Pseudotheraptus wayi (coconut bug)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Nymph Caption Copyright ARC-ITSC	Nymph		ARC-ITSC
Title Adult Caption Copyright ARC-ITSC	Adult		ARC-ITSC
Title Damage symptoms on mango Caption Copyright ARC-ITSC	Damage symptoms on mango		ARC-ITSC
Title Damage symptoms on mangoes Caption Copyright ARC-ITSC	Damage symptoms on mangoes		ARC-ITSC
Title Damage symptoms on avocado Caption Copyright ARC-ITSC	Damage symptoms on avocado		ARC-ITSC

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown

Preferred Common Name

• coconut bug

Other Scientific Names

• Theraptus sp. (Way, 1951)

Local Common Names

• South Africa: Kokosneutbesie; Kokosneutstinkbesie

EPPO code

• PSDTWA (Pseudotheraptus wayi)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Arthropoda
•             Subphylum: Uniramia
•                 Class: Insecta
•                     Order: Hemiptera
•                         Suborder: Heteroptera
•                             Family: Coreidae
•                                 Genus: Pseudotheraptus
•                                     Species: Pseudotheraptus wayi

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

Natural Enemies

References

Bohlen E, 1973. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey.

Brown ES, 1955. Pseudotheraptus wayi, a new genus and species of coreid (Hemiptera) injurious to coconuts in East Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 46:221-240.

Bruwer IJ, 1987. Stinkbugs in macadamia orchards. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Information Bulletin, 178:2-4.

Bruwer IJ, 1992. The influence of various hemipteran species on macadamia and some factors which can limit nut damage. PhD Thesis. Stellenbosch, South Africa: University of Stellenbosch.

CABI/EPPO, 2014. Pseudotheraptus wayi. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 789.

De Villiers EA, 1990. Coconut bugs on avocados. Farming in South Africa, Avocado Series, H.5.

De Villiers EA, 1992. Coconut bug on guavas. Guavas Series, H.3.

De Villiers EA, 1994. Coconut bug in mangoes. Mangoes Series, H.4.

De Villiers EA, Van den Berg MA, 1987b. Avocado insects of South Africa. South Africa Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook, 10:75-79.

De Villiers EA, Wolmarans M, 1980a. Coconut bug, a pest on mango. Farming in South Africa, Mango Series, H.2.

De Villiers EA, Wolmarans M, 1980b. Coconut bug - a pest on guava. Farming in South Africa, Guava Series, H.2.

Dennill GB, Erasmus MJ, 1991. A packhouse survey of insect damage to avocados in the Nelspruit/Hazyview area during 1990. Yearbook - South African Avocado Growers' Association, 14:79-82.

Du Toit WJ, De Villiers EA, 1990. Identifisering van avokadovrugletsels wat deur insekte veroorsaak word. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook, 13:56-60.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Erichson C, Schoeman A, 1992. Economic losses due to insect pests on avocado fruit in the Nelspruit/Hazyview region of South Africa during 1991. Yearbook - South African Avocado Growers' Association, 15:49-54; 29 ref.

Froneman IJ, De Villiers EA, 1993. Stinkbugs. In: The Cultivation of Macadamias. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Bulletin, 426:49-52.

Greathead DJ, 1971. A review of biological control in the Ethiopian Region. CIBC Technical Communication No. 5. Farnham Royal, UK: CAB International.

Hill DS, 1975. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge UK, [12 +] 516 pp.

Joubert PH, 1993. Kokosneutstinkbesie by avokado's. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Information Bulletin, 252:6-7.

Joubert PH, 1997. Future strategy for the control of macadamia pests and current control methods. The Southern Africa Macadamia Growers' Association Yearbook, 5:60-64.

Joubert PH, Claassens VE, 1994. Stinkbug damage on avocado fruit in the Nelspruit region. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook, 17:106-108.

Joubert PH, Neethling C, 1994. Kernel damage to pecan nuts in the Nelspruit area of South Africa. Journal of the Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences, 4(2):42-44.

Joubert PH, Neethling C, 1995. Stinkbug damage to pecan nuts on Mataffin farm. Subtropica, 16(5):16-20.

Krause M, Nel A, Van Zyl K, 1996. A guide to the use of pesticides and fungicides in the Republic of South Africa. Thirty-seventh Revised Edition. Pretoria, South Africa: Government Printer.

Meulen Tvan der, 1992. Assessment of damage caused by the coconut bug Pseudotheraptus wayi (Brown) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on guavas. Fruits (Paris), 47(2):317-320; 11 ref.

Schoeman P, Mohlala R, 2013. The impact of Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on premature fruit drop and yield of Litchi chinensis in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. International Journal of Pest Management, 59(4):303-305. http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ttpm20

Van der Meulen T, 1989. Kokosneutstinkbesie ruk hande uit. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Information Bulletin, 202:4-5.

Vanderplank FL, 1953. Causes of coconut nutfall and gumosis. Nature, 1972:315-316.

Vanderplank FL, 1958. Studies on the coconut pest, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Coreidae), in Zanzibar. 1. A method of assessing the damage caused by the insect. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 49:559-584.

Viljoen HM, 1986. Kokosneutstinkbesie- 'n potensiële plaag op avokado's. South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook, 9:72-74.

Way MJ, 1951. An insect pest of coconuts and its relationship to certain ant species. Nature, 168:302.

Way MJ, 1953. The relationship between certain ant species with particular reference to biological control of the coreid, Theraptus sp. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44:669-691.

Way MJ, 1953a. Studies on Theraptus sp. (Coreidae); The cause of the gumming diseases of coconuts in East Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44:657-667.

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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