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Datasheet

Erysiphe necator (grapevine powdery mildew)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 12 March 2013
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Erysiphe necator
  • Preferred Common Name
  • grapevine powdery mildew
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Leotiomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Grape powdery mildew on leaves of 'Chardonnay': Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionGrape powdery mildew on leaves of 'Chardonnay': Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
CopyrightPeter Sholberg/Agriculture Canada
Grape powdery mildew on leaves of 'Chardonnay': Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
SymptomsGrape powdery mildew on leaves of 'Chardonnay': Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.Peter Sholberg/Agriculture Canada
Grape powdery mildew on fruits of the variety 'Chancellor': Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, Canada.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionGrape powdery mildew on fruits of the variety 'Chancellor': Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, Canada.
Copyright©Peter Sholberg/Agriculture Canada
Grape powdery mildew on fruits of the variety 'Chancellor': Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, Canada.
SymptomsGrape powdery mildew on fruits of the variety 'Chancellor': Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, Canada.©Peter Sholberg/Agriculture Canada

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Erysiphe necator Schwein.

Preferred Common Name

  • grapevine powdery mildew

Other Scientific Names

  • Oidium tuckeri Berk. [anamorph] Berk.
  • Uncinula americana Howe
  • Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill

International Common Names

  • English: grape powdery mildew; powdery mildew of grapevine
  • Spanish: cenicilla polvorienta de la vid; oidio de la vid
  • French: blanc de la vigne; cendre de la vigne; oidium de la vigne

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Kernbruch: Weinrebe; Mehltau: Weinrebe; Samenbruch: Weinrebe; Weinrebe

EPPO code

  • UNCINE (Uncinula necator)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Leotiomycetes
  •                     Order: Erysiphales
  •                         Family: Erysiphaceae
  •                             Genus: Erysiphe
  •                                 Species: Erysiphe necator

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
ArmeniaPresentAmano, 1986
AzerbaijanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Gu & Zang, 1993
-HebeiPresentPan, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Hong KongPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-JiangsuPresentYan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-ShaanxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-ShanxiWidespreadLi & Zhang, 1992; Li, 1993; Wang et al., 1995; Li et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1997
-YunnanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
Georgia (Republic of)PresentChkheidze, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Kikacheishvili, 1997
IndiaPresentDelye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Munshi et al., 1994
-Andhra PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-HaryanaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2001; Bhim-Singh et al., 1999
-Himachal PradeshWidespreadBhardwaj, 1997; Bhardwaj et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Indian PunjabPresentThind et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Jammu and KashmirWidespreadGupta et al., 1986; Puttoo & Razdan, 1987; Puttoo et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-KarnatakaWidespreadJamadar et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-MaharashtraPresentShelke et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Tamil NaduWidespreadKrishnan & Jeyarajan, 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
IndonesiaPresentAmano, 1986
IranPresentBanihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
IraqPresentAmano, 1986
IsraelPresentReuveni & Reuveni, 1995; Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001
JapanPresentNomura, 1981; Yoshida et al., 1987; Yamane et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-HonshuPresentOku et al., 1975
JordanPresentAmano, 1986
KazakhstanPresentChichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Oh-Jeung Haing, 1996; Oh-Jeung Haing, 1997
KyrgyzstanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
LebanonPresentAmano, 1986
MyanmarPresentAmano, 1986
PakistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
Saudi ArabiaPresentAmano, 1986
Sri LankaPresentAmano, 1986
SyriaPresentAmano, 1986
TaiwanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
TurkeyPresentAri & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001
TurkmenistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
UzbekistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
YemenPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006

AFRICA

AlgeriaPresentAmano, 1986
CongoPresentAmano, 1986
Congo Democratic RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
EgyptPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
EthiopiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
KenyaPresentAmano, 1986
LibyaPresentAmano, 1986
MalawiPresentAmano, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2001
MauritaniaPresentAmano, 1986
MoroccoPresentAmano, 1986
MozambiquePresentAmano, 1986
Sierra LeonePresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
SomaliaPresentAmano, 1986
South AfricaPresentTromp & Marais, 1981; Ras, 1991; Schwartz, 1993; Napier & Oosthuyse, 1999; De & Kock, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001
SudanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
TanzaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
TunisiaPresentAmano, 1986
UgandaPresentAmano, 1986
ZimbabwePresentAmano, 1986

NORTH AMERICA

BermudaPresentAmano, 1986
CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-AlbertaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-British ColumbiaPresentBowen et al., 1992; Reynolds et al., 1996
-ManitobaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-Nova ScotiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-OntarioPresentChiba et al., 1973; Northover & Schneider, 1996; Northover & Ripley, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Prince Edward IslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-QuebecPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-SaskatchewanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
MexicoPresentRamirez Arredondo, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001
USAPresentHofstein et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-ArkansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-CaliforniaPresentYpema et al., 1997; Dell et al., 1998; Correiar, 1999; Weber et al., 1997; Gump et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-FloridaPresentChellemi & Marois, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-GeorgiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-HawaiiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-IdahoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-IllinoisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-IndianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-IowaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-MarylandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-MassachusettsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-New YorkPresentCortesi et al., 1995; Falk et al., 1995a; Hilber & Bodmer, 1993; Erickson & Wilcox, 1997; English-Loeb et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-North CarolinaPresentMilholland, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-North DakotaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-OhioPresentEllis et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-OregonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-PennsylvaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-South DakotaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-TexasPresentPerry et al., 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-VirginiaPresentWample et al., 1997
-WashingtonPresentWample et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-WisconsinPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

BarbadosPresentAmano, 1986
Costa RicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
CubaPresentAmano, 1986
Dominican RepublicPresentVasconcellos, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001
GuatemalaPresentAmano, 1986
JamaicaPresentAmano, 1986
Puerto RicoPresentAmano, 1986
Trinidad and TobagoPresentAmano, 1986

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentBergna et al., 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001
BoliviaPresentAmano, 1986
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Carvalho-Dias et al., 1998
-Minas GeraisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-Rio Grande do NortePresentDias & Suszek, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Rio Grande do SulPresentDias & Suszek, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
ChilePresentHenriquez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
GuyanaPresentAmano, 1986
PeruPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001; Bendezú-Euribe & Alvarez, 2012
UruguayPresentAmano, 1986
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001

EUROPE

AustriaPresentRedl et al., 1994; Denzer, 1996; Redl & Steinkellner, 1996; Steinkellner & Redl, 1998; Steinkellner, 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
BelgiumPresentReh & Schlosser, 1995
BulgariaWidespreadMalenin, 1978; Malenin, 1984; Katerova et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
CroatiaWidespreadKondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic & Isakovic, 1992; Cvjetkovic, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
CyprusPresentAmano, 1986
Czech RepublicPresentMichlovsky, 1994; Cho et al., 2012
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentPospisilova & Vanek, 1979
DenmarkPresentAmano, 1986
EstoniaPresentAmano, 1986
FinlandPresentAmano, 1986
FrancePresentDelye et al., 1999; Jailloux et al., 1999; Muckensturm & Decoin, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Rocque, 1999
GermanyPresentBlaich & Grundhofer, 1998; Schnabel et al., 1998; Fuhr et al., 1998; Hill & Blaise, 1998; Kassemeyer et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
GreeceWidespreadBourbos & Skoudridakis, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001
HungaryPresentFuzi, 1999b; Fuzi, 1999a; Palfi & Pakozdi, 1999; Voigt et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Kozma & Hajdu, 1998
ItalyWidespreadHaas et al., 1999; Piermattei et al., 1999; Piva et al., 1999; Peterlunger et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Moriondo et al., 1999
LatviaPresentAmano, 1986
LithuaniaPresentAmano, 1986
LuxembourgPresentFlick, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001
MaltaPresentAmano, 1986
MoldovaWidespreadSavin et al., 1992; Pralya, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001
NetherlandsPresentAmano, 1986
PolandPresentWerner, 1994; Lisek et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001
PortugalPresentTomaz, 1983; Tomaz et al., 1983; Steva & Clerjeau, 1990; Steva et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-AzoresPresentIbragimov & Kazymov, 1980; Iskenderov, 1987
-MadeiraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-Portugal (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
RomaniaPresentCracana et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
Russian FederationPresentBelov & Filatov, 1981; Malyuganov, 1990; Pralya, 1995; Talda, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-Central RussiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
-Southern RussiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
SerbiaPresentKondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic, 1981; Nikolic, 1997
SlovakiaPresentVanek & Pospisilova, 1977; Muska, 1992; Serdahely, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001
SloveniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
SpainWidespreadOcete et al., 1996; Oliva et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001; Del-Rivero & Garcia-Mari, 1984
SwedenPresentAmano, 1986
SwitzerlandPresentBaumgartner et al., 1998; Tamm et al., 1998; Siegfried & Holliger, 1999; Speiser et al., 1999; Siegfried et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001
UKPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
UkraineWidespreadBankovskaya et al., 1990; Piskareva & Troshin, 1991; Yakushkina et al., 1994; Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001
Yugoslavia (former)PresentCindric et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2006

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentEmmett et al., 1992; Anderson & Wicks, 1993; Tattersall et al., 1997; Evans et al., 1997a; Stummer et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-New South WalesWidespreadKable et al., 1990; Hilder, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-South AustraliaPresentEvans et al., 1997b; Wicks et al., 1997; Jacobs et al., 1999; Wicks et al., 1999; Gee et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001
-VictoriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2006
New CaledoniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001
New ZealandWidespreadHammett, 1977; Kerse & Ballard, 1989; Herger et al., 1989; Magarey et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001
Papua New GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2001

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
AmpelopsisVitaceaeUnknown
Cissus (grape)VitaceaeUnknown
Cissus rhombifolia (grape ivy)VitaceaeOther
ParthenocissusVitaceaeUnknown
Vitis (grape)VitaceaeMain
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)VitaceaeMain
Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestrisVitaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

abnormal shape
discoloration
odour

Growing point

discoloration
distortion
mycelium present

Leaves

fungal growth

Whole plant

unusual odour

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Ampelomyces quisqualisPathogen
Orthotydeus lambiHerbivore

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
BarkNoYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Fruits (inc. pods)NoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
LeavesNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
WoodYesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible

References

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Acramonte MS, 1995. New biofungicide for powdery mildew. Grape Grower, 27:14-15.

Amano K, 1986. Host range and geographical distribution of the powdery mildew fungi. Tokyo, Japan; Japan Scientific Societies Press, 741 pp.

Anderson CR, Wicks TJ, 1993. Reduced control of powdery mildew (Uncinula necator Schw.) when sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides are mixed with cupric hydroxide. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 33(4):503-505

Ari M, ÷z S, cinarli i, 1996. Influence of the gibberellic acid (GA) applications on the powdery mildew and grey mould on the grape variety Sultana in the Aegean region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 25(1/2):37-42; 9 ref.

Ari M, Delen N, 1988. Studies on the fungicide sensitivity of vine mildew (Uncinula necator (Schwein) Burr.) in pgean region of Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 17(1):19-30

Ari M, Kapkin A, 1992. Phytopathology. C. Fruit and vine diseases. Zirai Mucadele Arastirma Yilligi, No. 22-23:129-132

Banihashemi Z, Parvin S, 1995. The occurrence of ascigerous stage of Uncinula necator var. necator in Fars. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 31(1/4):38(En), 102(Pe).

Bankovskaya MG, Beskrovnaya ML, Berezovskaya EA, Storozhuk EM, 1990. Integrated control of pests and diseases on grape. Sadovodstvo i Vinogradarstvo, No. 7:25-28.

Baumgartner D, Roth I, Ruffner HP, 1998. Phenolic compounds in grapevine leaves. Obst- und Weinbau, 134(24):606-608; 7 ref.

Belov VK, Filatov VP, 1981. The biological method should be used in coastal areas. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 3:14

Bendezú-Euribe MV, Alvarez LA, 2012. The perfect stage of powdery mildew of grapevine caused by Erysiphe necator found in Peru. Plant Disease, 96(5):768. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Bergna DA, Cassino AA, Vermeulen MChde, 1976. Comparison of fungicides for the control of vine powdery mildew. Investigacion Agropecuaria, No. 4:26-32

Bhardwaj LN, 1997. Field evaluation of fungicides against powdery mildew of grapes under dry temperate conditions. Plant Disease Research, 12:58-60.

Bhardwaj LN, Sharma IM, Gupta VK, 1997. Field evaluation of grape cultivars to powdery mildew under dry temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 27(3):341; 3 ref.

Bhim Singh, Srivastava MP, Rakesh Mehra, 1999. Effect of environment on powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) of grapes. Annals of Agri Bio Research, 4(2):239-241; 5 ref.

Blaich R, Grundh÷fer H, 1998. The influence of silica fertilization on the resistance of grapevines to powdery mildew. Vitis, 37(1):21-26; 14 ref.

Boesewinkel HJ, 1980. The morphology of the imperfect states of powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae). Botanical Review, 46(2):167-224

Bourbos VA, Skoudridakis MT, 1991. Efficacy of some fungicides against excoriosis of grape. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 23(3):197-198

Bowen P, Menzies J, Ehret D, Samuels L, Glass ADM, 1992. Soluble silicon sprays inhibit powdery mildew development on grape leaves. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(6):906-912

Braun U, 1987. A monograph of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews). Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 89:700 pp.

Braun U, 1995. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 337 pp.

Braun U, Cook RTA, Inman AJ, Shin HD, 2002. The taxonomy of the powdery mildew fungi. The powdery mildews: a comprehensive treatise, 13-55; many ref.

Braun U, Takamatsu S, 2000. Phylogeny of Erysiphe, Microsphaera, Uncinula (Erysipheae) and Cystotheca, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca (Cystotheceae) inferred from rDNA ITS sequences - some taxonomic consequences. Schlechtendalia, No.4:1-33; 11 ref.

CABI/EPPO, 2001. Erysiphe necator. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 838, edition 1. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

CABI/EPPO, 2006. Erysiphe necator. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 838. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Carvalho Dias MS, Souza SMCde, Pereira AF, 1998. Principle diseases of grapevines. Informe Agropecua^acute~rio (Belo Horizonte), 19(194):76-84; 21 ref.

Cetin Y, Onogur E, 1990. Research on the information levels of grape growers on general viticulture and vineyard diseases in the Ege region. Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu Dergisi, 1(2):93-95

Chellemi DO, Marois JJ, 1992. Population dynamics of the plant pathogenic fungus Uncinula necator. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70(5):942-946

Chiba M, Fisher RW, Northover J, Herne DC, Neff A, 1973. Evaluation of three types of vineyard sprayers by measurement of carbaryl deposit, dye distribution, and control of powdery mildew and two-spotted mite. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 53(1):189-197

Chichinadze ZhA, Radionovskii VI, Skorikov AS, 1997. Peculiarities of the development of powdery mildew. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii^breve~, No. 1:34.

Chkheidze DV, 1979. The tactics of the control of main diseases of grapevine in West Georgia. Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Zashchity Rastenii Gruzinskoi SSR, 30:104-111

Cho SungEun, Park JiHyun, Jankovský L, Shin HyeonDong, 2012. First report of powdery mildew on Cissus rhombifolia caused by Erysiphe necator in the Czech Republic. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 7(1):43-45. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-012-0044-z/fulltext.html

Cindric P, Korac N, Hajdu E, 1998. Grape breeding for disease resistance at Sremski Karlovci. Proceedings of the international symposium on the importance of varieties and clones in the production of quality wine, Kecskemet, Hungary, No. 473:105-112.

Correiar BR, 1999. Use of automated weather stations and the Gubler-Thomaz model for control of powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) in California grapevines. Summa Phytopathologica, 25(1):70-73; 14 ref.

Cortesi P, Gadoury DM, Seem RC, Pearson RC, 1995. Distribution and retention of cleistothecia of Uncinula necator on bark of grapevines. Plant Disease, 79(1):15-19

Cracana A, Apostol V, turcanu P, Tudose I, 1997. Agrobiological and technological value of the "Viorica" variety at the Copou-IaSi Viticultural Centre. Cerceta^breve~ri Agronomice i^circumflex~n Moldova, 30(3):63-68; 4 ref.

Cvjetkovic B, 1981. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) control on grapevines. Zastita Bilja, 32(4):359-366

Cvjetkovic B, 1997. Control of apple scab and powdery mildew on grape-vine with BAS 490 02 F. Proceedings of the 49th International symposium on crop protection, Gent, Belgium, 62:1129-1134.

Cvjetkovic B, Isakovic L, 1992. The efficacy of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors against powdery mildew of grapevine (Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.) and its resistance to SBI fungicides. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra, 57(1):141-147; 10 ref.

Del Rivero JM, Garcia-Mari F, 1984. Test of products against vine esca and the vine pyralid as winter treatments. Boletin del Servicio de Defensa contra Plagas e Inspeccion Fitopatologica, 10(1):17-30

Dell KJ, Gubler WD, Krueger R, Sanger M, Bettiga LJ, 1998. The efficacy of JMS Stylet-Oil on grape powdery mildew and Botrytis bunch rot and effects on fermentation. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 49(1):11-16; 21 ref.

Delp CJ, 1954. Effect of temperature and humidity on the grapepowdery mildew fungus. Phytopathology, 44:615-626.

Denzer H, 1996. Establishing a plant protection advisory service in Austrian vineyards and apple orchards, based on electronic climate stations. Bulletin OEPP, 26(3/4):469-473; 13 ref.

Dias MF, Suszek SA, 1978. New cultivars selected for viticulture in Rio Grande. Agronomia Sulriograndense, 14(1):115-126

Doster MA, Schnathorst WC, 1985. Effects of leaf maturity and cultivar resistance on development of the powdery mildew fungus on grapevines. Phytopathology, 75(3):318-321

DTlye C, Laigret F, Corio-Costet MF, 1997. RAPD analysis provides insight into the biology and epidemiology of Uncinula necator. Phytopathology, 87(7):670-677; 37 ref.

DTlye C, Ronchi V, Laigret F, Corio-Costet MF, 1999. Nested allele-specific PCR primers distinguish genetic groups of Uncinula necator. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(9):3950-3954; 24 ref.

Ellis MA, Madden LV, Wilson LL, Johns GR, 1999. Effects of various fungicide programs on powdery mildew control, percent berry sugar, yield, and vine vigor of 'Concord' grapes in Ohio. Research Circular - Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, No. 299:94-99; 11 ref.

Emmett RW, Buchanan GA, Magarey PA, 1992. Grapevine diseases and pest management. Australian & New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 7(3):149-171

Emmett RW, Wicks T, McQuinn D, 1984. Control of grapevine powdery mildew in southern Australia: II. Evaluation of fungicides applied after infection. Agricultural Record, 11(16):16-18

English-Loeb G, Norton AP, Gadoury DM, Seem RC, Wilcox WF, 1999. Control of powdery mildew in wild and cultivated grapes by a tydeid mite. Biological Control, 14(2):97-103; 34 ref.

Erickson EO, Wilcox WF, 1997. Distributions of sensitivities to three sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicides among populations of Uncinula necator sensitive and resistant to triadimefon. Phytopathology, 87(8):784-791; 43 ref.

Evans KJ, Scott ES, Whisson DL, 1997. Heterothallism among South Australian clonal lines of Uncinula necator. Australasian Plant Pathology, 26(1):10-20; 20 ref.

Evans KJ, Whisson DL, Stummer BE, Scott ES, 1997. DNA markers identify variation in Australian populations of Uncinula necator. Mycological Research, 101(8):923-932; 28 ref.

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Falk SP, Gadoury DM, Pearson RC, Seem RC, 1995. Partial control of grape powdery mildew by the mycoparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis. Plant Disease, 79(5):483-490

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Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Armenia: Present
Amano, 1986Armenia: Present
Amano, 1986Argentina: Present
Bergna et al., 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001Austria: Present
Redl et al., 1994; Denzer, 1996; Redl & Steinkellner, 1996; Steinkellner & Redl, 1998; Steinkellner, 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Australia: Present
Emmett et al., 1992; Anderson & Wicks, 1993; Tattersall et al., 1997; Evans et al. ,1997a; Stummer et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAzerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Barbados: Present
Amano, 1986Barbados: Present
Amano, 1986Belgium: Present
Reh & Schlosser, 1995Bulgaria: Widespread
Malenin, 1978; Malenin, 1984; Katerova et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Bermuda: Present
Amano, 1986Bolivia: Present
Amano, 1986Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCongo: Present
Amano, 1986Switzerland: Present
Baumgartner et al., 1998; Tamm et al., 1998; Siegfried & Holliger, 1999; Speiser et al., 1999; Siegfried et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Chile: Present
Henriquez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCosta Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Czechoslovakia (former): PresentCuba: Present
Amano, 1986Cuba: Present
Amano, 1986Cyprus: Present
Amano, 1986Cyprus: Present
Amano, 1986Czech Republic: Present
Michlovsky, 1994; Cho et al., 2012Germany: Present
Blaich & Grundhofer, 1998; Schnabel et al., 1998; Fuhr et al., 1998; Hill & Blaise, 1998; Kassemeyer et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Denmark: Present
Amano, 1986Dominican Republic: Present
Vasconcellos, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001Dominican Republic: Present
Vasconcellos, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001Algeria: Present
Amano, 1986Algeria: Present
Amano, 1986Estonia: Present
Amano, 1986Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Spain: Widespread
Ocete et al., 1996; Oliva et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Spain: Widespread
Ocete et al., 1996; Oliva et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Ethiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Finland: Present
Amano, 1986France: Present
Delye et al., 1999; Jailloux et al., 1999; Muckensturm & Decoin, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001UK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Georgia (Republic of): Present
Chkheidze, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001Georgia (Republic of): Present
Chkheidze, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001Greece: Widespread
Bourbos & Skoudridakis, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001Greece: Widespread
Bourbos & Skoudridakis, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001Guatemala: Present
Amano, 1986Guatemala: Present
Amano, 1986Guyana: Present
Amano, 1986Guyana: Present
Amano, 1986Croatia: Widespread
Kondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic & Isakovic, 1992; Cvjetkovic, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Hungary: Present
Fuzi ,1999b; Fuzi ,1999a; Palfi & Pakozdi, 1999; Voigt et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Indonesia: Present
Amano, 1986Indonesia: Present
Amano, 1986Israel: Present
Reuveni & Reuveni, 1995; Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Israel: Present
Reuveni & Reuveni, 1995; Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001India: Present
Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Italy: Widespread
Haas et al., 1999; Piermattei et al., 1999; Piva et al., 1999; Peterlunger et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Jamaica: Present
Amano, 1986Jamaica: Present
Amano, 1986Jordan: Present
Amano, 1986Jordan: Present
Amano, 1986Japan: Present
Nomura, 1981; Yoshida et al., 1987; Yamane et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
Amano, 1986Kyrgyzstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Kazakhstan: Present
Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Kazakhstan: Present
Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Sri Lanka: Present
Amano, 1986Lithuania: Present
Amano, 1986Luxembourg: Present
Flick, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001Latvia: Present
Amano, 1986Libya: Present
Amano, 1986Morocco: Present
Amano, 1986Morocco: Present
Amano, 1986Moldova: Widespread
Savin et al., 1992; Pralya, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001Myanmar: Present
Amano, 1986Mauritania: Present
Amano, 1986Malta: Present
Amano, 1986Malta: Present
Amano, 1986Malawi: Present
Amano, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2001Mexico: Present
Ramirez Arredondo, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Mexico: Present
Ramirez Arredondo, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Mozambique: Present
Amano, 1986New Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Netherlands: Present
Amano, 1986New Zealand: Widespread
Hammett, 1977; Kerse & Ballard, 1989; Herger et al., 1989; Magarey et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Peru: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Bendezú-Euribe & Alvarez, 2012Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Poland: Present
Werner, 1994; Lisek et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Puerto Rico: Present
Amano, 1986Puerto Rico: Present
Amano, 1986Portugal: Present
Tomaz, 1983; Tomaz et al., 1983; Steva & Clerjeau, 1990; Steva et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2001Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRomania: Present
Cracana et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Serbia: Present
Kondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic, 1981; Nikolic, 1997Russian Federation: Present
Belov & Filatov, 1981; Malyuganov, 1990; Pralya, 1995; Talda, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001Russian Federation: Present
Belov & Filatov, 1981; Malyuganov, 1990; Pralya, 1995; Talda, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaudi Arabia: Present
Amano, 1986Saudi Arabia: Present
Amano, 1986Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Sweden: Present
Amano, 1986Slovenia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Slovakia: Present
Vanek & Pospisilova, 1977; Muska, 1992; Serdahely, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Somalia: Present
Amano, 1986Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Turkmenistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Tunisia: Present
Amano, 1986Tunisia: Present
Amano, 1986Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Amano, 1986Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Amano, 1986Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Ukraine: Widespread
Bankovskaya et al., 1990; Piskareva & Troshin, 1991; Yakushkina et al., 1994; Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Ukraine: Widespread
Bankovskaya et al., 1990; Piskareva & Troshin, 1991; Yakushkina et al., 1994; Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Uganda: Present
Amano, 1986USA: Present
Hofstein et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001USA: Present
Hofstein et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
Amano, 1986Uzbekistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Yugoslavia (former): Present
Cindric et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006South Africa: Present
Tromp & Marais, 1981; Ras, 1991; Schwartz, 1993; Napier & Oosthuyse, 1999; De & Kock, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001Congo Democratic Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Zimbabwe: Present
Amano, 1986
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Armenia: Present
Amano, 1986Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Hebei: Present
Pan, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Hong Kong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Jiangsu: Present
Yan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Shanxi: Widespread
Li & Zhang, 1992; Li, 1993; Wang et al., 1995; Li et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1997Shaanxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Yunnan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Georgia (Republic of): Present
Chkheidze, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001Indonesia: Present
Amano, 1986Israel: Present
Reuveni & Reuveni, 1995; Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001India: Present
Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Andhra Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Himachal Pradesh: Widespread
Bhardwaj, 1997; Bhardwaj et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Haryana: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2001Jammu and Kashmir: Widespread
Gupta et al., 1986; Puttoo & Razdan, 1987; Puttoo et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2001Karnataka: Widespread
Jamadar et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Maharashtra: Present
Shelke et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Indian Punjab: Present
Thind et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Tamil Nadu: Widespread
Krishnan & Jeyarajan, 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Iraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Jordan: Present
Amano, 1986Japan: Present
Nomura, 1981; Yoshida et al., 1987; Yamane et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Honshu: Present
Oku et al., 1975Kyrgyzstan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Kazakhstan: Present
Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Sri Lanka: Present
Amano, 1986Myanmar: Present
Amano, 1986Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Russian Federation: Present
Belov & Filatov, 1981; Malyuganov, 1990; Pralya, 1995; Talda, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001Saudi Arabia: Present
Amano, 1986Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Turkmenistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Ukraine: Widespread
Bankovskaya et al., 1990; Piskareva & Troshin, 1991; Yakushkina et al., 1994; Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Uzbekistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006
Distribution map (europe) Armenia: Present
Amano, 1986Austria: Present
Redl et al., 1994; Denzer, 1996; Redl & Steinkellner, 1996; Steinkellner & Redl, 1998; Steinkellner, 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Belgium: Present
Reh & Schlosser, 1995Bulgaria: Widespread
Malenin, 1978; Malenin, 1984; Katerova et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Switzerland: Present
Baumgartner et al., 1998; Tamm et al., 1998; Siegfried & Holliger, 1999; Speiser et al., 1999; Siegfried et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Czechoslovakia (former): PresentCyprus: Present
Amano, 1986Czech Republic: Present
Michlovsky, 1994; Cho et al., 2012Germany: Present
Blaich & Grundhofer, 1998; Schnabel et al., 1998; Fuhr et al., 1998; Hill & Blaise, 1998; Kassemeyer et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Denmark: Present
Amano, 1986Algeria: Present
Amano, 1986Estonia: Present
Amano, 1986Spain: Widespread
Ocete et al., 1996; Oliva et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Finland: Present
Amano, 1986France: Present
Delye et al., 1999; Jailloux et al., 1999; Muckensturm & Decoin, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001UK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Georgia (Republic of): Present
Chkheidze, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2001Greece: Widespread
Bourbos & Skoudridakis, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001Croatia: Widespread
Kondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic & Isakovic, 1992; Cvjetkovic, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Hungary: Present
Fuzi ,1999b; Fuzi ,1999a; Palfi & Pakozdi, 1999; Voigt et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Iraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Italy: Widespread
Haas et al., 1999; Piermattei et al., 1999; Piva et al., 1999; Peterlunger et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Kazakhstan: Present
Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Lithuania: Present
Amano, 1986Luxembourg: Present
Flick, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2001Latvia: Present
Amano, 1986Morocco: Present
Amano, 1986Moldova: Widespread
Savin et al., 1992; Pralya, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001Malta: Present
Amano, 1986Netherlands: Present
Amano, 1986Poland: Present
Werner, 1994; Lisek et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Portugal: Present
Tomaz, 1983; Tomaz et al., 1983; Steva & Clerjeau, 1990; Steva et al., 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2001Azores: Present
Ibragimov & Kazymov, 1980; Iskenderov, 1987Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Portugal (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Romania: Present
Cracana et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Serbia: Present
Kondic & Kovacic, 1979; Cvjetkovic, 1981; Nikolic, 1997Russian Federation: Present
Belov & Filatov, 1981; Malyuganov, 1990; Pralya, 1995; Talda, 1982; CABI/EPPO, 2001Central Russia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Southern Russia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Sweden: Present
Amano, 1986Slovenia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Slovakia: Present
Vanek & Pospisilova, 1977; Muska, 1992; Serdahely, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Tunisia: Present
Amano, 1986Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Ukraine: Widespread
Bankovskaya et al., 1990; Piskareva & Troshin, 1991; Yakushkina et al., 1994; Chichinadze et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Yugoslavia (former): Present
Cindric et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006
Distribution map (africa) Congo: Present
Amano, 1986Cyprus: Present
Amano, 1986Algeria: Present
Amano, 1986Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Spain: Widespread
Ocete et al., 1996; Oliva et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Ethiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Greece: Widespread
Bourbos & Skoudridakis, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001Israel: Present
Reuveni & Reuveni, 1995; Delye et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Iraq: Present
Amano, 1986Iran: Present
Banihashemi & Parvin, 1995; Karimi & Hajian, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Jordan: Present
Amano, 1986Kenya: Present
Amano, 1986Lebanon: Present
Amano, 1986Libya: Present
Amano, 1986Morocco: Present
Amano, 1986Mauritania: Present
Amano, 1986Malta: Present
Amano, 1986Malawi: Present
Amano, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2001Mozambique: Present
Amano, 1986Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Saudi Arabia: Present
Amano, 1986Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Somalia: Present
Amano, 1986Syria: Present
Amano, 1986Tunisia: Present
Amano, 1986Turkey: Present
Ari & Delen, 1988; Cetin & Onogur, 1990; Ari & Kapkin, 1992; Ari et al., 1996; Turan & Tokgonul, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Uganda: Present
Amano, 1986Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006South Africa: Present
Tromp & Marais, 1981; Ras, 1991; Schwartz, 1993; Napier & Oosthuyse, 1999; De & Kock, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2001Congo Democratic Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Zimbabwe: Present
Amano, 1986
Distribution map (north america) Bermuda: Present
Amano, 1986Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Alberta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001British Columbia: Present
Bowen et al., 1992; Reynolds et al., 1996Manitoba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Nova Scotia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Ontario: Present
Chiba et al., 1973; Northover & Schneider, 1996; Northover & Ripley, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2001Prince Edward Island: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Quebec: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Saskatchewan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Cuba: Present
Amano, 1986Dominican Republic: Present
Vasconcellos, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001Guatemala: Present
Amano, 1986Jamaica: Present
Amano, 1986Mexico: Present
Ramirez Arredondo, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Puerto Rico: Present
Amano, 1986USA: Present
Hofstein et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001Arkansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001California: Present
Ypema et al., 1997; Dell et al., 1998; Correiar, 1999; Weber et al., 1997; Gump et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Florida: Present
Chellemi & Marois, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Georgia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Hawaii: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Iowa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Idaho: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Illinois: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Indiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Massachusetts: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Maryland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001North Carolina: Present
Milholland, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2001North Dakota: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001New York: Present
Cortesi et al., 1995; Falk et al. ,1995a; Hilber & Bodmer, 1993; Erickson & Wilcox, 1997; English-Loeb et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Ohio: Present
Ellis et al., 1999; CABI/EPPO, 2001Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Oregon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Pennsylvania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001South Dakota: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Texas: Present
Perry et al., 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2001Virginia: Present
Wample et al., 1997Washington: Present
Wample et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2001Wisconsin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001
Distribution map (central america) Barbados: Present
Amano, 1986Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Cuba: Present
Amano, 1986Dominican Republic: Present
Vasconcellos, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2001Guatemala: Present
Amano, 1986Guyana: Present
Amano, 1986Jamaica: Present
Amano, 1986Mexico: Present
Ramirez Arredondo, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Puerto Rico: Present
Amano, 1986Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Amano, 1986USA: Present
Hofstein et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2001Florida: Present
Chellemi & Marois, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2001Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
Bergna et al., 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2001Barbados: Present
Amano, 1986Bolivia: Present
Amano, 1986Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Minas Gerais: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Rio Grande do Norte: Present
Dias & Suszek, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001Rio Grande do Sul: Present
Dias & Suszek, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2001Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Chile: Present
Henriquez et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2001Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Guyana: Present
Amano, 1986Peru: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001; Bendezú-Euribe & Alvarez, 2012Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Amano, 1986Uruguay: Present
Amano, 1986Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
Emmett et al., 1992; Anderson & Wicks, 1993; Tattersall et al., 1997; Evans et al. ,1997a; Stummer et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001New South Wales: Widespread
Kable et al., 1990; Hilder, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2001Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006South Australia: Present
Evans et al. ,1997b; Wicks et al., 1997; Jacobs et al., 1999; Wicks et al., 1999; Gee et al., 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2001Victoria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Indonesia: Present
Amano, 1986New Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001New Zealand: Widespread
Hammett, 1977; Kerse & Ballard, 1989; Herger et al., 1989; Magarey et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2001Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2001Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2006