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Datasheet

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (almond bud failure)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 14 December 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
  • Preferred Common Name
  • almond bud failure
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Bromoviridae
  •                 Genus: Ilarvirus

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Shot-hole and shedding of sweet cherry leaf blades infected by PNSRV (shock symptoms).
TitleShot-hole and shedding of sweet cherry
CaptionShot-hole and shedding of sweet cherry leaf blades infected by PNSRV (shock symptoms).
CopyrightG.P. Martelli
Shot-hole and shedding of sweet cherry leaf blades infected by PNSRV (shock symptoms).
Shot-hole and shedding of sweet cherryShot-hole and shedding of sweet cherry leaf blades infected by PNSRV (shock symptoms).G.P. Martelli

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Prunus necrotic ringspot virus

Preferred Common Name

  • almond bud failure

Subspecies

  • Cherry rugose mosaic virus

Other Scientific Names

  • Cherry line pattern virus
  • European plum line pattern virus
  • Hop B virus
  • Hop C virus
  • North American plum line pattern virus
  • Peach ringspot virus
  • Plum (North American) line pattern virus
  • Plum line pattern virus (in part)
  • Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus
  • Prunus ringspot virus
  • Rose chlorotic mottle virus
  • Rose line pattern virus
  • Rose vein banding virus
  • Rose yellow mosaic virus
  • Rose yellow vein mosaic virus
  • Sour cherry necrotic ringspot virus

International Common Names

  • English: almond calico; almond line pattern; almond necrotic ringspot; apricot line pattern; apricot necrotic ringspot; cherry (sour) necrotic ringspot virus; cherry lace leaf; cherry line pattern; cherry necrotic ringspot; cherry ringspot; cherry rugose mosaic; cherry stecklenberger disease; cherry tatter leaf; necrotic ringspot virus; peach mule's ear; peach necrotic leafspot; peach necrotic ringspot; peach ringspot; peach willow leaf; plum decline; plum oak leaf; sour cherry fruit necrosis; sour cherry line mosaic; sour cherry necrotic ringspot
  • Spanish: virus del annilado necrotico de los prunus
  • French: virus dea anneaux necrotiques du prunus

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Nekrotischen Ringfecken-Virus der Prunus; Nekrotisches Ringfeckenvirus der Kirsche; Pflaumenverfall; Stecklenberger Krankheit: Prunus
  • Italy: virus della maculatura anulare necrotica dei prunu

English acronym

  • PNRSV

EPPO code

  • PNRSV0 (Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Family: Bromoviridae
  •                 Genus: Ilarvirus
  •                     Species: Prunus necrotic ringspot virus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentEPPO, 2014
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-BeijingPresentLi et al., 2005
-GansuPresentEPPO, 2014
-HenanPresentEPPO, 2014
-JiangsuPresentEPPO, 2014
-ShaanxiPresentRuan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-SichuanPresentLiu et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014
-YunnanPresentWang et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014
-ZhejiangPresentZhu et al., 2009
IndiaPresentGiri, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-Himachal PradeshPresentAnupama et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013
IsraelWidespreadStein et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentKishi, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
JordanRestricted distributionDunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
LebanonWidespreadJawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Saudi ArabiaPresentKhalid & Adel, 2011; EPPO, 2014
SyriaPresentDunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
TurkeyWidespreadDunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

AlgeriaPresentRouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014
EgyptPresentAwad et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
MoroccoPresentColin & Goethals, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
South AfricaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Engelbrechet et al., 1974
TunisiaWidespreadZeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-British ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-OntarioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Davidson & Rundan, 1972
MexicoPresentTorre-Almaraz et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014
USAPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaWidespreadUyemoto et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-ColoradoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-ConnecticutPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-DelawarePresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-FloridaPresentManners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-GeorgiaPresentWells et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-IdahoPresentHelton, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-LouisianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MarylandPresentCiverolo & Mircetich, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MassachusettsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MichiganPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-MontanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-New JerseyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentWong et al., 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-North DakotaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-OregonPresentKlein & Husfloen, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-PennsylvaniaPresentJaffee et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-South CarolinaPresentScott et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-TexasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-UtahPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-VermontPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-VirginiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-WashingtonWidespreadSmith & Skotland, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-WisconsinPresentMink et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-WyomingPresentHampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Dal Zotto & Docampo, 1998
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-Rio Grande do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
ChilePresentAscui & Alvarez, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
UruguayPresentTozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

AlbaniaWidespreadMyrta et al., 1996; EPPO, 2014
AustriaPresentVukovits, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
BelgiumPresentColin & Verhoyen, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Bosnia-HercegovinaPresentEPPO, 2014
BulgariaPresentTopchiiska, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
CroatiaPresentSaric & Velagic, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
CyprusWidespreadDunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Czech RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentPaulechova & Baumgartnerova, 1974
DenmarkPresentBegtrup et al., 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
FranceWidespreadCardin & Devergne, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
GermanyWidespreadCasper & Kunze, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
GreeceWidespreadSyrgianidis, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
HungaryWidespreadNemeth & Kolber, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
ItalyWidespreadSavino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
LatviaPresentEPPO, 2014
MaltaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
MoldovaPresentBogush et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
MontenegroPresentZindovic et al., 2013; EPPO, 2014
NetherlandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; NPPO of the Netherlands, 2013Present, not in Rubus spp.
PolandPresentPaduch-Cichal & Skrzeczkowska, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
PortugalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-AzoresRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Mendonca et al., 1998
RomaniaPresentMacovei, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Russian FederationPresentUpadyshev, 1996
SerbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
SlovakiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
SpainWidespreadLlacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
SwedenWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
UKWidespreadAdams et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
UkrainePresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Yugoslavia (former)PresentRankovic, 1980
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2002

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-New South WalesPresentPares et al., 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-QueenslandPresentGreber et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-South AustraliaPresentMekuria et al., 2005
-TasmaniaPresentJohnstone et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
-VictoriaPresentMoran et al., 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
FijiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
New ZealandWidespreadWood & Fry, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

discoloration
obvious exit hole
reduced size

Inflorescence

discoloration (non-graminaceous plants)

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal forms
abnormal patterns
shredding

Whole plant

distortion; rosetting

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
LeavesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
RootsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
True seeds (inc. grain)YesPest or symptoms usually invisible

References

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Adams AN, Barbara DJ, Davies DL, 1987. The etiology of hop chlorotic disease. Annals of Applied Biology, 111(2):365-371

Anupama Sharma, Raja Ram, Zaidi AA, 1998. Rubus ellipticus, a perennial weed host of prunus necrotic ring spot virus in India. Plant Disease, 82(11):1283.

Aparicio F, Myrta A, Terlizzi Bdi, Pallßs V, 1999. Molecular variability among isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus from different Prunus spp. Phytopathology, 89(11):991-999; 28 ref.

Aparicio F, Sßnchez-Pina MA, Sßnchez-Navarro JA, Pallßs V, 1999. Location of prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus within pollen grains of infected nectarine trees: evidence from RT-PCR, dot-blot and in situ hybridisation. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 105(6):623-627; 20 ref.

Ascui M L, Alvarez A M, 1988. Identification of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (NRSV) by ELISA. Agricultura Tecnica (Santiago), 48(2):71-74

Awad MAE, Ibrahem LM, Aboul-Ata AE, Ziedan M, Mazyad HM, Abdel-Aziz E, Mansour N, 1998. Virus-free plum and peach mother plant production in Egypt. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:531-536; 7 ref.

Barba M, 1986. Detection of apple mosaic and Prunus necrotic ringspot viruses in almond by ELISA. Archiv fnr Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, 22(4):279-282

Barbara DJ, Clark MF, Thresh JM, Casper R, 1978. Rapid detection and serotyping of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in perennial crops by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Annals of Applied Biology, 90(3):395-399

Barnett OW, Fulton RW, 1969. Some chemical properties of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Tulare apple mosaic virus. Virology, 39:556-561.

Begtrup J, Jorgensen K, Thomsen A, 1985. Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRV) identified with ISEM directly from the trees. Tidsskrift for Planteavl, 89(1):81-84

Bogush LYu, Chernets AM, Bondarenko SS, 1984. In vitro propagation of sour cherry cultivars after heat treatment. Sadovodstvo, Vinogradarstvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, No. 6:33-34

CABI/EPPO, 2002. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 875. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Cambra M, Llacer G, Perez de Sanroman C, 1982. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for virus detection in stone fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae, 130:145-150.

Cambra M, Olmos A, Asensio M, Esteban O, Candresse T, Gorris MT, Boscia D, 1998. Detection and typing of Prunus viruses in plant tissues and in vectors by print and spot-capture PCR, heminested-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:257-263; 14 ref.

Cambra M, Olmos A, Candresse T, Gorris MT, 1997. Detection of prunus viruses by print-capture PCR. Bulletin OEPP, 27(4):535-537; 5 ref.

Candresse T, Kofalvi SA, Lanneau M, Dunez J, 1998. A PCR-ELISA procedure for the simultaneous detection and identification of prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and apple mosaic (ApMV) ilarviruses. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:219-225; 21 ref.

Cardin L, Devergne J-C, 1975. Occurrence on rose of a virus belonging to Prunus necrotic ringspot group/(NRSV). Indexing methods on indicators. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 14(2/3):106-112

Casper R, 1973. Serological properties of Prunus necrotic ringspot and apple mosaic virus isolates from rose. Phytopathology, 63(2):238-240

Casper R, Kunze L, 1972. Serologischer Reihentest auf Beafall mit Prunus necrotic ringspot virus zum Nachweis der Stecklenberger Krankheit. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pzlanzenschutzdienstes Stuttgart, 24:20-24.

Chandel V, Rana T, Hallan V, Zaidi AA, 2008. Occurrence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus on nectarine (Prunus persica) in India. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 38(2):223-225. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/epp

Civerolo EL, Mircetich SM, 1972. A peach isolate of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Phytopathology, 62:529-532.

Cochran LC, Hutchins LM, 1941. A severe ring spot virosis on peach. Phytopathology, 31:860.

Cole A, Mink GI, Regev S, 1982. Location of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus on pollen grains from infected almond and cherry trees. Phytopathology, 72(12):1542-1545

Colin J, Goethals M, 1978. Characterization of an isolate of Prunus necrotic ring spot virus obtained from almond in Morocco. Parasitica, 34(3):221-228

Colin J, Verhoyen M, 1975. Virus identification in ornamental Prunus spp. in Belgium. Revue de l'Agriculture, 28(4):935-951

Crosslin JM, Mink GI, 1992. Biophysical differences among prunus necrotic ringspot ilarviruses. Phytopathology, 82(2):200-206

Dal Zotto A, Docampo DM, 1998. Variantes del Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus en durazneros (Prunus persicae L.) y ceresos (P. avium) en Argentina. Fitopatologia, 33:116-121.

Damsteegt VD, Waterworth HE, Mink GI, Howell WE, Levy L, 1997. Prunus tomentosa as a diagnostic host for detection of plum pox virus and other Prunus viruses. Plant Disease, 81(4):329-332; 12 ref.

Davidson RT, 1976. Field spread of Prunus necrotic ringspot in sour cherries in Ontario. Plant Disease Reporter, 60(12):1080-1082

Davidson RT, Rundans V, 1972. Detection of necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses by indexing dormant cherry buds on herbaceous plants. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 52:915-920.

Deogratias JM, Dosba F, Lutz A, 1989. Eradication of prune dwarf virus, prunus necrotic ringspot virus, and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus in tissue cultured sweet cherry. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 11(4):332-336

Desvignes JC, 1999. Maladies a Virus des Arbres Fruitiers. Editions Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et LTgumes, Paris.

Digiaro M, Savino V, 1992. Role of pollen and seeds in the spread of ilarviruses in almond. Advances in Horticultural Science, 6(3):134-136

Digiaro M, Savino V, Terlizzi B di, Martelli GP, 1992. The relationship of ilarviruses to almond mosaic. Advances in Horticultural Science, 6(4):161-166

Dunez J, 1986. Preliminary observations on virus and virus-like diseases of stone-fruit trees in the Mediterranean and Near East countries. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34(1):43-48

Engelbrecht DJ, Meyer PJ, van der Walt WJK, 1974. A virus-induced rosetting and decline in peach orchards. Deciduous Fruit Grower, 24:131-133.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Francki RIB, 1985. The viruses and their taxonomy. In: Francki RIB, ed. The Plant Viruses; Vol. 1. Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes. New York, USA; London, UK: Plenum Press, 1-18.

Fridlund PR, 1976. IR-2, the interregional deciduous tree fruit repository. Virus Diseases and Non-infectious Disorders of Stone Fruits in North America. USDA Agricultural Handbook, 435:16-22.

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Fulton RW, 1981. Ilarviruses In: Kurstak E, ed. Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis. North Holland, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 377-421.

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Garrett RG, Cooper JA, Smith PR, 1985. Virus epidemiology and control. In: Francki RIB, ed. The Plant Viruses; Vol. 1. Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes. New York, USA; London, UK: Plenum Press, 269-297.

Gella R, Errea P, 1998. Application of in vitro therapy for ilarvirus elimination in three Prunus species. Journal of Phytopathology, 146(8/9):445-449; 23 ref.

George JA, Davidson TR, 1963. Pollen transmission of necrotic ringspot and sour cherry yellows viruses from tree to tree. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 43:276-288.

Giri BK, 1980. Graftage placing in relation to infectivity of mosaic and line pattern viruses of plum. Indian Phytopathology, 33(2):346

Greber RS, Klose MJ, Milne JR, Teakle DS, 1991. Transmission of prunus necrotic ringspot virus using plum pollen and thrips. Annals of Applied Biology, 118(3):589-593

Greber RS, Teakle DS, Mink GI, 1992. Thrips-facilitated transmission of prune dwarf and prunus necrotic ringspot viruses from cherry pollen to cucumber. Plant Disease, 76(10):1039-1041

Gruntzig M, Fuchs E, 1988. Comparison of different methods for detecting prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV), prune dwarf virus (PDV) and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in plum trees. Zentralblatt fnr Mikrobiologie, 143(1):25-37

Guo D, Maiss E, Adam G, Casper R, 1995. Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus: nucleotide sequence of RNA3 and the relationship to other ilarviruses based on coat protein comparison. Journal of General Virology, 76(5):1073-1079

Halk EL, Hsu HT, pbig J, Franke J, 1984. Production of monoclonal antibodies against three ilarviruses and alfalfa mosaic virus and their use in serotyping. Phytopathology, 74(3):367-372

Hamilton RI, 1985. Virus transmission. In: Francki RIB, ed. The Plant Viruses; Vol. 1, Polyhedral Virions with Tripartite Genomes. New York, USA and London, UK: Plenum Press, 245-267.

Hamilton RI, Nichols C, Valentine B, 1984. Survey for Prunus necrotic ringspot and other viruses contaminating the exine of pollen collected by bees. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 6(3):196-199

Hammond RW, Crosslin JM, 1995. The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 3 of a peach isolate or prunus necrotic ringspot virus. Virology (New York), 208(1):349-353; 29 ref.

Hammond RW, Crosslin JM, 1998. Virulence and molecular polymorphism of prunus necrotic ringspot virus isolates. Journal of General Virology, 79(7):1815-1823; 33 ref.

Hampton RO, 1988. Health status (virus) of native North American Humulus lupulus in the natural habitat. Journal of Phytopathology, 123(4):353-361

Hay FS, Close RC, Fletcher JD, Ashby JW, 1992. Incidence and spread of viruses in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 20(3):319-327

Helton AW, 1974. Effects of Prunus ringspot virus on growth and productivity of Richards Early Italian prune trees. Phytopathology, 64(9):1179-1181

Heuss K, Liu Q, Hammerschlag FA, Hammond RW, 1999. A cRNA probe detects prunus necrotic ringspot virus in three peach cultivars after micrografting and in peach shoots following long-term culture at 4¦C. HortScience, 34(2):346-347; 6 ref.

Heuss K, Liu Q, Hammond RW, Hammerschlag FA, 1998. Transmission of prunus necrotic ringspot virus to three peach cultivars as measured by RNA hybridization following In vitro micrografting. Acta Horticulturae, No. 472:211-217; 28 ref.

Hilsendengen P, 1999. Untersuchung zur Toleranz verschiedener Sauerkirschsorten gegen Stecklenberger-Virose (PNRSV). Erwerbsobstbau, 41:192-197.

Jaffee BA, Powell CA, Derr MA, 1986. Incidence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in some Pennsylvania peach orchards and nurseries. Plant Disease, 70(7):688-689

Jawar J, Di Terlizzi B, Khoury W, Savino V, 1996. Preliminary account of the phytosanitary status of stone fruit trees in Lebanon. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 26:161-166.

Johnstone GR, Munro D, Brown GS, Skotland CB, 1995. Serological detection, occurrence and spread of ilarviruses in temperate fruit crops, hops and roses in Tasmania. Acta Horticulturae, No. 386:132-135; 12 ref.

Juarez J, Arregui JM, Camarasa E, Cambra M, Llacer G, Ortega C, Ortega V, Navarro L, 1989. Recovery of virus-free peach trees from selected clones by shoot-tip grafting in vitro. Acta Horticulturae, No. 235:77-83

Kajati I, Szonyegi S, 1996. The occurrence of and damage caused by prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRV) on sour cherries in Hungary in the 1960s and 1990s. Acta Horticulturae, No. 410:325-330; 15 ref.

Kelley RD, Cameron HR, 1986. Location of prune dwarf and Prunus necrotic ringspot viruses associated with sweet cherry pollen and seed. Phytopathology, 76(3):317-322

Khalid Alhudaib, Adel Rezk, 2011. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and peach (P. persica) newly reported in Saudi Arabia. New Disease Reports, 23:Article 26. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/pdfs/023/NDR_023026.pdf

Kirkpatrick HC, Lindner RC, Cheney PW, 1967. A selective host range for certain mechanically transmitted stone fruit viruses. Plant Disease Reporter, 51:786-790.

Kishi K, 1974. Studies on virus diseases of citrus, pear and peach. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 40(3):162-164

Klein RE, Husfloen SD, 1995. Incidence of five viruses in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Disease, 79(4):425

Klos EK, Parker KG, 1960. Yields of sour cherry affected by ringspots and yellows viruses. Phytopathology, 50:412-415.

Kulshrestha S, Verma N, Hallan V, Raikhy G, Singh MK, Ram R, Zaidi AA, 2005. Detection and identification of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in Pelargonium. Australasian Plant Pathology, 34(4):599-601.

Lang G, Howell W, Mink GI, 1997. Virus tolerance and sensitivity of cherry rootstocks. Good Fruit Grower, 48(10):22-26.

Lazarova-Topchiiska M, 1984. Effect of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus on the reproductive characteristics of peach. Gradinarska i Lozarska Nauka, 21(6):45-50

Li MingFu, Zhang YongJiang, Huang Chong, Xiang Ning, Zhang XiuQin, Li GuiFen, Wei MeiSheng, Chen YanFang, 2005. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus found in cherry in Huairou, Beijing. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 35(6):552-554.

Liu Xiao, Barba M, Broggio M, Sallustio DE, Ragozzino E, Cheng Jian, Xie HongJiang, Liu JianJun, 2004. Field investigation and laboratory detection of virus-like diseases of stone fruit trees in Sichuan Province. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(5):613-617.

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MacKenzie DJ, McLean MA, Mukerji S, Green M, 1997. Improved RNA extraction from woody plants for the detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 81(2):222-226; 22 ref.

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Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
EPPO, 2014Albania: Widespread
Myrta et al., 1996; EPPO, 2014Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Austria: Present
Vukovits, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBosnia-Hercegovina: Present
EPPO, 2014Belgium: Present
Colin & Verhoyen, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Present
Topchiiska, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryChile: Present
Ascui & Alvarez, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): PresentCyprus: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Cyprus: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Germany: Widespread
Casper & Kunze, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
Begtrup et al., 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Awad et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014France: Widespread
Cardin & Devergne, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014UK: Widespread
Adams et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Greece: Widespread
Syrgianidis, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Greece: Widespread
Syrgianidis, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Croatia: Present
Saric & Velagic, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Widespread
Nemeth & Kolber, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Israel: Widespread
Stein et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Israel: Widespread
Stein et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014India: Present
Giri, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Italy: Widespread
Savino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Restricted distribution
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Restricted distribution
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kishi, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryLebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Latvia: Present
EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Colin & Goethals, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Colin & Goethals, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Bogush et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Montenegro: Present
Zindovic et al., 2013; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Torre-Almaraz et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Torre-Almaraz et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Widespread
Wood & Fry, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Paduch-Cichal & Skrzeczkowska, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRomania: Present
Macovei, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
Upadyshev, 1996Russian Federation: Present
Upadyshev, 1996Saudi Arabia: Present
Khalid & Adel, 2011; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
Khalid & Adel, 2011; EPPO, 2014Sweden: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Widespread
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Widespread
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
Tozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (former): Present
Rankovic, 1980Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Beijing: Present
Li et al., 2005Gansu: Present
EPPO, 2014Henan: Present
EPPO, 2014Jiangsu: Present
EPPO, 2014Sichuan: Present
Liu et al., 2004; EPPO, 2014Shaanxi: Present
Ruan et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Yunnan: Present
Wang et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014Zhejiang: Present
Zhu et al., 2009Israel: Widespread
Stein et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014India: Present
Giri, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Himachal Pradesh: Present
Anupama et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Jordan: Restricted distribution
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kishi, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
Upadyshev, 1996Saudi Arabia: Present
Khalid & Adel, 2011; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Widespread
Myrta et al., 1996; EPPO, 2014Austria: Present
Vukovits, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
EPPO, 2014Belgium: Present
Colin & Verhoyen, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Present
Topchiiska, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Czechoslovakia (former): PresentCyprus: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Germany: Widespread
Casper & Kunze, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Denmark: Present
Begtrup et al., 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014France: Widespread
Cardin & Devergne, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014UK: Widespread
Adams et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Greece: Widespread
Syrgianidis, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Croatia: Present
Saric & Velagic, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Widespread
Nemeth & Kolber, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Italy: Widespread
Savino et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Latvia: Present
EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Colin & Goethals, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Bogush et al., 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Montenegro: Present
Zindovic et al., 2013; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Poland: Present
Paduch-Cichal & Skrzeczkowska, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Azores: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Romania: Present
Macovei, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
Upadyshev, 1996Sweden: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Widespread
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (former): Present
Rankovic, 1980Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002
Distribution map (africa) Cyprus: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
Rouag et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Awad et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Spain: Widespread
Llacer et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Greece: Widespread
Syrgianidis, 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Israel: Widespread
Stein et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014; Sabaghian et al., 2013Jordan: Restricted distribution
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Widespread
Jawar et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
Colin & Goethals, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
Khalid & Adel, 2011; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Widespread
Zeramdini et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Widespread
Dunez, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014British Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Ontario: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Torre-Almaraz et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014California: Widespread
Uyemoto et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Colorado: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Connecticut: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Delaware: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
Manners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Georgia: Present
Wells et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Idaho: Present
Helton, 1974; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Louisiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Massachusetts: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Maryland: Present
Civerolo & Mircetich, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Michigan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Montana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014North Dakota: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014New Jersey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014New York: Present
Wong et al., 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Oregon: Present
Klein & Husfloen, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Pennsylvania: Present
Jaffee et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014South Carolina: Present
Scott et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Texas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Utah: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Virginia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Vermont: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Washington: Widespread
Smith & Skotland, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Wisconsin: Present
Mink et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Wyoming: Present
Hampton, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Present
Torre-Almaraz et al., 2008; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
Manners, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Rio Grande do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
Ascui & Alvarez, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Uruguay: Present
Tozzi et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014New South Wales: Present
Pares et al., 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Queensland: Present
Greber et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014South Australia: Present
Mekuria et al., 2005Tasmania: Present
Johnstone et al., 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Victoria: Present
Moran et al., 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Widespread
Wood & Fry, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2014