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Datasheet

Pseudococcus comstocki (Comstock mealybug)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 20 January 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Pseudococcus comstocki
  • Preferred Common Name
  • Comstock mealybug
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
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  • Distribution mapMore information

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana)

Preferred Common Name

  • Comstock mealybug

Other Scientific Names

  • Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902
  • Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) Fernald, 1903

International Common Names

  • Spanish: chinches harinosos
  • French: cochenille de Comstock
  • Portuguese: cochonilha pulverulenta da laranjeira

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Schildlaus, Bananen-; Schmierlaus, Bananen-
  • Japan: kuwa-konakaigaramusi

EPPO code

  • PSECCO (Pseudococcus comstocki)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Hemiptera
  •                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
  •                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
  •                                 Family: Pseudococcidae
  •                                     Genus: Pseudococcus
  •                                         Species: Pseudococcus comstocki

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ArmeniaPresentKryachko, 1978; Babayan & Ohanesyan, 1983; EPPO, 2014; Ohanesyan & Babayan, 1979
AzerbaijanPresentKryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014
CambodiaPresentEPPO, 2014
ChinaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-BeijingPresentDong, 1993
-FujianPresentEPPO, 2014
-GuangdongPresentEPPO, 2014
-Hong KongPresentEPPO, 2014
-HunanPresentEPPO, 2014
-Nei MengguPresentBen-Dov, 1994
-ShanxiPresentZhou et al., 2001
-TibetPresentCIE, 1989; EPPO, 2014
-ZhejiangPresentEPPO, 2014
Georgia (Republic of)PresentKryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentEPPO, 2014
-HokkaidoPresentEPPO, 2014
-HonshuPresentEPPO, 2014
-KyushuPresentEPPO, 2014
-ShikokuPresentCIE, 1989
KazakhstanPresentKryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014
Korea, DPRPresentEPPO, 2014
Korea, Republic ofPresentKim et al., 1988; Ahn et al., 1990; Park & Hong, 1992; EPPO, 2014
KyrgyzstanPresentEPPO, 2014
MalaysiaAbsent, unreliable recordEPPO, 2014
Sri LankaPresentBen-Dov, 1994
SyriaPresentAl-Khateeb & Louai, 2004
TaiwanRestricted distributionLin, 1971
TajikistanPresentEPPO, 2014
ThailandPresentEPPO, 2014
TurkmenistanPresentShashkova et al., 1977; Kryachko, 1978; Myartseva, 1980; EPPO, 2014
UzbekistanPresentSheffer, 1974; Musaev & Bushkov, 1977; Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014; Bezdetko & Tarziev, 1981
VietnamPresentBen-Dov, 1994

AFRICA

Saint HelenaPresentEPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-British ColumbiaPresentMcMullen, 1978; EPPO, 2014
-OntarioPresentMeyerdirk et al., 1981; EPPO, 2014
MexicoRestricted distributionWilliams & Granara, 1992; Miller, 1996
USARestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-AlabamaPresentKosztarab, 1996
-CaliforniaPresentMeyerdirk & Newell, 1979b; Meyerdirk & Newell, 1979a; Meyerdirk et al., 1981; Moreno, 1983; Ervin et al., 1983; EPPO, 2014
-ConnecticutPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-DelawarePresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-District of ColumbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-GeorgiaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-IllinoisPresentKosztarab, 1996
-IndianaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-LouisianaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-MainePresentKosztarab, 1996
-MarylandPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-MichiganPresentKosztarab, 1996
-MissouriPresentKosztarab, 1996
-New HampshirePresentKosztarab, 1996
-New JerseyPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentAgnello et al., 1992; Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-OhioPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-PennsylvaniaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-South CarolinaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-TexasPresentKosztarab, 1996
-VirginiaPresentKosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014
-West VirginiaPresentEPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentWilliams & Granara, 1992; Merrill, 1953
BrazilPresentSanta-Cecília et al., 2002
-Minas GeraisPresentSanta-Cecília et al., 2002

EUROPE

CroatiaPresentEPPO, 2014
FrancePresentKreiter & Germain, 2005; EPPO, 2014
-CorsicaPresentKreiter & Germain, 2005
ItalyRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
MoldovaPresentEPPO, 2014
PortugalPresentEPPO, 2014
-MadeiraPresentBen-Dov, 1994; EPPO, 2014
Russian FederationRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-Central RussiaWidespreadFadeev & Izhevskii, 1981; Shelukhin, 1992
-Russia (Europe)Restricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-Russian Far EastPresentDanzig & Shtundyuk, 1975; Freiman, 1984; EPPO, 2014
UkrainePresent1973Romanchenko & Belskaya, 1981; EPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

Top of page
Plant nameFamilyContext
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeMain
Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeMain
Ficus carica (fig)MoraceaeMain
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Morus (mulberrytree)MoraceaeMain
Musa (banana)MusaceaeMain
Prunus (stone fruit)RosaceaeMain
Punica granatum (pomegranate)PunicaceaeMain
Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree)RosaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

discoloration
honeydew or sooty mould
internal feeding
malformed skin
mummification
premature drop

Leaves

abnormal leaf fall
external feeding
honeydew or sooty mould
yellowed or dead

Stems

dieback
distortion
external feeding
galls
honeydew or sooty mould

Whole plant

external feeding

Natural Enemies

Top of page
Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Allotropa burrelliParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Allotropa convexifronsParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Anagyrus fujikonaParasiteUSSRmulberries
Anagyrus subalbipesParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Clausenia purpureaParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Coccophagus gurneyiParasiteAdults/NymphsUSSRmulberries
Cryptolaemus montrouzieriPredatorAdults/NymphsBeijing
Diadiplosis japonicusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Leptomastidea rubraParasite
Leptomastix flavaParasiteAdults/NymphsUSSRmulberries
Pseudaphycus malinusParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Pseudaphycus mundusParasiteUSSRmulberries
Zarhopalus corvinusParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Zarhopalus sheldoniParasiteUSSRmulberries

References

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Agnello AM, Spangler SM, Reissig SM, Lawson DS, Weires RW, 1992. Seasonal development and management strategies for Comstock mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in New York pear orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(1):212-225

Ahn SB, Cho WS, Lim SE, Kim TJ, Lee MH, Choi KM, 1990. Banana insect pest species and their damage in a vinyl house on Cheju Island. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 29(1):6-13

Al-Khateeb N, Louai Asslan, 2004. Ecological and biological studies on the parasitoid, Clausenia purpurea Ishii and its presence ratio compared to the other parasitiods of Pseudococcidae in the Syrian Coast. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control [Proceedings of the 1st Arab Conference for Applied Biological Pest Control, Cairo, Egypt, 5 to 7 April 2004.], 14(1):277-283.

Babayan GA, Ohanesyan SB, 1983. On the mechanism of action of the Comstock mealybug in leaves of mulberry. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii, 36(4):344-345

Bartlett BR, Clancy DW, 1972. The Comstock mealybug in California and observations on some of its natural enemies. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65(5):1329-1332

Ben-Dov Y, 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp.

Bezdetko AN, Tarziev ZSh, 1981. Under quarantine control. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 7:6-7

Bichna TI, Vaganova LD, 1985. Ensuring the healthiness of planting material. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 11:31

Borchsenius NS, 1949. Fauna of USSR, Homoptera, Pseudococcidae. Academy Science, Zoological Institute, 38(7):383.

Boyce HR, 1948. Parasites of the Comstock mealybug in Ontario. Rep. Entomological Society Ontario, 78:68-70.

Cecilia LVCS, Souto RF, Pedroso EM, 1992. Occurrence of mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana, 1902), (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in citrus rootstocks in Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil, Ciencia e Pratica, 16(1):88-90.

CIE, 1989. Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A (Agricultural), No. 338, revised December 1989. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cox JM, 1977. Status of New Zealand records of Pseudococcus comstocki and P. maritimus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 4(2):165-166

Dantsig EM, Shtundyuk AV, 1975. Comstock's mealybug in the south of the Maritime Province. Zashchita Rastenii, No.2:28

Dong HF, 1993. A preliminary study on the occurrence of Pseudococcus comstocki (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) on Clivia miniata and its control with inundative release of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Col.: Coccinellidae). Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 9(1):12-14

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Ervin RT, Moffitt LJ, Meyerdirk DE, 1983. Comstock mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): cost analysis of a biological control program in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76(3):605-609

Fadeev YuN, Izhevskii SS, 1981. Introduction of beneficial organisms. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 7:18-19

Fernald ME, 1903. A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World. Massachusettus Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 88.

Ferris GF, 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series V. The Pseudococeidae (Part I). Stanford Univ. Pr., California; London, G. Cumberlege, Oxford Univ. Pr., vii+ 278 pp.

Freiman TYa, 1984. The Comstock mealybug in the Maritime Territory. Zashchita Rasteni, No. 9:39

Glass EH, 1944. Feeding habits of two mealybugs, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) and Phenacoccus colemani (Ehrh.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 95:1-16.

Granara de Willink MC, 1991. Mealybugs of economic importance found in Argentina: Taxonomic update and new host list. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Cordoba), 59(3-4):259-271.

Haeussler GJ, Clancy DW, 1944. Natural enemies of Comstock mealybug in the Eastern States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 37(4): 503-509.

Hough WS, 1925. Biology and control of Comstock mealybug on the umbrella catalpa. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 29:17.

Hough WS, 1925b. The anal lobe of Pseudococcus comstocki Kuw. (Homop.: Coccidae). Entomological News, 36:52-54.

Johnson WT, Lyon HH, 1976. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. An illustrated practical guide. Ithaca, New York, USA:Cornell University Press.

Kajita H, 1969. Studies on the utilization of natural enemies as 'biotic insecticides'. Density effect in the mass culture of Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan. Science Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 24(2):161-166

Kim JB, Kim KY, Kim JK, Kim SB, 1988. Studies on the development of fruit bags for improving fruit quality. 1. Physical characteristics of different types of bag and their relation to pear fruit quality. Research Reports of the Rural Development Administration, Horticulture, 30(2):55-63

Kosztarab M, 1996. Scale Insects of North Eastern North America: identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsville, USA: Virginia Museum of Natural History, 650 pp.

Kreiter P, Germain JF, 2005. Pseudococcus comstocki, new species for France and Aonidiella citrina, new species for Corsica (Hem., Pseudococcidae and Diaspididae). (Pseudococcus comstocki, espèce nouvelle pour la France et Aonidiella citrina, nouvelle pour la Corse (Hem., Pseudococcidae et Diaspididae).) Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 110(2):132.

Kryachko ZF, 1978. Comstock's mealybug. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 10:57

Kuwana SI, 1902. Dactylopius comstocki. Proceedings of California Academy of Science, 3:52.

Lin TH, 1971. Morphology of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana)(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 13(4):162-165.

McKenzie HL, 1962. Third taxonomic study of California mealybugs, including additional species from North and South America. Hilgardia, 32(14):637-688.

McMullen RD, 1978. Two mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) new to British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist, 110(8):895

Merrill GB, 1953. A revision of the scale insects of Florida. Florida State Plant Board Bulletin, 1:1-143.

Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM, 1979. Importation, colonization, and establishment of natural enemies on the Comstock mealybug in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 72(1):70-73

Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM, 1979. Seasonal development and flight activity of Pseudococcus comstocki in California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 72(4):492-494

Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM, Warkentin RW, 1981. Biological control of Comstock mealybug. Journal of Economic Entomology, 74(1):79-84

Miller DR, 1985. Superfamily Coccoidea. Scale Insects. In: Drooz AT, ed., Insects of eastern forests. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication, Washington, DC, 1426: 87-123.

Miller DR, 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98(1):68-86; 33 ref.

Moreno D, 1983. Efficiency of pheromone traps in citrus pest detection. Citrograph, 68(4):77-79

Moreno D, Reed DK, Shaw JG, Newell IM, 1972. Sex lure survey trap for Comstock mealybug. Citrograph, 58:43.

Morimoto R, 1976. A study of the biological control of Comstock mealybugs, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana. Review of Plant Protection Research, 9:72-89

Murakami Y, 1965. Studies on the natural enemies of the Comstock mealybug. I.M. Members of the natural enemies and their geographic distribution. Bulletin Horticultural Research Station, Japan, Ser. A, 4:125-144.

Muspv SA, Bushkov NM, 1977. Fumigation of pomegranate fruits against eggs of the Comstock mealybug. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 1:56

Myartseva SN, 1980. New species of encyrtids of the genus Leptomastidea Mercet (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from Turkmenia. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Biologicheskikh Nauk, No. 3:58-67

Nikitenko VG, Ponomarev VG, 1981. A quarantine lifted. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 12:44

Oganesyan SB, Babayan GA, 1979. The influence of air temperature and humidity on the survival of eggs and duration of embryonic development of the Comstock mealybug. Ekologiya, No. 4:98-100

Park JD, Hong KH, 1992. Species, damage and population density of Pseudococcidae injuring pear fruits. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 31(2):133-138

Romanchenko AA, Bel'skaya NM, 1981. The Comstock mealybug in the Odessa region. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 4:41

Santa-Cecília LVC, Simões JC, Souza IF, 2002. Population dynamics and preferential feeding of mealybug (Pseudococcus comstocki) to purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). (Dinâmica de populações e preferência alimentar da cochonilha-da-raiz (Pseudococcus comstocki) pela tiririca.) Planta Daninha, 20(1):39-43.

Shashkova RV, Sorokina ZF, Astanov T, 1977. The use of Pseudaphycus in Turkmenia. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 2:51

Sheffer VV, 1974. The destruction of Comstock's mealybug. Zaschita Rastenii, No.5:43

Shelukhin VI, 1992. The quarantine situation in North Caucasus. Zashchita Rastenii^breve~ (Moskva), No. 8:44-45.

Shirasaki S, Sekita N, Yamada M, Oyama N, Tsugawa C, 1969. Preservation and utilization of natural enemies and useful insects in apple orchards. II. On biological control of Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) by parasite, Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan. Aomori Apple Experiment Station Bulletin, 13:1-226.

Shiyan NA, Samadov MS, Chernenko NI, Sikura AI, Zhimerikin VN, Simchuk PA, Zurabova eR, 1984. Ways of preventing the spread of quarantine organisms. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 11:42-43.

Smetnik AI, Rozinskaya EM, 1988. A new method is introduced. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 3:42-43

Tang FT, 1984. Observation on the scale insects injurious to forestry of North China. I. Shanxi Agricultural University Press, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 2:122-133.

Uchida M, Nakagawa K, Negishi T, Asano S, Mori K, 1981. Syntheses of 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate, the pheromone of the Comstock mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, and its analogs. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 45(2):369-372

Weires RW, 1984. Economic impact of a flucythrinate-induced resurgence of the Comstock mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on apple. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77(1):186-189

Williams DJ, Granara de Willink MC, 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Zhou Xia, Tang FangDe, Xie YingPing, 2001. Influence of air pollution of Comstocki mealybug's population in the Ginkgo and Fraxinus. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 37(4):65-70.

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Armenia: Present
Kryachko, 1978; Babayan & Ohanesyan, 1983; EPPO, 2014Armenia: Present
Kryachko, 1978; Babayan & Ohanesyan, 1983; EPPO, 2014Argentina: Present
Williams & Granara, 1992; Merrill, 1953Azerbaijan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
Santa-Cecília et al., 2002Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014China: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryFrance: Present
Kreiter & Germain, 2005; EPPO, 2014France
See regional map for distribution within the countryGeorgia (Republic of): Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Croatia: Present
EPPO, 2014Italy: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
EPPO, 2014Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKyrgyzstan: Present
EPPO, 2014Cambodia: Present
EPPO, 2014Korea, DPR: Present
EPPO, 2014Korea, Republic of: Present
Kim et al., 1988; Ahn et al., 1990; Park & Hong, 1992; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994Moldova: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Restricted distribution
Williams & Granara, 1992; Miller, 1996Mexico: Restricted distribution
Williams & Granara, 1992; Miller, 1996Portugal: Present
EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaint Helena: Present
EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004Thailand: Present
EPPO, 2014Tajikistan: Present
EPPO, 2014Turkmenistan: Present
Shashkova et al., 1977; Kryachko, 1978; Myartseva, 1980; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Restricted distribution
Lin, 1971Taiwan: Restricted distribution
Lin, 1971Ukraine: Present
Romanchenko & Belskaya, 1981; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Romanchenko & Belskaya, 1981; EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUzbekistan: Present
Sheffer, 1974; Musaev & Bushkov, 1977; Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Armenia: Present
Kryachko, 1978; Babayan & Ohanesyan, 1983; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014China: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Beijing: Present
Dong, 1993Fujian: Present
EPPO, 2014Guangdong: Present
EPPO, 2014Hong Kong: Present
EPPO, 2014Hunan: Present
EPPO, 2014Nei Menggu: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994Shanxi: Present
Zhou et al., 2001Tibet: Present
CIE, 1989; EPPO, 2014Zhejiang: Present
EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
EPPO, 2014Hokkaido: Present
EPPO, 2014Honshu: Present
EPPO, 2014Kyushu: Present
EPPO, 2014Shikoku: Present
CIE, 1989Kyrgyzstan: Present
EPPO, 2014Cambodia: Present
EPPO, 2014Korea, DPR: Present
EPPO, 2014Korea, Republic of: Present
Kim et al., 1988; Ahn et al., 1990; Park & Hong, 1992; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004Thailand: Present
EPPO, 2014Tajikistan: Present
EPPO, 2014Turkmenistan: Present
Shashkova et al., 1977; Kryachko, 1978; Myartseva, 1980; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Restricted distribution
Lin, 1971Ukraine: Present
Romanchenko & Belskaya, 1981; EPPO, 2014Uzbekistan: Present
Sheffer, 1974; Musaev & Bushkov, 1977; Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994
Distribution map (europe) Armenia: Present
Kryachko, 1978; Babayan & Ohanesyan, 1983; EPPO, 2014Azerbaijan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Kreiter & Germain, 2005; EPPO, 2014Corsica: Present
Kreiter & Germain, 2005Georgia (Republic of): Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Croatia: Present
EPPO, 2014Italy: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Kryachko, 1978; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Central Russia: Widespread
Fadeev & Izhevskii, 1981; Shelukhin, 1992Russia (Europe): Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Russian Far East: Present
Danzig & Shtundyuk, 1975; Freiman, 1984; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004Ukraine: Present
Romanchenko & Belskaya, 1981; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (africa) Madeira: Present
Ben-Dov, 1994; EPPO, 2014Saint Helena: Present
EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Al-Khateeb & Louai, 2004
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014British Columbia: Present
McMullen, 1978; EPPO, 2014Ontario: Present
Meyerdirk et al., 1981; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Restricted distribution
Williams & Granara, 1992; Miller, 1996USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Alabama: Present
Kosztarab, 1996California: Present
Meyerdirk & Newell ,1979b; Meyerdirk & Newell ,1979a; Meyerdirk et al., 1981; Moreno, 1983; Ervin et al., 1983; EPPO, 2014Connecticut: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014District of Columbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Delaware: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Georgia: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Illinois: Present
Kosztarab, 1996Indiana: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Louisiana: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Maryland: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Maine: Present
Kosztarab, 1996Michigan: Present
Kosztarab, 1996Missouri: Present
Kosztarab, 1996New Hampshire: Present
Kosztarab, 1996New Jersey: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014New York: Present
Agnello et al., 1992; Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Ohio: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Pennsylvania: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014South Carolina: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014Texas: Present
Kosztarab, 1996Virginia: Present
Kosztarab, 1996; EPPO, 2014West Virginia: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Restricted distribution
Williams & Granara, 1992; Miller, 1996USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
Williams & Granara, 1992; Merrill, 1953Brazil: Present
Santa-Cecília et al., 2002Minas Gerais: Present
Santa-Cecília et al., 2002
Distribution map (pacific) China: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Restricted distribution
Lin, 1971