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Datasheet

Spilonota ocellana (eyespotted bud moth)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 13 July 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Spilonota ocellana
  • Preferred Common Name
  • eyespotted bud moth
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Eye-spotted bud moth larvae. Mature larvae 9-12 mm.
TitleLarva in bud
CaptionEye-spotted bud moth larvae. Mature larvae 9-12 mm.
CopyrightAgrEvo
Eye-spotted bud moth larvae. Mature larvae 9-12 mm.
Larva in budEye-spotted bud moth larvae. Mature larvae 9-12 mm.AgrEvo

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller)

Preferred Common Name

  • eyespotted bud moth

Other Scientific Names

  • Eucosma ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller
  • Grapholita ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller
  • Grapholitha ocellana
  • Hedya ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller
  • Olethreutes ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller
  • Tmetocera ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller
  • Tortrix ocellana Denis & Schiffermüller

International Common Names

  • English: apple bud moth (UK); bud moth, eye-spotted
  • Spanish: tortrix de las yemas
  • French: pique-bouton du pommier; tordeuse brune des arbres fruitiers; tordeuse rouge de bourgeons; ver du bourgeon

Local Common Names

  • Denmark: rød knopvikler
  • Finland: silmukääriäinen
  • Germany: Wickler, Roter Knospen-
  • Italy: tortrice dei germogli
  • Japan: ringo-siro-hamaki
  • Netherlands: bruine bladroller; rode knopbladroller
  • Norway: rod knoppvikler
  • Sweden: mindre knoppvecklare

EPPO code

  • TMETOC (Tmetocera ocellana)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Tortricidae
  •                             Genus: Spilonota
  •                                 Species: Spilonota ocellana

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

TurkeyPresentBulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
-British ColumbiaPresentGillespie & Beirne, 1982; McBrien et al., 1994; McBrien & Judd, 1996
-Nova ScotiaPresentMacLellan, 1978; McBrien et al., 1994
-OntarioPresentHagley et al., 1977; McBrien et al., 1994
-QuebecPresentParadis & Simard, 1980; Vincent, 1984; Bostanian & Belanger, 1985
USA
-MichiganPresentStrickler & Whalon, 1985
-New YorkPresentRoelofs et al., 1976

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentKapidani & Duraj, 1991
BelgiumPresentPaternotte, 1997a; Paternotte, 1997b
BulgariaPresentBalevski & Ivanov, 1979; Kolev & Balevski, 1978
CroatiaPresentBaric & Ciglar, 2005
Czech RepublicPresentStará & Kocourek, 2001
FinlandPresentPeltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986
FrancePresentHoguet et al., 1998
GermanyPresentMletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald et al., 1986
HungaryPresentPapp & Reichart, 1973; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Neumann et al., 1993
ItalyPresentAngeli et al., 1993
LithuaniaPresentIvinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983
NetherlandsPresentDeventer et al., 1992; McBrien et al., 1994; Minks et al., 1995
PolandPresentKoslinska & Golikowa, 1978; Koslinska et al., 1990
RomaniaPresentSusea, 1986
Russian FederationPresentMiralibekov, 1984; Isaichev et al., 1989; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990; Smol'yannikov, 1977
SloveniaPresentMatis et al., 2003
SpainPresentRubio et al., 1990; Cabezuelo et al., 1973
UKPresentCross, 1996

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus domestica (plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeMain
Rosa canina (Dog rose)RosaceaeOther
Rubus fruticosus (blackberry)RosaceaeOther
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)RosaceaeOther
Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry)EricaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

external feeding

Growing point

external feeding

Inflorescence

external feeding

Leaves

external feeding
webbing

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Actia pamiricaParasiteLarvae
Actia pilipennisParasiteLarvae
Agathis laticinctaParasite
Ascogaster quadridentatusParasite
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstakiPathogenLarvae
Bassus cingulipesPathogenLarvae
Bassus dimidiatorParasiteLarvae
Chrysocharis laricinellaeParasite
Colpoclypeus florusParasiteLarvae
CopidosomaParasiteEggs
Dolichogenidea reichartiParasiteLarvae
Elodia morioParasiteLarvae
Nemorilla floralisParasiteLarvae
Oedemopsis scabriculaParasiteLarvae
Pristomerus vulneratorParasiteLarvae
Pyemotes triticiParasiteLarvae
Trichogramma dendrolimiParasiteEggs
Trichogramma telengaiParasiteEggs
Trichogramma turkeiensisParasiteEggs

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Leaveseggs; larvaeNoYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Adler CRL, 1991. Identification of pupae on apple in eastern north America. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 51-64.

Angeli G, Mattedi L, Maines R, 1993. Tortricid leaf miners in the fruit crops of Trento. Informatore Fitopatologico, 43(5):15-19; 13 ref.

Arn H, Schwarz C, Limacher H, Mani E, 1974. Sex attractant inhibitors of the codling moth Laspeyresia pomonella L. Experientia, 30(10):1142-1144

Balevski A, Ivanov S, 1979. Control of leafrollers - damagers of fruit in apple orchards. Rastitelna Zashchita, 27(4):32-35

Baric B, Ciglar I, 2005. The Tortricidae population in Croatian apple orchards and a possibility for mating disruption techniques. Bulletin OILB/SROP [Use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated control. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS 6th International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production, Baselga di Piné, Italy, 26-30 September 2004.], 28(7):89-92.

Barrett CG, 1904-05. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands., UK 425-469.

Barrett CG, 1905-07. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. London, UK 470-504.

Beeke H, De Jong DJ, 1991. Identification of larvae and pupae. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 65-76.

Beirne BP, 1941. A List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland. Proceeding of the Royal Irish Academy, 47(4B):53-147.

Bloomers LHM, Trapman M, 1985. Use of Insegar. A new control method for leafrollers. Fruitteelt, 78(8):170-172.

Bostanian NJ, Belanger A, 1985. The toxicity of three pyrethroids to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) Acari. Phytoseiidae and their residues on apple foliage. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 14(3/4):243-250

Bradley JD, Pelham-Clinton EC, 1967. The lepidoptera of the Burren, Co. Clare, W. Ireland. Entomologists Gazette, 18:115-153.

Bradley JD, Tremewan WG, Smith A, 1979. British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. British tortricoid moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. London, UK: The Ray Society, 336.

Brown MW, Adler CRL, Weires RW, 1988. Insects associated with apple in the Mid Atlantic states. New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin, 124:1-31.

Bulut H, 1990. Investigations on the distribution and natural effectiveness of Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) in the eggs of Hedya nubiferana and Spilonota ocellana F. Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Biological Control. Izmir, Turkey: Ege Universitesi, 25-35

Bulut H, Kilincer N, 1989. Investigations on species of Trichogramma spp. (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of important lepidopterous pests of fruit trees and their distribution in Ankara. Bitki Koruma Bulteni, 29(1-2):19-46

Cabezuelo Perez P, Hernandez Esteruelas P, 1973. Observations on the biology of the bud moth (Spilonota ocellana F.) in Saragossa. Boletin Informativo de Plagas, No. 108:3-6

Canada Agriculture, 1971. Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1959-1968. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication no. 4: 266 pp.

Chapman PJ, Lienk SE, 1971. Tortricid fauna of apple in New York. Special Publications, Agricultural Experimental Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York State, 46-48.

Charmillot PJ, Blaser C, 1983. Control of the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (capua) with an insect growth regulator (IGR) juvenile hormone analogue. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 15(5):320

Chkhubianishvili TsA, Chitiashvili ISh, Goderdzishvili GSh, 1982. An entomopathogenic virus in Kartalin populations of the apple bud moth. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 105(3):613-616

Cross JV, 1996. A pheromone trap survey of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards in England subject to different insecticide management. Entomologist, 115(3/4):168-180; 14 ref.

Dakshinamurthy A, Karuppuchamy P, Mohanasundaram M, 1987. Occurrence of a predatory mite Pyemotes ventricosus on Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. International Rice Research Newsletter, 12(4):42

De Jong DG, Vlug HJ, 1976. Bestimmungsschlüssel der in den Niederlanden am Apfel vorkommenden Blattwicklerraupen. Nützlinge in Apfelanlagen. Einführung in den Integrierten Pflanzenschutz, Teil 3. Wageningen, Netherlands: IOBC/WPRS, 35-38.

Dem'yanenko VE, Tret'yakov NN, 1990. Tortricid distribution in apple orchards. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), 5:33

Deventer P van, Minks AK, Blommers LHM, Neumann U, Jilderda K, 1992. Mating disruption utilizing lepidopterous sex pheromones: three years of testing in apple orchards in the Netherlands. Proceedings - Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pests and Diseases - 1992 Brighton, November 23-26, 1992. Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council, 1193-1198

Ford LT, 1949. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. London, UK.

Gillespie DR, 1985. Impact of feeding by Lepidoptera larvae on the production of highbush blueberry in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist, 117(8):949-953

Gillespie DR, Beirne BP, 1982. Leafrollers (Lepidoptera) on berry crops in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 79:31-36

Gottwald R, Freier B, Karg W, 1986. Fundamentals of integrated plant protection against animal pests in high-intensity apple growing in the German Democratic Republic. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR, 40(1):10-15

Hagley EAC, Barber DR, 1991. Foliage-feeding Lepidoptera and their parasites recovered from unmanaged apple orchards in southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 122:1-7

Hagley EAC, Monteith LG, Herne DHC, Trottier R, 1977. Pest population buildup in apple orchards following omission of insecticide and acaricide sprays. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 108:7-11

Hoguet S, Ledee S, Trouve C, Chambon JP, 1998. Survey of Lepidoptera in orchards in the north of France using larval stages. In: Proceedings of the first transnational workshop on biological, integrated and rational control: status and perspectives with regard to regional and European experiences, Lille, France, January 1998. Loos-en-Gohelle, France: Service Regional de la Protection des Vegetaux, 85-86.

Isaichev SV, Nosyrev VI, Bushkovskaya LM, 1989. Against pests of dog rose. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 6:42-43

Ivinskis PP, Pakal'nishkis SA, 1983. Microlepidoptera of orchard coenoses of the Lithuanian SSR. Acta Entomologica Lituanica, 6:55-75

Kapidani A, Duraj N, 1991. Investigations on the biology and control of the tortricid Archips rosana L. in Albania. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 52(2):79-88

Kilincer N, Gurkan MO, Bulut H, 1992. Control using pheromones in fruit orchards in Ankara Province. Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Entomology Izmir, Turkey; Ege Universitesi, 193-200

Kolev K, Belevski A, 1978. Increased infestation by leafrollers on fruit trees. Rastitelna Zashchita, 26:27-32.

Koslinska M, Golikowa E, 1978. Fauna of leaf rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on apple trees in some regions of Poland. Part V. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 48(1):123-127

Koslinska M, Tworkowska U, Predki S, Wojtas-Koziel B, Gromisz Z, Bachnacki R, Karczewski J, Piotrowski S, Pluciennik Z, Zielinska B, Dlugowolski B, 1990. Flight phenology of the eye-spotted bud moth - Spilonota ocellana (F.) and the green budworm - Hedya nubiferana (Hw.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Poland. Prace Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach. Seria A, Prace Doswiadczalne z Zakresu Sadownictwa, 29:87-96

MacLellan CR, 1978. Field evaluation of synthetic sex pheromone attractants for the eye-spotted bud moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) and three leafroller species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 110(8):847-852

Madsen HF, Borden AD, 1954. Codling moth and orange tortrix control on apricots in California, 1948-1953. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47:161-165.

Matis G, Beber K, Miklavc J, 2003. Harmful species of Tortricids in apple orchards and possibility of their successful control. (?kodljive vrste zavijacev v nasadih jablan in moznosti uspe?nega zatiranja.) In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 6. Slovenskega Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, Zrece, Slovenije, 4-6 marec 2003 . Ljubljana, Slovenia: Dru?tvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije, 310-317.

McBrien HL, Judd GJR, 1996. A Teflon-walled mating table for assessing pheromone-based mating disruption. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 93:121-125; 19 ref.

McBrien HL, Judd GJR, Minks AK, Johnson JW, Smith RF, Thistlewood HMA, Troubridge JT, 1994. Response of male eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to different pheromone blends in North America and the Netherlands. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(3):625-630

Meyrick E, 1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. London, UK.

Minks AK, Van Deventer P, Woets J, Van Remortel E, 1995. Development of thresholds based on pheromone trap catches for control of leafroller moths in apple orchards: a first report. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society, 6:125-132; 5 ref.

Miralibekov N, 1984. Characteristics of the biology of the apple bud moth (Spilonota ocellana F.) in the western Pamir. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, Biologicheskikh Nauk, No. 4:28-32

Mletzko HG, Zech E, 1972. Ecological investigations on tortrix moths (Lep., Tortricidae) in an intensively managed apple orchard. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutzdienst in der DDR, 26(12):242-245

Neumann U, Jilderda K, Minks AK, Deventer P van, Waldner K, 1993. Mating disruption, a promising new technique in apples, pears and peaches. Novenyvedelem, 29(3-4):137-142

Niemczyk E, 1980. Applying bacterial preparations against orchard pests. In: Proceedings of the International symposium of IOBC/WPRS on integrated control in agriculture, forestryVienna, ed. Workshop sessions. Vienna, Austria: International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section, 416-419

Niemczyk E, Dronka K, 1976. The effectiveness of the bacterial preparation Dipel for the control of leaf-rollers (Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, E, 6(1):143-149

Niemczyk E, Dronka K, Dawydko B, Predki S, 1975. Effectiveness of bacterial preparation Thuricide 90TS to control leaf rollers (Tortricidae) in apple-orchards. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, E, 5(1):75-85

Niemczyk E, Olszak R, Miszczak M, 1976. The effectiveness of the bacterial preparation Dipel in controlling the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella L.) and leaf rollers (Tortricidae) during the summer period. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, E, 6(1):151-157

Oatman ER, Legner EF, Brooks RF, 1962. Bionomics of the eye-spotted budmoth, Spilonota ocellana, on cherry in Wisconsin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55:930-934.

Oatman ER, Legner EF, Brooks RF, 1963. Chemical control of the eye-spotted bud moth on sour cherry in Wisconsin. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56:786-788.

Papp J, Reichart G, 1973. Data on knowledge of some Braconid parasites on moth pests of fruit trees (Lepidoptera et Hymenoptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 26(2):363-371

Papp J, Reichart G, 1974. Study on the structure of moth communities living on pomaceous plants in Hungary, according to G. Szelenyi's zoocenological concepts. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 27(1):161-165

Paradis RO, Simard LG, 1980. Control of the oblique-banded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) and the eye-spotted bud moth (Spinolata ocellana). Resume des Recherches, Station de Recherches, Saint-Jean, Quebec, 9:29-30

Paternotte E, 1997. Expected insect pests on pears during 1998. Fruitteelt-nieuws, 10(24):27-28.

Paternotte E, 1997. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera (moths), a possible expedient for the timely application of a control measure. Fruitteelt-nieuws, 10(4):27-28.

Peltotalo P, Tuovinen T, 1986. Specificity of pheromone preparates for lepidopterous pests. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 25(2):139-146

Pierce FN, Metcalfe JW, 1922. The Genitalia of the group Tortricidae of the lepidoptera of the British Islands. Oundle, UK.

Reede RH de, Groendijk RF, Wit AKH, 1984. Field tests with the insect growth regulators, epofenonane and fenoxycarb, in apple orchards against leafrollers and side-effects on some leafroller parasites. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 35(3):275-281

Reichart G, Szathmary B, Berezvai F, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1974. On the composition of pest communities living in curled shoots of pomaceous fruit trees in the spring. Novenyvedelem Korszerusitese, 8:39-49

Reichart G, Wator M, Berezvai F, Molnar J, Szegeny A, 1975. Spring aspect of pest communities in 1974, found in twisted shoots of pomaceous fruit trees. Novenyvedelmi Kutato Intezet Evkonyve, 13:87-106

Roelofs WL, Carde RT, Taschenberg EF, Weires RW Jr, 1976. Pheromone research for the control of lepidopterous pests in New York. In: Beroza M, ed. Pest management with insect sex attractants and other behavior-controlling chemicals. Washington, USA: American Chemical Society, 75-87

Rubio M, Esteban J, Llamas S, 1990. Treatment, differentiation and control of catches using bait traps with synthetic sexual pheromones of Lepidoptera potentially new to cultivated plants. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 16(1):371-379

Smol'yannikov VV, 1977. Pests of apple fruit. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 10:61-62

Stanenite AP, Ivinskis PP, Ionaitis VP, Pakal'nishkis SA, 1984. Lepidoptera recorded as hosts of parasitic Diptera for the first time in Lithuania. Acta Entomologica Lituanica, 7:118-121

Stará J, Kocourek F, 2001. Flight patterns of Hedya dimidioalba, Spilonota ocellana and Pandemis heparana (Lep.: Tortricidae) based on data from pheromone traps. Plant Protection Science, 37(4):129-137.

Strickler K, Whalon M, 1985. Microlepidoptera species composition in Michigan apple orchards. Environmental Entomology, 14(4):486-495

Susea S, 1986. Aspects of the use of pheromones in determining the degree of attack by some lepidopterous pests in apple orchards. Buletinul de Protectia Plantelor, 1:24-28

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Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Albania: Present
Kapidani & Duraj, 1991Belgium: PresentBulgaria: Present
Balevski & Ivanov, 1979Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzech Republic: Present
Stará & Kocourek, 2001Germany: Present
Mletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald et al., 1986Spain: Present
Rubio et al., 1990Spain: Present
Rubio et al., 1990Finland: Present
Peltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986France: Present
Hoguet et al., 1998UK: Present
Cross, 1996Croatia: Present
Baric & Ciglar, 2005Hungary: Present
Papp & Reichart, 1973; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Neumann et al., 1993Italy: Present
Angeli et al., 1993Lithuania: Present
Ivinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983Netherlands: Present
Deventer et al., 1992; McBrien et al., 1994; Minks et al., 1995Poland: Present
Koslinska & Golikowa, 1978; Koslinska et al., 1990Romania: Present
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Miralibekov, 1984; Isaichev et al., 1989; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Russian Federation: Present
Miralibekov, 1984; Isaichev et al., 1989; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Slovenia: Present
Matis et al., 2003Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Russian Federation: Present
Miralibekov, 1984; Isaichev et al., 1989; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
Kapidani & Duraj, 1991Belgium: PresentBulgaria: Present
Balevski & Ivanov, 1979Czech Republic: Present
Stará & Kocourek, 2001Germany: Present
Mletzko & Zech, 1972; Gottwald et al., 1986Spain: Present
Rubio et al., 1990Finland: Present
Peltotalo & Tuovinen, 1986France: Present
Hoguet et al., 1998UK: Present
Cross, 1996Croatia: Present
Baric & Ciglar, 2005Hungary: Present
Papp & Reichart, 1973; Reichart et al., 1974; Reichart et al., 1975; Neumann et al., 1993Italy: Present
Angeli et al., 1993Lithuania: Present
Ivinskis & Pakal'nishkis, 1983Netherlands: Present
Deventer et al., 1992; McBrien et al., 1994; Minks et al., 1995Poland: Present
Koslinska & Golikowa, 1978; Koslinska et al., 1990Romania: Present
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Miralibekov, 1984; Isaichev et al., 1989; Dem'yanenko & Tret'yakov, 1990Slovenia: Present
Matis et al., 2003Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990
Distribution map (africa) Spain: Present
Rubio et al., 1990Turkey: Present
Bulut & Kilincer, 1989; Kilincer et al., 1992; Bulut, 1990
Distribution map (north america) British Columbia: Present
Gillespie & Beirne, 1982; McBrien et al., 1994; McBrien & Judd, 1996Nova Scotia: Present
MacLellan, 1978; McBrien et al., 1994Ontario: Present
Hagley et al., 1977; McBrien et al., 1994Quebec: Present
Paradis & Simard, 1980; Vincent, 1984; Bostanian & Belanger, 1985Michigan: Present
Strickler & Whalon, 1985New York: Present
Roelofs et al., 1976
Distribution map (central america)
Distribution map (south america)
Distribution map (pacific)