruit symptoms on WMV-2-infected rockmelon.HFRI of NZ

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

  • Watermelon mosaic virus

Preferred Common Name

  • watermelon mosaic

Other Scientific Names

  • marrow mosaic virus
  • melon mosaic virus
  • soybean mosaic virus N strain
  • watermelon mosaic 2 potyvirus
  • watermelon mosaic II potyvirus
  • watermelon mosaic II virus
  • watermelon mosaic potyvirus
  • watermelon mosaic potyvirus-II
  • watermelon mosaic virus 2

International Common Names

  • French: mosaïque de la pastèque

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Wassermelonenvirus

English acronym

  • WMV

EPPO code

  • WMV000 (Watermelon mosaic potyvirus)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Potyviridae
  •                 Genus: Potyvirus
  •                     Species: Watermelon mosaic virus

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentAkanda et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-HebeiPresentWei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-HeilongjiangPresentWei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-HenanPresentWei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-JiangsuPresentXue et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-JilinPresentWei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-LiaoningPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-ShaanxiPresentWu et al., 2008
-ShandongPresentLi et al., 1995; Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-ShanxiPresentGu et al., 2008
-TianjinPresentLi et al., 2004
-XinjiangPresentZheng et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
IndiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-Tamil NaduPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-Uttar PradeshPresentSingh et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
IndonesiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-JavaPresentSomowiyarjo, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2003
IranPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016
IraqPresentShawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003
IsraelPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
JapanPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-HokkaidoPresentYoshida et al., 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-KyushuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-ShikokuPresentIwasaki & Inaba, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2003
JordanPresentAl-Musa et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2003
KazakhstanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
KuwaitPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
LebanonPresentKatul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
OmanPresentZouba et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003
PakistanPresentAli et al., 2004
PhilippinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
Saudi ArabiaPresentAl-Saleh & Al-Shahwan, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003
SyriaPresentKatul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
TaiwanPresentHseu et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
TurkeyPresentNogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015
YemenPresentWalkey et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003

AFRICA

EgyptPresentAhmed et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003
KenyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
LibyaPresentSvoboda et al., 2015
MauritiusPresentGungoosingh-Bunwaree 2001/2002
MoroccoWidespreadFischer & Lockhart, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2003
South AfricaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
SudanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
TunisiaPresentMnari-Hattab et al., 2008

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-OntarioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
MexicoPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
USAPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-ArizonaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-ArkansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-CaliforniaPresentDodds et al., 1984; Grafton-Cardwell et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-ConnecticutPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-DelawarePresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-FloridaPresentAdlerz, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-GeorgiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-HawaiiPresentUllman et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2016
-IllinoisPresentJossey & Babadoost, 2008
-IndianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-KansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-KentuckyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003; Vincelli & Seebold, 2009
-LouisianaPresentFernandes et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-MainePresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MassachusettsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MichiganPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MinnesotaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-New HampshirePresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-New JerseyPresentDavis & Mizuki, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-New YorkPresentMunger, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-North CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-OhioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-OregonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-PennsylvaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-South CarolinaPresentSammons et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-TexasPresentChala et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-UtahPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-VermontPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-VirginiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-WashingtonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-WisconsinPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Costa RicaPresentRivera et al., 1993; Sanchez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003
CubaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
GuadeloupePresentQuiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003
HondurasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
JamaicaPresentSchotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003
MartiniquePresentQuiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentHernandez et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Note: Tucuman Province
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-CearaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003; Lima & Vieire, 1992
-MaranhaoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-Minas GeraisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-RoraimaPresentHalfeld-Vieira et al., 2004
-Sao PauloPresentYuki et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2003
ChileWidespreadPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
SurinamePresentSchotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003
VenezuelaPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Gustavo et al., 2013

EUROPE

Bosnia-HercegovinaPresentTrkulja et al., 2014a; Trkulja et al., 2014b
BulgariaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
CyprusPresentPapayiannis et al., 2005
Czech RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentPurcifull et al., 1984
FrancePresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
GermanyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
GreecePresentAvgelis, 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2003
HungaryPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
ItalyPresentRubies-Autonell et al., 1996; Lisa et al., 1997; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-SicilyPresentSpanò et al., 2012
PolandPresentBorodynko et al., 2009
Russian FederationPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
-Russian Far EastPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
SerbiaPresentTosic et al., 1996
SloveniaPresentVozelj et al., 2003
SpainPresentAlonso-Prados et al., 1997; Luis-Arteaga et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003
UkrainePresentRudneva et al., 2006
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)PresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentPurcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-QueenslandPresentGreber, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2003
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
Cook IslandsPresentMossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
FijiPresentMossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
French PolynesiaPresentGrisoni et al., 2004
KiribatiPresentMossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
Micronesia, Federated states ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2003
New ZealandPresentFletcher et al., 2000; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
SamoaPresentMossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
Solomon IslandsPresentBrunt, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003
TongaPresentMossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003

Host plants/Plants Affected

Top of page
Plant nameFamilyContext
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)CucurbitaceaeMain
Cucumis anguria (gerkin)CucurbitaceaeOther
Cucumis melo (melon)CucurbitaceaeMain
Cucumis sativus (cucumber)CucurbitaceaeMain
Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin)CucurbitaceaeMain
Cucurbita pepo (marrow)CucurbitaceaeMain
Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits)CucurbitaceaeMain
Daucus carota (carrot)ApiaceaeOther
Dendrobium anosmumOrchidaceaeOther
Fabaceae (leguminous plants)FabaceaeOther
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd)CucurbitaceaeOther
Passiflora edulis (passionfruit)PassifloraceaeOther
Pisum sativum (pea)FabaceaeOther
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)FabaceaeOther
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)SolanaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

abnormal shape
internal feeding
lesions: black or brown

Leaves

abnormal forms
abnormal patterns

Plant Trade

Top of page
Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)YesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
LeavesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Growing medium accompanying plants
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

Top of page
Vector Source Reference Group Distribution
Acyrthosiphon pisum Insect
Aphis craccivora Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Aphis gossypii Insect
Aphis spiraecola Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Aulacorthum solani Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Liriomyza sativae Zitter Tsai 1977 Insect
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Myzus persicae Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Toxoptera citricida Purcifull et al. 1984 Insect
Uroleucon pseudambrosiae Webb Kok-Yokomi 1993 Insect

References

Top of page

Abo-Elyazid EB, Abo-Sedera FA, Shafshak Nadia S, 1990. Effect of planting date and fertilization level on: II. The incidence of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) and its effect on vegetative growth and chemical composition of squash plants. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 28(4):2167-2186

Abu-Samah N, 1985. Relationship between watermelon mosaic virus (WMV-1) and watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) on the basis of nucleotide sequence homology. Pertanika, 8(2):281-287

Adlerz WC, 1978. Watermelon mosaic virus 2 epidemics in Florida 1967-1977. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71(4):596-597

Ahmed KGM, Abo-Elyazid EB, Madhy AMM, 1990. Identification of a strain of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) isolated from naturally infected squash (Cucurbita pepo, L.) plants grown in Kalubia Governorate, A. R. E. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 28(4):2219-2230

Akanda AM, Tsuno K, Wakimoto S, 1991. Serological detection of four plant viruses in cucurbitaceous crops from Bangladesh. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 57(4):499-505

Ali A, Natsuaki T, Okuda S, 2004. Identification and molecular characterization of viruses infecting cucurbits in Pakistan. Journal of Phytopathology, 152(11/12):677-682. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/jph

Al-Musa A, Mansour A, 1982. Some properties of a watermelon mosaic virus in Jordan. Plant Disease, 66(4):330-331

Alonso-Prados JL, Fraile A, Garcfa-Arenal F, 1997. Impact of cucumber mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus 2 infection on melon production in central Spain. Journal of Plant Pathology, 79(2):131-134; 11 ref.

Al-Saleh MA, Al-Shahwan IM, 1997. Viruses infecting cucurbits in Riyadh, Gassim and Hail regions of Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 15(1):223-254; 33 ref.

Arce-Ochoa JP, Dainello F, Pike LM, Drews D, 1995. Field performance comparison of two transgenic summer squash hybrids to their parental hybrid line. HortScience, 30(3):492-493

Avgelis AD, 1983. Occurrence of watermelon mosaic virus 1 and 2 in cucurbits in Crete (Greece). Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 22(3):219-221

Borodynko N, Hasiów-Jaroszewska B, Rymelska N, Pospieszny H, 2009. Watermelon mosaic virus reported for the first time in Poland. Plant Pathology, 58(4):783. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa

Brown JE, Dangler JM, Woods FM, Tilt KM, Henshaw MD, Griffey WA, West MS, 1993. Delay in mosaic virus onset and aphid vector reduction in summer squash grown on reflective mulches. HortScience, 28(9):895-896

Brunt AA, 1987. Surveys or plant viruses and virus diseases in Solomon Islands. Suva, Fiji: FAO/South Pacific Commission.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L (eds), 1996. Viruses of plants. Descriptions and lists from the VIDE database. Wallingford, UK: CAB INTERNATIONAL, 1484 pp.

CABI/EPPO, 2003. Watermelon mosaic virus. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 906. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Chala VH, Harrison CW, Halliwell RS, 1987. Identification of two distinct strains of watermelon mosaic virus 2 affecting cucurbits in Texas. Plant Disease, 71(8):750-752

Chalfant RB, Young JR, 1984. Management of insect pests of broccoli, cowpeas, spinach, tomatoes, and peanuts with chemigation by insecticides in oils, and reduction of watermelon virus 2 by chemigated oil. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77(5):1323-1326

Davis RF, Mizuki MK, 1987. Detection of cucurbit viruses in New Jersey. Plant Disease, 71(1):40-44

Dikova B, 1995. Establishment of viruses on cucurbit crops in Bulgaria. Rasteniev"dni Nauki, 32(4):99-100; 1 ref.

Dodds JA, Lee JG, Nameth ST, Lpmmlen FF, 1984. Aphid- and whitefly-transmitted cucurbit viruses in Imperial County, California. Phytopathology, 74(2):221-225

Espinoza HR, McLeod PJ, 1994. Use of row cover in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) to delay infection of aphid-transmitted viruses in Honduras. Turrialba, 44(3):179-183

Fegla GI, Badr HM, 1979. Effect of plant population on the incidence of mosaic diseases and productivity of vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo, L.). Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 27(4):259-265

Fernandes FF, Valverde RA, Black LL, 1991. Viruses infecting cucurbit crops in Louisiana. Plant Disease, 75(4):431

Fischer HU, Lockhart BEL, 1974. Serious losses in cucubits caused by watermelon mosaic virus in Morocco. Plant Disease Reporter, 58(2):143-146

Fletcher JD, Wallace AR, Rogers BT, 2000. Potyviruses in New Zealand buttercup squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.): yield and quality effects of ZYMV and WMV 2 virus infections. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 28(1):17-26; 21 ref.

Frenkel MJ, Ward CW, Shukla DD, 1989. The use of 3 non-coding nucleotide sequences in the taxonomy of potyviruses: application to watermelon mosaic virus 2 and soybean mosaic virus-N. Journal of General Virology, 70(10):2775-2783

Fuchs M, Gonsalves D, 1995. Resistance of transgenic hybrid squash ZW-20 expressing the coat protein genes of zucchini yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus 2 to mixed infections by both potyviruses. Bio/Technology, 13(13):1466-1473; 52 ref.

Fuchs M, McFerson JR, Tricoli DM, McMaster JR, Deng RZ, Boeshore ML, Reynolds JF, Russell PF, Quemada HD, Gonsalves D, 1997. Cantaloupe line CZW-30 containing coat protein genes of cucumber mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and watermelon mosaic virus-2 is resistant to these three viruses in the field. Molecular Breeding, 3(4):279-290; 38 ref.

Fuchs M, Tricoli DM, Carney KJ, Schesser M, McFerson JR, Gonsalves D, 1998. Comparative virus resistance and fruit yield of transgenic squash with single and multiple coat protein genes. Plant Disease, 82(12):1350-1356; 22 ref.

Gilbert RZ, Kyle MM, Munger HM, Gray SM, 1994. Inheritance of resistance to watermelon mosaic virus in Cucumis melo L. HortScience, 29(2):107-110

Gilbert-Albertini F, Lecoq H, Pitrat M, Nicolet JL, 1993. Resistance of Cucurbita moschata to watermelon mosaic virus type 2 and its genetic relation to resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Euphytica, 69(3):231-237; 20 ref.

Gillaspie AG Jr, Wright JM, 1993. Evaluation of Citrullus sp. germ plasm for resistance to watermelon mosaic virus 2. Plant Disease, 77(4):352-354

Giunchedi L, Vicchi V, Gambin E, Baroncelli L, Fini P, 1991. The effect of various plastic mulching films on the prevention of aphid-transmitted viruses in zucchini. Informatore Fitopatologico, 41(12):57-61

Grafton-Cardwell EE, Perring TM, Smith RF, Valencia J, Farrar CA, 1996. Occurrence of mosaic viruses in melons in the Central Valley of California. Plant Disease, 80(10):1092-1097; 36 ref.

Graves Gillaspie AJr, Jarret RL, 1997. Watermelon mosaic virus resistant watermelon breeding lines WM-1, WM-2, WM-3, and WM-4. HortScience, 32(6):1136-1136; 4 ref.

Gray SM, Moyer JW, Kennedy GG, Campbell CL, 1986. Virus-suppression and aphid resistance effects on spatial and temporal spread of watermelon mosaic virus 2. Phytopathology, 76(11):1254-1259

Greber RS, 1978. Watermelon mosaic virus 1 and 2 in Queensland cucurbit crops. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 29(6):1235-1245

Grisoni M, Davidson F, Hyrondelle C, Farreyrol K, Caruana ML, Pearson M, 2004. Nature, incidence, and symptomatology of viruses infecting Vanilla tahitensis in French Polynesia. Plant Disease, 88(2):119-124.

Gu QinSheng, Tian YanPing, Peng Bin, Liu LiFeng, Deng CongLiang, Liang XinMiao, Meng Juan, 2008. Molecular analysis of three cucurbit viruses based on coat protein gene sequences. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 38(4):357-363. http://zwblxb.periodicals.net.cn/default.html

Gungoosingh-Bunwaree A, 2001/2002. Status of major viruses affecting cucurbitaceous crops in Mauritius. Revue Agricole et Sucrière de l'Île Maurice, 80/81(3-1/3):98-103.

Gustavo R, Lecoq H, Desbiez C, 2013. First report of watermelon mosaic virus naturally infecting Cucumis anguria. Plant Disease, 97(11):1515. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Hajizadeh M, Mohammadi K, 2016. Capsicum annum, a new host of watermelon mosaic virus. VirusDisease, 27(1):107-109. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13337-016-0302-3

Halfeld-Vieira BA, Ramos NF, Rabelo Filho FAC, Gonçalves MFB, Nechet KL, Pereira PRVS, Lima JAA, 2004. Serological identification of virus species in watermelon in the state of Roraima. (Identificação sorológica de espécies de potyvirus em melancia, no estado de Roraima.) Fitopatologia Brasileira, 29(6):687-689. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v29n6/a18v29n6.pdf

Hernßndez JR, Ramallo JC, Weht S, 2000. Watermelon mosaic-2 potyvirus on winter squash in Tucuman, Argentina. Fitopatologi^acute~a, 35(2):91-97; 9 ref.

Herrington ME, Prytz S, Brown P, Persley DM, Greber R, 1991. Resistance to papaya ringspot virus-W, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and watermelon mosaic virus-2 in C. maxima. Report - Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, No. 14:123-124

Horvath J, 1979. New artificial hosts and non-hosts of plant viruses and their role in the identification and separation of viruses IX. Potyvirus group (subdivision-III): potato virus Y, turnip mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus (strain 2 or general strain). Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricp, 14(1/2):157-173

Hseu SH, Huang CH, Chang CA, Yang WZ, Chang YM, Hsiao CH, 1987. The occurrence of five viruses in six cucurbits in Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 29(3):233-244

Huang CH, Liang SC, Deng TC, Hseu SH, 1993. Comparison of diagnostic hosts and serological tests for four cucurbit potyviruses. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 2(3):169-176

Huttner E, Tucker W, Vermeulen A, Ignart F, Sawyer B, Birch R, 1999. Ribozyme genes protecting transgenic melon plants against potyviruses. In: Rossi JJ, Couture LA, eds. Intracellular Ribozyme Applications: Principles and Protocols. Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press, 271-283.

Iwasaki M, Inaba T, 1988. Viral wilt of cucumber plants grafted on squash rootstocks. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 54(5):584-592

Jayaram C, Hill JH, Miller WA, 1991. Nucleotide sequences of the coat protein genes of two aphid-transmissible strains of soybean mosaic virus. Journal of General Virology, 72(4):1001-1003

Jossey S, Babadoost M, 2008. Occurrence and distribution of pumpkin and squash viruses in Illinois. Plant Disease, 92(1):61-68. HTTP://www.apsnet.org

Kamberoglu MA, Desbiez C, Caliskan AF, 2015. Characterization of an emerging isolate of watermelon mosaic virus in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 17(1):211-215. http://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/73262_..pdf

Kameya-Iwaki M, Tochihara H, Hanada K, Torigoe H, 1992. Attenuated isolate of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV-2) and its cross protection against virulent isolate. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 58(3):491-494

Katul L, Makkouk KM, 1987. Occurrence and serological relatedness of five cucurbit potyviruses in Lebanon and Syria. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 26(1):36-42

Kaya A, Erkan S, 2011. Detection and incidence of viruses in cucurbits grown in Izmir, Aydin, Manisa and Balikesir provinces. (Izmir, Aydin, Manisa ve Balikesir illerinde üretilen kabakgillerdeki viral etmenlerin tanilanmasi ve yayginliklarinin belirlenmesi.) Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 51(4):387-405. http://www.ziraimucadele.gov.tr

Kishaba AN, Castle SJ, Coudriet DL, McCreight JD, Bohn GW, 1992. Virus transmission by Aphis gossypii Glover to aphid-resistant and susceptible muskmelons. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(2):248-254

Komuro Y, 1962. Virus diseases of cucumber and watermelon caused by melon mosaic virus. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 27,31-36.

Kosaka Y, Fukunishi T, 1997. Multiple inoculation with three attenuated viruses for the control of cucumber virus disease. Plant Disease, 81(7):733-738; 21 ref.

Krfstkovß E, Lebeda A, 2000. Resistance in Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima germplasm to watermelon mosaic potyvirus-2. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, No. 121:47-52; 33 ref.

Kyle MM, Dickson MH, 1988. Linkage of hypersensitivity to five viruses with the B locus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of Heredity, 79(4):308-311

Kyle MM, Provvidenti R, 1987. Inheritance of resistance to potato Y viruses in Phaseolus vulgaris L. 1. Two independent genes for resistance to watermelon mosaic virus-2. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 74(5):595-600

Lamont WJ, Sorensen KA, Averre CW, 1990. Painting aluminium strips of black plastic mulch reduces mosaic symptoms on summer squash. HortScience, 25(10):1305

Laney AG, Avanzato MV, Tzanetakis IE, 2012. High incidence of seed transmission of Papaya ringspot virus and Watermelon mosaic virus, two viruses newly identified in Robinia pseudoacacia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134(2):227-230. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265

Lecoq H, Pitrat M, 1983. Field experiments on the integrated control of aphid-borne viruses in muskmelon. In: Plumb RT, Thresh JM, ed. Plant virus epidemiology. The spread and control of insect-borne viruses Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford United Kingdom, 169-176

Li ShuJu, Wang HuiZhe, Huo ZhenRong, Pang JinAn, 2004. Detection of main causal virus in cucumber by RT-PCR. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 19(3):100-102.

Li XiangDong, Zhu HanCheng, Yan DunYu, Liu HuanTing, Guo XingQi, 1995. Identification of WMV-2 and CMV infecting watermelon in Shandong Province. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 26(3):299-306; 11 ref.

Lima JAA, Vieira AC, 1992. Distribution of squash mosaic virus in Ceara counties and host range of the isolate. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 17(1):112-114

Lisa V, Roggero P, Ramasso E, Conti M, Minuto A, Rapetti S, 1997. Zucchini viruses in Liguria di Ponente. Colture Protette, 26(4):67-70; 7 ref.

Luis-Arteaga M, Alvarez JM, Alonso-Prados JL, Bernal JJ, Garcfa-Arenal F, Lavina A, Batlle A, Moriones E, 1998. Occurrence, distribution, and relative incidence of mosaic viruses infecting field-grown melon in Spain. Plant Disease, 82(9):979-982; 30 ref.

Mansour A, 1997. Effect of planting date on squash Cucurbita pepo yield and mosaic disease incidence at the Jordan valley. Dirasat. Agricultural Sciences, 24(3):402-408; 10 ref.

Mansour AN, 1997. Prevention of mosaic virus diseases of squash with oil sprays alone or combined with insecticide or aluminum foil mulch. Dirasat. Agricultural Sciences, 24(2):146-151; 14 ref.

Mansour AN, Akkawi M, Al-Musa A, 2000. A modification in aluminum foil technique for controlling aphid-borne mosaic viruses of squash. Dirasat. Agricultural Sciences, 27(1):1-9; 17 ref.

Milne KS, Grogan RG, 1969. Characterization of watermelon mosaic virus strains by serology and other properties. Phytopathology, 59:809.

Mnari-Hattab M, Jebari H, Zouba A, 2008. Identification and distribution of viruses responsible for mosaic diseases affecting cucurbits in Tunisia. (Identification et distribution des virus responsables de mosaiques chez les cucurbitacées en Tunisie.) Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 38(3):497-506. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/epp

Moradi Z, 2011. Diagnosis and molecular variability of Watermelon mosaic virus isolates from north, east, north-east and north-west regions of Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Pathology, 5(3):115-125. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajppaj.2011.115.125&org=10

Mossop DW, Fry PR, 1984. Records of viruses pathogenic on plants in Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Tonga and Western Samoa. Survey of Agricultural Pests and Diseases, Technical Report, 7:27 pp.

Moyer JW, Kennedy GG, Romanow LR, 1985. Resistance to watermelon mosaic virus II multiplication in Cucumis melo. Phytopathology, 75(2):201-205

Munger HM, 1991. Progress in breeding melons for watermelon mosaic resistance. Report - Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, No. 14:53-54

Munger HM, 1993. The role of viruses in sudden wilt of melons in New York. Report - Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, No. 16:47-48

Nogay A, Yorganci U, 1984. Investigations on the identification, seed transmission and host range of viruses infecting the culture plants in the Cucurbitaceae in Marmara region. 1. The identification of viruses infecting cucurbits in Marmara region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 13(1):9-27

Nogay A, Yorganci U, 1985. Investigations on the identification, seed transmission and host range of viruses infecting the culture plants in the Cucurbitaceae in Marmara region. 2 The seed transmissibilities and cucurbit hosts of CMV and WMV-2 isolated from the culture plants in the Cucurbitaceae. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 14(1):9-16

Orozco-S M, Lopez-A O, Perez-Z O, Delgadillo-S F, 1994. Effect of transparent mulch, floating row covers and oil sprays on insect populations, virus diseases and yield of cantaloup. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 10(4):229-234

Papayiannis LC, Ioannou N, Boubourakas IN, Dovas CI, Katis NI, Falk BW, 2005. Incidence of viruses infecting cucurbits in Cyprus. Journal of Phytopathology, 153(9):530-535. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=jph

Perring TM, Royalty RN, Farrar CA, 1989. Floating row covers for the exclusion of virus vectors and the effect on disease incidence and yield of cantaloupe. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(6):1709-1715

Pitrat M, Lecoq H, Risser G, 1982. Vat and Fn, two linked genes in muskmelon. Report of the Cucumber Genetics Cooperative, 5, 29-30.

Provvidenti R, 1974. Inheritance of resistance to watermelon mosaic virus 2 in Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytopathology, 64(11):1448-1450

Provvidenti R, 1995. A multi-viral resistant cultivar of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) from Taiwan. Report - Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, No. 18:65-67; [1 tab.]; 5 ref.

Purcifull D, Hiebert E, Edwardson JR, 1984. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 293. Wellesbourne, UK: Association of Applied Biology, 7 pp.

Quiot JB, Kaan F, Beramis M, 1971. Identification of a strain of watermelon mosaic virus (Watermelon Mosaic Virus I) in the French West Indies. Annales de Phytopathologie, 3(1):125-130

Raychaudhuri M, Varma A, 1975. Virus-vector relationship of marrow mosaic virus with Myzus persicae Sulz. Indian Journal of Entomology, 37(3):247-250

Regenmortel MHVvan, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, 2000. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. xii + 1162 pp.; many ref.

Rivera C, Villalobos W, Sanchez MV, Zumbado C, Rodriguez CM, 1993. Identification and distribution of melon-infecting viruses and their vectors in two provinces of Costa Rica. Turrialba, 43(3):210-215

Roggero P, Gotta P, Stravato VM, Dellavalle G, Ciuffo M, 1999. Further spread of Moroccan watermelon mosaic potyvirus in Italy in 1998. Journal of Plant Pathology, 81(2):149; 2 ref.

Rubies-Autonell C, Ballante M, Turina M, 1996. Viral infections in melon crops of central-northern Italy (Infezioni da virus in coltivazioni di melone dell'Italia centro-settentrionale). Informatore Fitopatologico, 46(7/8):6-10.

Rudneva TO, Shevchenko TP, Budzanivska IG, Shevchenko OV, Polischuk VP, 2006. Virus diseases of Cucurbitaceae plants on the territory of Ukraine. Rasteniev'dni Nauki, 43(6):508-510.

Sammons B, Barnett OW, Davis RF, Mizuki MK, 1989. A survey of viruses infecting yellow summer squash in South Carolina. Plant Disease, 73(5):401-404

Sanchez MV, Aguero R, Rivera C, 1998. Host plants of the important viruses of melon infection, Cucumis melo. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 46(1):13-25.

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.

Scully B, Provvidenti R, Benscher D, Halseth DE, Miller JC Jr, Wallace DH, 1995. Five multiple-virus-resistant common bean breeding lines. HortScience, 30(6):1320-1323

Shawkat ALB, Fegla GI, 1979. Identification of two viruses from eggplant and Cucurbita pepo in Iraq. Plant Disease Reporter, 63(3):235-238

Singh BR, Gupta SP, Roy PS, 1991. Prevalence of viral diseases on pumpkin in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Virology, 7(2):190-191

Somowiyarjo S, 1993. Detection and identification of cucurbit viruses in Yogyakarta. Ilmu Pertanian, 5(3):657-663; 16 ref.

Somowiyarjo S, Sako N, Nonaka F, 1990. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to watermelon mosaic virus 2. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 56(4):541-548

Spanò R, Stradis Ade, Gallitelli D, 2012. Presence of a necrogenic isolate of Watermelon mosaic virus on melon plants in Sicily. (Presenza di un ceppo necrogenico di Watermelon mosaic virus in colture di melone giallo in Sicilia.) Protezione delle Colture, No.1:32-34. http://www.agrinnova.org/comunicazione.php

Suzuki N, Shirako Y, Ehara Y, 1991. Reactivities of monoclonal antibodies to cylindrical inclusion, amorphous inclusion, and capsid proteins of watermelon mosaic virus 2 with corresponding proteins of other potyviruses. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 57(5):706-710

Svoboda J, Grimova L, Zouhar M, Rysanek P, Homa IH, 2015. First report of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus infecting zucchini plants in Libya. Plant Disease, 99(4):558. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Takeda KY, Gilbert JC, 1975. Inheritance of resistance to watermelon mosaic virus 2 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). HortScience, 10:319.

Thomson KG, Dietzgen RG, Gibbs AJ, Tang YC, Liesack W, Teakle DS, Stackebrandt E, 1995. Identification of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus by RT-PCR and analysis of sequence variability. Journal of Virological Methods, 55(1):83-96

Tosic M, Provvidenti R, Vujic S, Krnjaja V, 1996. Contribution to the study of viral diseases of cucumber in Yugoslavia. Zas^hacek~tita Bilja, 47(4):343-349; 20 ref.

Tricoli DM, Carney KJ, Russell PF, McMaster JR, Groff DW, Hadden KC, Himmel PT, Hubbard JP, Boeshore ML, Quemada HD, 1995. Field evaluation of transgenic squash containing single or multiple virus coat protein gene constructs for resistance to cucumber mosaic virus, watermelon mosaic virus 2, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Bio/Technology, 13(13):1458-1465; 34 ref.

Trkulja V, Stojcic J, Kovacic D, Stankovic I, Vucurovic A, Bulajic A, Krstic B, 2014. First report of Watermelon mosaic virus in zucchini squash in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plant Disease, 98(4):573. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Trkulja V, Vasic J, Vukovic B, Stankovic I, Vucurovic A, Bulajic A, Krstic B, 2014. First report of Watermelon mosaic virus infecting melon and watermelon in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plant Disease, 98(12):1749-1750. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Ullman DE, Cho J, German L, 1991. Occurrence and distribution of cucurbit viruses in the Hawaiian Islands. Plant Disease, 75(4):367-370

USA United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 1996. Release of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) resistant watermelon breeding lines WM-1, WM-2, WM-3 and WM-4. Report - Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative, No. 19:95.

Vincelli P, Seebold K, 2009. Report of a Watermelon mosaic potyvirus strain in Kentucky undetected by ELISA. Plant Health Progress, No.March:PHP-2009-0313-01-BR. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/elements/sum2.aspx?id=7784

Vozelj N, Petrovic N, Novak MP, Tu?ek M, Mavric I, Ravnikar M, 2003. The most frequent viruses on selected ornamental plants and vegetables in Slovenia. (Najpogostej?i virusi na izbranih okrasnih rastlinah in vrtninah v Sloveniji.) In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 6. Slovenskega Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, Zrece, Slovenije, 4-6 marec 2003 . Ljubljana, Slovenia: Dru?tvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije, 300-304.

Wai T, Grumet R, 1995. Inheritance of resistance to watermelon mosaic virus in the cucumber line TMG-1: tissue-specific expression and relationship to zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 91(4):699-706

Walkey DGA, Alhubaishi AA, Webb MJW, 1990. Plant virus diseases in the Yemen Arab Republic. Tropical Pest Management, 36(3):195-206

Wang HuiZhong, Zhao PeiJie, Zhou XiaoYun, 2000. Regeneration of transgenic Cucumis melo and its resistance to virus diseases. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 27(2):126-130; 8 ref.

Watanabe S, Ruschel R, Marrero G, Sether D, Borth W, Hu J, Melzer M, 2016. A distinct lineage of Watermelon mosaic virus naturally infects honohono orchid (Dendrobium anosmum) and passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) in Hawaii. New Disease Reports, 34:13. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=034013

WEBB RE, SCOTT HA, 1965. Isolation and identification of Watermelon mosaic viruses 1 and 2. Phytopathology, 55(8):895-900.

Webb SE, Kok-Yokomi ML, 1993. Transmission of cucurbit potyviruses by Uroleucon pseudambrosiae (Homoptera: Aphididae), an aphid trapped during epidemics of watermelon mosaic virus 2 in Florida. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86(6):1786-1792

Webb SE, Linda SB, 1993. Effect of oil and insecticide on epidemics of potyviruses in watermelon in Florida. Plant Disease, 77(9):869-874

Wei SQ, Zhong Y, Ma-ZT, Jiang H, 1991. A survey on watermelon diseases in the northern China. China Fruits, No. 1, 36-37.

Wu YF, Wei T, Yue HN, Hou W, Zhang JX, Li YR, Wu KK, 2008. A new Chinese isolate of Watermelon mosaic virus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90(1):145. http://www.agr.unipi.it/sipav/jpp/index.html

Xue BD, Chen YX, Liu FQ, 1987. Identification of watermelon mosaic viruses in Jiangsu Province. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 4:53-58

Yoshida K, Goto T, Nemoto M, Tsuchizaki T, 1980. Five viruses isolated from melon (Cucumis melo L.) in Hokkaido. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 46(3):339-348

Yu MH, Frenkel MJ, McKern NM, Shukla DD, Strike PM, Ward CW, 1989. Coat protein of potyviruses. 6. Amino acid sequences suggest watermelon mosaic virus 2 and soybean mosaic virus-N are strains of the same potyvirus. Archives of Virology, 105(1-2):55-64

Yuki VA, Rezende JAM, Kitajima EW, Barroso PAV, Kuniyuki H, Groppo GA, Pavan MA, 2000. Occurrence, distribution, and relative incidence of five viruses infecting cucurbits in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Plant Disease, 84(5):516-520; 35 ref.

Zheng GY, Wang ZM, Sun Y, Li GX, Feng GZ, Qin W, 1984. Diagnosis of Xinjiang Hami muskmelon virus disease using immune electron microscopy. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 14(1):47-50

Zitter TA, Tsai JH, 1977. Transmission of three potyviruses by the leafminer Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Plant Disease Reporter, 61(12):1025-1029

Zouba AA, Khan AJ, Lopez M, Al-Maqbaly YM, 1997. Survey of virus diseases of cucurbits in the Batinah region of the Sultanate of Oman. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 15(1):43-46; 9 ref.

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Argentina: Present
Hernandez et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2003Australia: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBosnia-Hercegovina: Present
Trkulja et al. ,2014a; Trkulja et al. ,2014bBangladesh: Present
Akanda et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Bulgaria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCook Islands: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Chile: Widespread
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCosta Rica: Present
Rivera et al., 1993; Sanchez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Costa Rica: Present
Rivera et al., 1993; Sanchez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Purcifull et al., 1984Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Cyprus: Present
Papayiannis et al., 2005Cyprus: Present
Papayiannis et al., 2005Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Egypt: Present
Ahmed et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003Spain: Present
Alonso-Prados et al., 1997; Luis-Arteaga et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Spain: Present
Alonso-Prados et al., 1997; Luis-Arteaga et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Fiji: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003France: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Guadeloupe: Present
Quiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003Greece: Present
Avgelis, 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2003Greece: Present
Avgelis, 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2003Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Hungary: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIsrael: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Israel: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Italy: Present
Rubies-Autonell et al., 1996; Lisa et al., 1997; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Jamaica: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Jordan: Present
Al-Musa et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2003Jordan: Present
Al-Musa et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2003Japan: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kiribati: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kuwait: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kuwait: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kazakhstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kazakhstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Libya: Present
Svoboda et al., 2015Morocco: Widespread
Fischer & Lockhart, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2003Morocco: Widespread
Fischer & Lockhart, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2003Martinique: Present
Quiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003Mauritius: Present
Gungoosingh-Bunwaree 2001,/2002Mexico: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Mexico: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003New Zealand: Present
Fletcher et al., 2000; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Oman: Present
Zouba et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Oman: Present
Zouba et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003French Polynesia: Present
Grisoni et al., 2004Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Pakistan: Present
Ali et al., 2004Poland: Present
Borodynko et al., 2009Serbia: Present
Tosic et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaudi Arabia: Present
Al-Saleh & Al-Shahwan, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Saudi Arabia: Present
Al-Saleh & Al-Shahwan, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Solomon Islands: Present
Brunt, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Slovenia: Present
Vozelj et al., 2003Suriname: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Suriname: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Tunisia: Present
Mnari-Hattab et al., 2008Tunisia: Present
Mnari-Hattab et al., 2008Tonga: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Taiwan: Present
Hseu et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Taiwan: Present
Hseu et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Ukraine: Present
Rudneva et al., 2006Ukraine: Present
Rudneva et al., 2006USA: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003USA: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryVenezuela: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Gustavo et al., 2013Venezuela: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Gustavo et al., 2013Samoa: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Yemen: Present
Walkey et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003Yemen: Present
Walkey et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
Download KML file Download CSV file
Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

Distribution map (asia) Bangladesh: Present
Akanda et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Hebei: Present
Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Heilongjiang: Present
Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Henan: Present
Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Jilin: Present
Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Jiangsu: Present
Xue et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Liaoning: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Shandong: Present
Li et al., 1995; Wei et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Shanxi: Present
Gu et al., 2008Shaanxi: Present
Wu et al., 2008Tianjin: Present
Li et al., 2004Xinjiang: Present
Zheng et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Java: Present
Somowiyarjo, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2003Israel: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Tamil Nadu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Uttar Pradesh: Present
Singh et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Jordan: Present
Al-Musa et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2003Japan: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Hokkaido: Present
Yoshida et al., 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2003Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kyushu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Shikoku: Present
Iwasaki & Inaba, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2003Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kuwait: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kazakhstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Oman: Present
Zouba et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Pakistan: Present
Ali et al., 2004Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Saudi Arabia: Present
Al-Saleh & Al-Shahwan, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Taiwan: Present
Hseu et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Ukraine: Present
Rudneva et al., 2006Yemen: Present
Walkey et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003
Distribution map (europe) Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
Trkulja et al. ,2014a; Trkulja et al. ,2014bBulgaria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Purcifull et al., 1984Cyprus: Present
Papayiannis et al., 2005Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Spain: Present
Alonso-Prados et al., 1997; Luis-Arteaga et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003France: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Greece: Present
Avgelis, 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2003Hungary: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Italy: Present
Rubies-Autonell et al., 1996; Lisa et al., 1997; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Sicily: Present
Spanò et al., 2012Kazakhstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Morocco: Widespread
Fischer & Lockhart, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2003Poland: Present
Borodynko et al., 2009Serbia: Present
Tosic et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Russian Far East: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Slovenia: Present
Vozelj et al., 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Tunisia: Present
Mnari-Hattab et al., 2008Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Ukraine: Present
Rudneva et al., 2006Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003
Distribution map (africa) Cyprus: Present
Papayiannis et al., 2005Egypt: Present
Ahmed et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003Spain: Present
Alonso-Prados et al., 1997; Luis-Arteaga et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Greece: Present
Avgelis, 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2003Israel: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iraq: Present
Shawkat & Fegla, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2003Iran: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Hajizadeh & Mohammadi, 2016Sicily: Present
Spanò et al., 2012Jordan: Present
Al-Musa et al., 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2003Kenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kuwait: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Lebanon: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Libya: Present
Svoboda et al., 2015Morocco: Widespread
Fischer & Lockhart, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2003Mauritius: Present
Gungoosingh-Bunwaree 2001,/2002Oman: Present
Zouba et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Saudi Arabia: Present
Al-Saleh & Al-Shahwan, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2003Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Syria: Present
Katul & Makkouk, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Tunisia: Present
Mnari-Hattab et al., 2008Turkey: Present
Nogay & Yorganci, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Kamberoglu et al., 2015Yemen: Present
Walkey et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2003South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Ontario: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Jamaica: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Mexico: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003USA: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Arkansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Arizona: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003California: Present
Dodds et al., 1984; Grafton-Cardwell et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2003Connecticut: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Delaware: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Florida: Present
Adlerz, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2003Georgia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Hawaii: Present
Ullman et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2016Illinois: Present
Jossey & Babadoost, 2008Indiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kentucky: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003; Vincelli & Seebold, 2009Louisiana: Present
Fernandes et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2003Massachusetts: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Maine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Michigan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Minnesota: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003North Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003New Hampshire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003New Jersey: Present
Davis & Mizuki, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003New York: Present
Munger, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2003Ohio: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Oregon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Pennsylvania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003South Carolina: Present
Sammons et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Texas: Present
Chala et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Utah: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Virginia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Vermont: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Washington: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Wisconsin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003
Distribution map (central america) Costa Rica: Present
Rivera et al., 1993; Sanchez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Guadeloupe: Present
Quiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Jamaica: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Martinique: Present
Quiot et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2003Mexico: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Suriname: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003USA: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Florida: Present
Adlerz, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2003Venezuela: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Gustavo et al., 2013
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
Hernandez et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2003Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Ceara: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Maranhao: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Minas Gerais: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Roraima: Present
Halfeld-Vieira et al., 2004Sao Paulo: Present
Yuki et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2003Chile: Widespread
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Costa Rica: Present
Rivera et al., 1993; Sanchez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2003Suriname: Present
Schotman, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2003Venezuela: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003; Gustavo et al., 2013
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Queensland: Present
Greber, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2003Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Cook Islands: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Fiji: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Kiribati: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003New Zealand: Present
Fletcher et al., 2000; Purcifull et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003French Polynesia: Present
Grisoni et al., 2004Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2003Solomon Islands: Present
Brunt, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Tonga: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003Taiwan: Present
Hseu et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2003Samoa: Present
Mossop & Fry, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2003