Spiroplasma citri (stubborn disease of citrus)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Symptoms Caption Symptoms of 'stubborn disease' on young tree; leaf chlorosis and rolling, upright growth trend. Copyright M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus	Symptoms	Symptoms of 'stubborn disease' on young tree; leaf chlorosis and rolling, upright growth trend.	M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Title Symptoms on fruits Caption Symptoms of 'stubborn disease' on Navel oranges; note small, asymmetric, unevenly coloured fruits. The largest fruit is healthy. Copyright M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus	Symptoms on fruits	Symptoms of 'stubborn disease' on Navel oranges; note small, asymmetric, unevenly coloured fruits. The largest fruit is healthy.	M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al., 1973

Preferred Common Name

• stubborn disease of citrus

International Common Names

• English: acorn disease; brittle root of horseradish (US); citrus stubborn disease; little leaf of citrus
• Spanish: mal pertinaz de los cítricos
• French: stubborn

EPPO code

• SPIRCI (Spiroplasma citri)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Bacteria
•     Phylum: Firmicutes
•         Class: Mollicutes
•             Order: Entomoplasmatales
•                 Family: Spiroplasmataceae
•                     Genus: Spiroplasma
•                         Species: Spiroplasma citri

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

References

Bové JM, 1984. Wall-less prokaryotes of plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 22:361-396.

Bové JM, 1986. Stubborn and its natural transmission in the Mediterranean area and in the Near East. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34:15-23.

Bové JM, 1988. Spiroplasma citri. In: Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA, eds. European Handbook of Plant Diseases. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 129-131.

Bové JM, Moutous G, Saillard C, Fos A, Bonfils J, Vignault J-C, Nhami A, Abassi M, Kabbage K, Hafidi B, Mouches C, Viennot-Bourgin G, 1979. Mise en évidence de Spiroplasma citri, l'agent causal de la maladie du 'stubborn' des agrumes dans 7 cicadelles du Maroc. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences D, No. 288:335-338.

Bové JM, Vignault JC, Fos A, 1984. Citrus stubborn disease in Iraq and Syria: correlation between symptom expression and detection of Spiroplasma citri by culture and ELISA. In: Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists. University of California, Riverside, USA: IOCV.

Bradbury JF, 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Bradbury JF, 1991. Spiroplasma citri. CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, No. 1046. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

CABI , EPPO , 1998. Xanthomonas translucens. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April (Edition 4). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 264.

CABI/EPPO, 1998. Distribution maps of quarantine pests for Europe (edited by Smith IM, Charles LMF). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, xviii + 768 pp.

CABI/EPPO, 2013. Spiroplasma citri. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 375 (Edition 4).

Calavan EC, 1980. Stubborn. In: Bové J, Vogel R, eds. Description and Illustration of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Citrus. Paris, France: SETCO-IRFA.

Cebrián MC, Villaescusa FJ, Alfaro-Fernández A, Hermoso de Mendoza A, Córdoba-Sellés MC, Jordá C, Ferrándiz JC, Sanjuán S, Font MI, 2010. First report of Spiroplasma citri in carrot in Europe. Plant Disease, 94(10):1264. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Clark MF, Davies DL, Buss SL, Morton A, 1989. Serological discrimination among mycoplasma-like organisms using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Acta Horticulturae, 235:107-113

Dale JL, 1988. Rapid compression technique for detecting mycoplasmalike organisms in leaf midrib sieve tubes by fluorescence microscopy. Phytopathology, 78(1):118-120

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fletcher J, Slack SA, 1986. Latex agglutination as a rapid detection assay for Spiroplasma citri. Plant Disease, 70(8):754-756

Garnsey SM, Gumpf DJ, 1988. Stubborn. In: Whiteside JO et al., eds. Compendium of Citrus Diseases. St Paul, USA: APS Press, 46-47.

Golino DA, Oldfield GN, 1990. Plant pathogenic spiroplasmas and their leafhopper vectors. Advances in Disease Vector Research, 6:267-299

Gumpf DJ, 1988. Stubborn diseases of citrus caused by Spiroplasma citri. In: Maramorosch K, Raychaudhuri SP, eds. Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops. Basic and Applied Aspects. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 327-342.

Klein M, Raccah B, Oman PW, 1982. The occurrence of a member of the Circulifer tennellus species complex (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Euscelini) in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 10(4):237-240

Klein M, Rasooly P, Raccah B, 1988. New findings on the transmission of Spiroplasma citri, the citrus stubborn disease agent in Israel, by a beet leafhopper from the Jordan valley. Hassadeh, 68(9):1736-1737

Lee IM, Bottner KD, Munyaneza JE, Davis RE, Crosslin JM, Toit LJdu, Crosby T, 2006. Carrot purple leaf: a new spiroplasmal disease associated with carrots in Washington State. Plant Disease, 90(8):989-993. HTTP://www.apsnet.org

Liu HY, Gumpf DJ, Oldfield GN, Calavan EC, 1983a. The relationship of Spiroplasma citri and Circulifer tenellus. Phytopathology, 73(4):585-590

Liu HY, Gumpf DJ, Oldfield GN, Calavan EC, 1983b. Transmission of Spiroplasma citri by Circulifer tenellus. Phytopathology, 73(4):582-585

Nejat N, Vadamalai G, Sijam K, Dickinson M, 2011. First report of Spiroplasma citri (-induced) associated with periwinkle lethal yellows in Southeast Asia. Plant Disease, 95(10):1312. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

OEPP/EPPO, 1995. EPPO Standard PM 4/12(1). Pathogen-tested citrus trees and rootstocks. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 25:737-755.

Oldfield GN, 1988. Ecological associations of Spiroplasma citri with insects, plants and other plant mycoplasmas in the western United States. In: Maramorosch K, Raychaudhuri SP, eds. Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops. Basic and Applied Aspects. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 175-191.

Rana GL, Kaloostian GH, Oldfield GN, Granett AL, Calavan EC, Pierce HD, Lee IM, Gumpf DJ, 1975. Acquisition of Spiroplasma citri through membranes by Homopterous insects. Phytopathology, 65(10):1143-1145

Saglio P, L'Hospital M, LaflFche D, Dupont G, Bové JM, Tully JG, Freundt EA, 1973. Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n.: a mycoplasma-like organism associated with stubborn disease of citrus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 23:191-204.

Saillard C, Bové JM, 1983. Application of ELISA to spiroplasma detection and classification. In: Razin S, Tully JG, eds. Methods in Mycoplasmology. Volume 1. New York, USA: Academic Press, 471-476.

Sullivan DA, Oldfield GN, Eastman CE, Fletcher J, Gumpf DJ, 1987. Transmission of a citrus-infecting strain of Spiroplasma citri to horseradish. Plant Disease, 71(5):469

UNDP/FAO, 1988. In: Taher M, ed. Fruit Crop Snitation in the Mediterranean and Near East Region: Status and Requirements, RAB/86/018. Rome, Italy: FAO.

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

Download KML file Download CSV file

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

OK Cancel

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

OK Cancel