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Datasheet

Paratrichodorus porosus

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 16 December 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Paratrichodorus porosus
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Nematoda
  •             Family: Trichodoridae
  •                 Genus: Paratrichodorus

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Line drawing of P. porosus - A. Amphid. B. Oesophageal region of female. C. Stylet region of female. D. Basal oesophageal region of male. E. Tale end of male. F. Oesophageal region of male. G. En face view of female. H. Entire female. I-J. Lateral and ventral views of vulva region showing vulva and ventromedian advulval body pores.
TitleP. porosus
CaptionLine drawing of P. porosus - A. Amphid. B. Oesophageal region of female. C. Stylet region of female. D. Basal oesophageal region of male. E. Tale end of male. F. Oesophageal region of male. G. En face view of female. H. Entire female. I-J. Lateral and ventral views of vulva region showing vulva and ventromedian advulval body pores.
CopyrightM.R. Siddiqi
Line drawing of P. porosus - A. Amphid. B. Oesophageal region of female. C. Stylet region of female. D. Basal oesophageal region of male. E. Tale end of male. F. Oesophageal region of male. G. En face view of female. H. Entire female. I-J. Lateral and ventral views of vulva region showing vulva and ventromedian advulval body pores.
P. porosusLine drawing of P. porosus - A. Amphid. B. Oesophageal region of female. C. Stylet region of female. D. Basal oesophageal region of male. E. Tale end of male. F. Oesophageal region of male. G. En face view of female. H. Entire female. I-J. Lateral and ventral views of vulva region showing vulva and ventromedian advulval body pores.M.R. Siddiqi

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974

Other Scientific Names

  • Atlantadorus porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1980
  • Paratrichodorus (Atlantadorus) porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974
  • Trichodorus bucrius Lordello & Zamith, 1958
  • Trichodorus porosus Allen, 1957

EPPO code

  • TRIHPS (Paratrichodorus porosus)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Nematoda
  •             Family: Trichodoridae
  •                 Genus: Paratrichodorus
  •                     Species: Paratrichodorus porosus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ChinaPresentLiu & Cheng, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-FujianPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-YunnanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-ZhejiangAbsent, intercepted onlyCABI/EPPO, 2009
IndiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-RajasthanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-SikkimPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-Uttar PradeshPresentSiddiqi, 1962; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-West BengalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Gilan
JapanWidespreadMamiya, 1967; Nishizawa, 1975; Shishida, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-ShikokuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
Korea, Republic ofPresentLee, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Sri LankaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
UzbekistanPresentBratus', 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009
VietnamPresentChau, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2009

AFRICA

South AfricaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2009; Vermeulen & Heyns 1983, 1985

NORTH AMERICA

USAPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-AlabamaPresentAllen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-ArkansasPresentDecraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-CaliforniaWidespreadAllen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-FloridaWidespreadDecraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-HawaiiPresentAllen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-MichiganPresentDecraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-New JerseyPresentDecraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-North CarolinaWidespreadChévres-Román et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-South CarolinaPresentChévres-Román et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-TennesseePresentDecraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Costa RicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009

SOUTH AMERICA

BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-BahiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-Sao PauloWidespreadGomes Carneiro et al., 1980; Lordello & Zamith, 1958; CABI/EPPO, 2009
ChilePresentCABI/EPPO, 2009

EUROPE

ItalyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
PortugalPresentSturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-AzoresPresentSturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-MadeiraPresentSturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Russian FederationPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-Central RussiaPresentBratus', 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009
UKAbsent, intercepted onlyCABI/EPPO, 2009

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
-New South WalesWidespreadMcLeod, 1979; Anderson, 1965; CABI/EPPO, 2009
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009; Sheedy et al., 2010
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009
Papua New GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2009

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)MalvaceaeOther
Acer palmatum (Japanese maple)AceraceaeWild host
Allium cepa (onion)LiliaceaeMain
Allium sativum (garlic)LiliaceaeOther
Aphananthe aspera (muku)UlmaceaeWild host
Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba)CornaceaeWild host
Bambusa tuldoides (punting-pole bamboo)PoaceaeWild host
Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo)PoaceaeOther
Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage)BrassicaceaeMain
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (Chinese cabbage)BrassicaceaeMain
ButiaArecaceaeWild host
Callicarpa japonicaLamiaceaeWild host
CamelliaTheaceaeMain
Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeMain
Carpinus tschonoskiiBetulaceaeWild host
Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut)FagaceaeWild host
Castanopsis cuspidata (chinkapin)FagaceaeWild host
Casuarina (beefwood)CasuarinaceaeWild host
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina)CasuarinaceaeWild host
Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm)UlmaceaeWild host
Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura)CercidiphyllaceaeWild host
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel)LauraceaeWild host
Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon)RutaceaeMain
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeMain
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeMain
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeMain
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)RutaceaeMain
Cleyera japonicaTheaceaeWild host
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)TaxodiaceaeWild host
Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin)CucurbitaceaeOther
Daphniphyllum macropodumDaphniphyllaceaeWild host
Dioscorea (yam)DioscoreaceaeMain
EucalyptusMyrtaceaeOther
Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia)AraliaceaeWild host
Ficus carica (fig)MoraceaeOther
GardeniaRubiaceaeOther
Ginkgo biloba (kew tree)GinkgoaceaeWild host
Glycine max (soyabean)FabaceaeOther
Gossypium (cotton)MalvaceaeOther
Hordeum vulgare (barley)PoaceaeHabitat/association
Idesia polycarpa (idesia)FlacourtiaceaeWild host
Ilex crenata (Japanese holly)AquifoliaceaeWild host
Ilex integra (mochi)AquifoliaceaeWild host
Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly)AquifoliaceaeWild host
Juglans regia (walnut)JuglandaceaeMain
Juniperus (junipers)CupressaceaeWild host
Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle)LythraceaeOther
Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet)OleaceaeOther
Lupinus (lupins)FabaceaeOther
Lycopersicon peruvianumSolanaceaeMain
Magnolia hypoleuca (japanese big-leaved magnolia)MagnoliaceaeWild host
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeOther
Morus alba (mora)MoraceaeOther
Musa (banana)MusaceaeMain
Musa acuminata (wild banana)MusaceaeWild host
Musa x paradisiaca (plantain)MusaceaeMain
Neolitsea sericeaLauraceaeWild host
Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive)OleaceaeOther
Persea americana (avocado)LauraceaeOther
Pinopsida (conifers)Wild host
Pinus densiflora (Japanese umbrella pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobusPinaceaeWild host
Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum)PittosporaceaeWild host
Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange)RutaceaeOther
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)RosaceaeMain
Prunus domestica (plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeMain
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus serrulata (Japanese flowering cherry)RosaceaeOther
Pyrus amygdaliformisRosaceaeWild host
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeMain
Quercus acutissima (sawtooth oak)FagaceaeWild host
Quercus glandulifera (Glandbearing oak)FagaceaeWild host
Quercus salicinaFagaceaeWild host
Rhododendron (Azalea)EricaceaeOther
Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea)EricaceaeWild host
Rosa (roses)RosaceaeOther
Rubus loganobaccus (loganberry)RosaceaeMain
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)PoaceaeMain
Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)PoaceaeMain
Tagetes erecta (African marigold)AsteraceaeMain
Tagetes patula (French marigold)AsteraceaeMain
Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew)TaxaceaeWild host
Ternstroemia gymnantheraTheaceaeWild host
Viburnum odoratissimumCaprifoliaceaeWild host
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)VitaceaeMain
Zea mays (maize)PoaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageSeedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

premature drop

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal patterns
wilting

Roots

reduced root system
soft rot of cortex
stubby roots

Stems

dieback

Whole plant

dwarfing
plant dead; dieback

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Growing medium accompanying plantsadults; eggs; juvenilesNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Rootsadults; eggs; juvenilesNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsadults; eggs; juvenilesNoYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Leaves
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Allen MW, 1957. A review of the nematode genus Trichodorus with descriptions of ten new species. Nematologica, 2:32-62.

Anderson EJ, 1965. Plant-parasitic nematodes in fruit trees nurseries of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 90:225-230

Ayala A, Allen MW, 1966. Transmission of the Californian tobacco rattle virus by three species of the nematode genus Trichodorus. Nematologica, 12:87.

Ayala A, Allen MW, 1968. Transmission of the California tobacco rattle virus, CTRV. by three species of the nematode genus Trichodorus. Journal of Agriculture, University of Puerto Rico, 52:101-125.

AYALA A, ALLEN MW, NOFFSINGER EM, 1970. Host range, biology, and factors affecting survival and reproduction of the stubby root nematode. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 54:341-369.

Barriga R, 1965. Parasitism of Camellias by some nematode species. Nematologica, 34:34.

Bird GW, 1971. Digestive system of Trichodorus porosus. Journal of Nematology 3(1):50-57.

Bratus' EI, 1976. The nematode fauna of onion and its rhizosphere in the Tashkent area. VIII Vsesoyuznoe soveshchanie no nematodnym boleznyam sel'skokhozyaistvennykh kul'tur. Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii. Kishinev, USSR: Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 127-128.

CABI/EPPO, 2009. Paratrichodorus porosus. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 1066 (Edition 1).

Carneiro RMDG, Carneiro RG, Monteiro AR, 1982. Vertical distribution of four sugarcane nematodes in relation to soil factors. In: : Lordello LGE, ed. Trabalhos apresentados a VI reuniao Brasileira de nematologia, 8-12 fevereiro de 1982, Fortaleza. Publicacao No. 6. Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia, 117-132

Chau NN, 1997. On some trichodorids (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) from Vietnam. International Journal of Nematology, 7(1):80-84; 10 ref.

Chévres-Román R, Gross HD, Sasser JN, 1971. Influence of selected nematode species and number of consecutive plantings of corn and sorghum on forage production, chemical composition and plant and soil, and water use efficiency. Nematropica, 1(2):40-41.

Decraemer W, 1995. The family Trichodoridae: stubby root and virus vector nematodes. The family Trichodoridae: stubby root and virus vector nematodes., xvi + 360 pp.; [Developments In Plant Pathology 6]; 15 pp. of ref.

Gomes Carneiro RMD, Lordello LGE, Gomes Carneiro R, Rocha Monteiro A, 1980. Population fluctuations of four nematode species parasitic on sugar-cane in relation to rainfall and soil humidity. In: Lordello LGE, ed. Trabalhos apresentados a IV Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 16-20 de julho de 1979, Sao Paulo. Publicacao No. 4. Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia,127-141

Heyns J, 1975. Paratrichodorus christei. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 5, No. 69. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 4 pp.

Khan TH, Jairajpuri MS, Ahmad W, 1989. Descriptions of some new and known species of dorylaim nematodes. Nematologica, 35(4):419-437; 13 ref.

Lee YB, 1976. Two genera of Trichodoridae (Trichodoroidea: Nematoda) new to Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 15(2):75-78

Liu R, Cheng H, 1990. Occurrence of trichodorid species (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) in China. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 13:50-54.

Lordello LGE, Zamith APL, 1958. Nota sobre género Trichodorus Cobb, 1913, com descritâo de Trichodorus bucrius sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Ann. Acad. Brs. Sci., 30:103-105.

Mamiya Y, 1967. Descriptive notes on three species of Trichodorus (Dorylaimida: Trichodoridae) from forest nurseries in Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2:61-68.

McLeod RW, 1979. Plant parasitic and soil nematodes found in New South Wales. Department of Agriculture, New South Wales. Science Bulletin, 87:1-48.

Nishizawa T, 1973. Pathogenicity of Trichodorus porosus to Chinese yam. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 3:33-37

Nishizawa T, 1973. Study of the causal agents of the black scurf-like syndrome of Chinese yam by inoculation experiments. 17th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Nagano, Japan 3-5 April 1973, 136

Nishizawa T, 1975. Investigation on morphological variation, reproduction and host range of Paratrichodorus (Atlantadorus) porosus. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 5:26-31

Pedram M, Pourjam E, Panahandeh Y, Soleymanzadeh M, Atighi MR, Roshan-Bakhsh A, Ehsani A, 2015. Additional data on Iranian trichodorids (Triplonchida: Trichodoridae) and proposal for a new synonymy. Nematology, 17(10):1185-1191. http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15685411-00002933

Sheedy JG, Clewett TG, Hodda M, Thompson JP, 2010. First record of stubby-root nematode (Paratrichodorus porosus) associated with barley in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 5(1):66-69. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/208.htm

Shishida Y, 1979. Studies on nematodes parasitic on woody plants. 1. Family Trichodoridae (Thorne, 1933) Clark, 1961. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 9:28-44

Siddiqi MR, 1962. Trichodorus pakistanensis n.sp. (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) with observations on T. porosus Allen, 1957, T. mirzai Siddiqi, 1960, and T. minor Colbran, 1956, from India. Nematologica, 8:193-200.

Siddiqi MR, 1980. On the generic status of Atlantadorus Siddiqi, 1974 and Nanidorus Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Trichodoridae). Systematic Parasitology, 1(2):151-152

Sturhan D, 1973. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreise auf die Azoren 1969. II. Zur Nematodenfauna der Azoren. Bolm. Mus. munic. Funchal., 27:18-25.

Vermeulen WJJ, Heyns J, 1983. Studies on Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from South Africa. Phytophylactica, 15(1):17-34

Vermeulen WJJ, Heyns J, 1985. Further studies on southern African Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Phytophylactica, 16:301-305.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryChile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009China: Present
Liu & Cheng, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2009China: Present
Liu & Cheng, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2009China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCosta Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Japan: Widespread
Mamiya, 1967; Nishizawa, 1975; Shishida, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2009Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKorea, Republic of: Present
Lee, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Portugal: Present
Sturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUzbekistan: Present
Bratus', 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009Vietnam: Present
Chau, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2009South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2009
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) China: Present
Liu & Cheng, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2009Fujian: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Yunnan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Rajasthan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Sikkim: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Uttar Pradesh: Present
Siddiqi, 1962; CABI/EPPO, 2009West Bengal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Japan: Widespread
Mamiya, 1967; Nishizawa, 1975; Shishida, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2009Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Shikoku: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Korea, Republic of: Present
Lee, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Uzbekistan: Present
Bratus', 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009Vietnam: Present
Chau, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (europe) Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Portugal: Present
Sturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009Azores: Present
Sturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009Madeira: Present
Sturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Central Russia: Present
Bratus', 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (africa) Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Pedram et al., 2015Madeira: Present
Sturhan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2009South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (north america) USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Alabama: Present
Allen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009Arkansas: Present
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009California: Widespread
Allen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009Florida: Widespread
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009Hawaii: Present
Allen, 1957; CABI/EPPO, 2009Michigan: Present
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009North Carolina: Widespread
Chévres-Román et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2009New Jersey: Present
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009South Carolina: Present
Chévres-Román et al., 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2009Tennessee: Present
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (central america) Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Florida: Widespread
Decraemer, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (south america) Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Bahia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Sao Paulo: Widespread
Gomes Carneiro et al., 1980; Lordello & Zamith, 1958; CABI/EPPO, 2009Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009New South Wales: Widespread
McLeod, 1979; Anderson, 1965; CABI/EPPO, 2009Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009; Sheedy et al., 2010Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009China: Present
Liu & Cheng, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2009Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2009