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Datasheet

Pandemis heparana (apple brown tortrix)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 05 September 2012
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Pandemis heparana
  • Preferred Common Name
  • apple brown tortrix
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
P. heparana; live adult at rest.  Ashtead, Surrey, UK. July 1986.
TitleP. heparana; live adult at rest
CaptionP. heparana; live adult at rest. Ashtead, Surrey, UK. July 1986.
CopyrightDavid Agassiz
P. heparana; live adult at rest.  Ashtead, Surrey, UK. July 1986.
P. heparana; live adult at restP. heparana; live adult at rest. Ashtead, Surrey, UK. July 1986.David Agassiz

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiffermüller

Preferred Common Name

  • apple brown tortrix

Other Scientific Names

  • Argyroploce heparana
  • Tortrix heparana Denis & Schiffermüller

International Common Names

  • English: brown tortrix moth (in Japan); dark fruit tree tortrix moth; tortrix moth, fruit tree
  • French: pandémis; tordeuse brune du pommier

Local Common Names

  • Denmark: chokoladebrun frugtbladvikler
  • Japan: ringo-tobi-hamaki
  • Netherlands: Leverkleurige bladroller
  • Sweden: chokladbrun fruktbladvecklare

EPPO code

  • PANDHE (Pandemis heparana)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Tortricidae
  •                             Genus: Pandemis
  •                                 Species: Pandemis heparana

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ChinaPresentHwang, 1974; APPPC, 1987
JapanPresentOku, 1993; Minamishima et al., 1996

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
-British ColumbiaRestricted distributionDoganlar & Beirne, 1979; Mutuura, 1980

EUROPE

BelgiumWidespreadVantieghem, 1994
BulgariaPresentDirimanov et al., 1980; Angelova, 1983
CroatiaPresentBaric & Ciglar, 2005
Czech RepublicPresentHrudová, 2005
EstoniaPresentOvsyannikova et al., 2002
FranceWidespreadChambon, 1986; Bassino et al., 1979; Audemard, 1986
GermanyWidespreadDickler, 1982; Hasselbach & Dickler, 1984
HungaryWidespreadMolnar et al., 1985; Osman & Balázs, 1988b; Osman & Balázs, 1988a; Jenser et al., 1997
ItalyWidespreadLozzia & Trematerra, 1986; Castellari, 1990; Ioriatti & Dalla Serra, 1992; Angeli et al., 1993; Waldner, 1996
NetherlandsWidespreadBlommers et al., 1987; Minks & van Deventer, 1992
PolandWidespreadKoslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Miczulski & Koslinska, 1976
RomaniaWidespreadSusea, 1986
Russian FederationPresentTolstova & Burkova, 1986; Shapar Sazonov, 1988
-SiberiaWidespreadTibatina Zolotarenko, 1976
SwedenPresentNorlander, 1977
SwitzerlandWidespreadJaenneret & Charmillot, 1997
UKWidespreadWardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996
UkraineWidespreadPralya et al., 1992
Yugoslavia (former)WidespreadInjac, 1983; Injac & Bakic, 1983; Krnjajic et al., 1993

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn)ElaeagnaceaeOther
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Prunus (stone fruit)RosaceaeMain
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

external feeding
lesions: scab or pitting
malformed skin
webbing

Inflorescence

external feeding

Leaves

external feeding
frass visible
leaves rolled or folded
webbing

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Actia pilipennisParasiteLarvae
Apanteles aterParasiteLarvae
Apanteles xanthostigmaParasiteLarvae
Apophua cicatrosaParasiteLarvae
Ascogaster reticulataParasiteLarvae
Ascogaster rufidensParasiteLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstakiPathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensisPathogenLarvae
Bessa parallelaParasiteLarvae
Clemelis pullataParasiteLarvae
Colpoclypeus florusParasite
Eurysthaea scutellarisParasiteLarvae
Glypta flavolineataParasiteLarvae
Glypta varicoxaParasiteLarvae
Itoplectis alternansParasite
Macrocentrus linearisParasiteLarvae
Macrocentrus pallipesParasiteLarvae
Meteorus ictericusParasiteLarvae
Nemorilla floralisParasiteLarvae
Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineataParasiteLarvae
Sympiesis viridulaParasite
Trichogramma cacoeciaeParasite
Trichogramma dendrolimiParasite
Trichogramma telengaiParasiteEggs
Zenillia libatrixParasiteLarvae

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Fruits (inc. pods)larvaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Leaveseggs; larvaeNoYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Growing medium accompanying plants
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Alford DV, 1984. A Colour Atlas of Fruit Pests. Their Recognition, Biology and Control. London, UK: Wolfe Publishing Ltd, 320 pp.

Amargier A, Abol-Ela S, Vergara S, Meynadier G, Martouret D, Croizier G, 1981. Histological and ultrastructural studies on larvae of Pandemis heparana (Lep.: Tortricidae) during the advanced stages of a baculovirosis due to a new diapause-inducing virus. Entomophaga, 26(3):319-332

Angeli G, Mattedi L, Maines R, 1993. Tortricid leaf miners in the fruit crops of Trento. Informatore Fitopatologico, 43(5):15-19; 13 ref.

Angelova R, 1983. Parasites of leaf-rollers (subfam. Tortricinp, Lep.) in apple orchards. Nauchni Trudove, Vissh Selskostopanski Institut 'Vasil Kolarov', 28(3):95-102

Ankersmit GW, 1985. Adoxophyes orana. In: Singh P, Moore RF, eds. Handbook of Insect Rearing, Vol 2. Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier, 165-175.

Anonymous, 1988. Piégeage de LépidoptFres nuisibles aux cultures à l'aide de pheromones sexuelles de synthFse. Recommandations générales sur l'utilisation du piégeage. Modalités particuliFres à chaque espFce. Saint Rémy les Chevreuses, France: INRA Laboratoire des Médiateurs Chimiques.

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Arn H, Tóth M, Priesner E, 1992. List of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera and related attractants. IOBC-WPRS Working Group. Use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated control. 2nd edition.

Audemard H, 1986. Les tordeuses nuisibles aux vergers de l'Europe de l'Ouest. Bulletin SROP, 1986/IX/4:68-78.

Audemard H, Armand E, Leblon C, 1992. Study of control by sexual confusion of pest Lepidoptera in apple orchards in the Rhone valley. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 15(5):94-97

Baric B, Ciglar I, 2005. The Tortricidae population in Croatian apple orchards and a possibility for mating disruption techniques. Bulletin OILB/SROP [Use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated control. Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS 6th International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production, Baselga di Piné, Italy, 26-30 September 2004.], 28(7):89-92.

Bassino JP, Blanc M, Esmenjaud D, 1979. La tordeuse de la pelure Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff. La Défense de Végétaux, 196:53-65.

Beeke H, De Jong DJ, 1991. Identification of larvae and pupae. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 65-76.

Blommers L, Vaal F, Freriks J, Helsen H, 1987. Three years of specific control of summer fruit tortrix and codling moth on apple in the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Entomology, 104(4):353-371

Blommers LHM, 1994. Integrated pest management in European apple orchards. Annual Review of Entomology, 39:213-241.

Bovey P, 1966. Super-famille des Tortricoidea, les Pandemis. In: AS Balachowsky, ed. Entomologie appliqée à l'agriculture. Paris, France: Masson, Tome II, 1:495-506.

Castellari PL, 1990. Research on the ethology and ecology of Pandemis heparana Denis & Schiff. (Lep. Tortricidae), in the province of Bolzano. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia 'Guido Grandi' della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 44:75-88

Chambon JP, 1986. Tortricid pests in fruit tree culture. Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 118pp.

Charmillot PJ, 1991. Possibilities and limitations of selective methods of control of tortricid pests of orchards. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 23(6):363-374; 83 ref.

Charmillot PJ, 1998. The role of insect growth regulators in integrated fruit production. Abstracts VIth European Congress of Entomology. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, August 23-29, 1998, 617-618.

Charmillot PJ, Pasquier D, 1995. Le lufénuron, un nouveau produit sélectif pour lutter au printemps contre les tordeuses de la pelure, les noctuelles et les arpenteuses. Revue-Suisse-de-Viticulture,-d'Arboriculture-et-d'Horticulture, 27(2):129-133.

Charmillot PJ, Pasquier D, Rama F, 1993. Un noveau diffuseur homologué pour la lutte par confusion en verger. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 25(2):123-128.

Charmillot PJ, Vickers RA, 1991. Use of sex pheromones for control of tortricid pests in pome and stone fruits. In: Geest LPS van der, Evenhuis HH, eds. World Crop Pests 5, Tortricid Pests. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 487-496.

Cross JV, 1996. A pheromone trap survey of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards in England subject to different insecticide management. Entomologist, 115(3/4):168-180; 14 ref.

Deventer P van, Blommers L, 1992. Mating disruption of several leaf-feeding orchard leaf-roller species with a single sex pheromone component. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 27(1-4):615-620

Deventer P van, Minks AK, Blommers LHM, Neumann U, Jilderda K, 1992. Mating disruption utilizing lepidopterous sex pheromones: three years of testing in apple orchards in the Netherlands. Proceedings - Brighton Crop Protection Conference Pests and Diseases - 1992 Brighton, November 23-26, 1992. Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council, 1193-1198

Dickler E, 1982. Studies on the distribution of the leaf roller species Pandemis heparana Den. et Schiff. and Adoxophyes orana Fisch. v. Roesl. in the Federal Republic of Germany: first results of a survey with pheromone traps. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 34(5):65-70

Dickler E, 1986. Einfluss von Behandlungen mit Apfelwickler-granulosevirus (CpGv) und breitwirksamen chemischen Insektiziden auf Parasiten des Apfelwicklers und Parasiten von Schalenwickler-arten. Bulletin SROP, 9(4):85-87.

Dickler E, 1991. Tortricid pests of pome and stone fruits, Eurasian species In: Geest LPS van der, Evenhuis HH, eds. Tortricid pests: their biology, natural enemies and control. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 435-452.

Dickler E, Gehr V, 1981. Studies on the influence of codling moth granulosis viruses on the biocoenosis in apple orchards: analysis of the leaf-roller complex. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 2(3/5):146-150

Dirimanov M, Angelova R, Babrikova T, 1980. State of the harmful entomo- and acarofauna and predacious species of insects in apple orchards with some plant protection technologies. Nauchni Trudove, Entomologiya, Mikrobiologiya, Fitopatologiya, 25(3):15-30

Doganlar M, Beirne BP, 1979. Pandemis heparana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a tortricid new to North America, established in British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist, 111(8):970

Evenhuis HH, Jong DJ de, Vlug HJ, 1973. The pupae of the leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on apple in the Netherlands. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 73(4):351-365

Evenhuis HH, Vlug HJ, 1972. Morphological differences between the mandibles of the larvae of leafrollers living on apple. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 71(2):152-155

Evenhuis HH, Vlug HJ, 1983. The hymenopterous parasites of leaf-feeding apple tortricids (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 126(6):109-135

Fassotte C, Frérot B, Chambon JP, Descoins C, 1986. Piégeage sexuel de Pandemis heparana D & S et de Clepsis spectrana Tr. en milieux proches de vergers de pommiers. Bulletin IOBC-WPRS, 9(4):153-159.

Fassotte C, Frérot B, Chambon J-P, Descoins C, 1986. Piégeage sexuel de seize espFces de microlépidoptFres nuisibles en vergers de pommiers belges. Bulletin IOBC-WPRS, 9(4):145-152.

Fougeroux A, 1987. Fruit crops. The peel tortricids Capua and Pandemis. Phytoma, No. 389:44-45

Frankenhuyzen A van, 1992. Schadelijke en Nuttige Insekten en Mijten in Fruitgewassen. The Hague, The Netherlands: Nederlandse Fruittelers Organisatie.

Frérot B, Gallois M, Einhorn J, 1979. La phéromone sexuelle produite par la femelle vierge de Pandemis heparana (Den. et Schiff.) (LepidoptFre Tortricidae, Tortricinae). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, D. 288(21):1611-1614.

Frerot B, Gallois M, Lettere M, Einhorn J, Michelot D, Descoins C, 1982. Sex pheromone of Pandemis heparana (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8(3):663-670

Gruys P, 1982. Hits and misses. The ecological approach to pest control in orchards. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 31(1):70-87

Hassan SA, 1997. Zum Stand der Forschung und kommerziellen Nützung von Eiparasiten der Gattung Trichogramma in Deutschland. Gesunde Pflanzen, 49(3):68-75.

Hasselbach W, Dickler E, 1984. Importance of the leaf-roller Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff. (Lep., Tortr.) in apple orchards. Biology damage control. [Abstract]. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, No. 223:172

Hederer R, Huber J, 1984. Electrophoresis as a method of differentiating species of tortricid larvae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 98(5):512-517

Helsen HHM, Blommers LHM, 1999. Timing deployment of pheromone traps of three leafroller species of apple. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 22(7):105-109; 4 ref.

Hrudová E, 2005. Nontarget Lepidoptera species found in the pheromone traps for selected tortricid species in 2002 and 2003 years. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 53(1):35-44.

Hwang KH, 1974. Identification of ten species of leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on apple trees in north China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 17(1):29-42

Injac M, 1983. The occurrence of leaf-rollers (Pandemis heparana Den & Schiff., Adoxophyes orana F. v. R.: Lep. Tortricidae) on apple. Zastita Bilja, 34(3):365-379

Injac M, Bakic S, 1983. Results of an experiment in the control of the apple leaf-roller (Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff.) in a commercial apple orchard. Zastita Bilja, 34(4):467-473; 5 ref.

Ioriatti C, Dalla Serra A, 1992. Five-year experience with mating disruption as a control method against codling moth and leafroller species in apple orchards of Trentino. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 15(5):88-93

Ioriatti C, Delaiti M, Angeli G, Mattedi L, 1993. Attivita di tre regulatori di crescita degli insetti (RCI) impiegati nel controllo dei tortricidi ricamatori presenti nei meleti trentini Informatore Fitopatologico, 10:45-49.

Ioriatti C, Forti D, Delaiti M, 1991. Insect growth regulators (I.G.R.): evaluation of the treatment time for Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.), Archips podana (Sc.) and Pandemis heparana (D. & S.). Informatore Fitopatologico, 41(12):32-36

Ioriatti C, Pasqualini E, Delaiti M, 1996. Sudio dell'attivita di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner su tre specie di Tortricidi ricamatori del melo. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia 'Guido Grandi' della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 50:73-93.

Jeanneret P, 1992. Biogeographical approach to the distribution of phyllophagous tortricids of untreated apple orchards (Leman region): diversity and species. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 65(1-2):155-164

Jeanneret P, Charmillot PJ, 1997. Populations des tordeuses dans les vergers d'arbres à haute tige et risque de colonisation pour les cultures commerciales de pommiers. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 29(4):219-226.

Jenser G, Balázs K, Erdélyi Cs, Haltrich A, Kozár F, Markó V, Rác V, Samu F, 1997. The effect of an integrated management program on the arthropod populations in a Hungarian apple orchard. Horticultural Science (Prague), 24(2):63-76.

Jong D de, Vlug HJ, 1976. Bestimmungsschlüssel der in den Niederlanden am Apfel vorkommenden Blattwicklerarten. In: Milaire HG, Baggiolini M, Gruys P, Steiner H, eds. Nützlinge in Apfelanlagen. OILB-SROP Brochure nr 3. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc, 35-38.

Koslinska M, 1973. The Tortricid fauna (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on apple trees in some areas of Poland. Part II. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 43(2):331-346

Krakowiak A, 1974. Occurrence of leaf rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the orchards of the Poznan region. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 44(4):835-838

Krnjajic S, Injac M, Peric P, Dulic K, Stamenov M, Graora D, 1993. Monitoring the flight of apple pests with pheromones. Zastita Bilja, 44(1):63-71

Lozzia GC, Trematerra P, 1986. Guided control in the apple orchards of the Valtella district: leaf-rolling tortricids and their flight periods. Difesa delle Piante, 9(3):245-260

Mani E, 1968. Biologische Untersuchungen an Pandemis heparana (D.& S.) unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Faktoren welche die Diapause induzieren und die Eiablage beeinflussen. Mitteilungen Der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellsc, 20(3/4):145-203.

Menken SBJ, 1991. Identification of early immature stages by means of allozyme gel electrophoresis. In: Geest LPS van der, Evenhuis HH, eds. World Crop Pests 5, Tortricid Pests. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 77-88.

Miczulski B, Koslinska M, 1976. Parasites of leafrollers (Tortricidae) occurring in apple orchards in some regions of Poland. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 46(1):165-178

Mills NJ, Carl KP, 1991. Parasitoids and predators. In: Van der Geest LPS, Evenhuis, HH, eds. Tortricid Pests their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 235-252.

Minamishima M, Sugie H, Mochizuki F, Noguchi H, 1996. Mating disruption effect of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate on Pandemis heparana (Denis et Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in laboratory. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 40(2):162-164; 7 ref.

Minks AK, Deventer Pvan, 1992. Mating disruption of codling moth and fruit tree leafrollers in Dutch apple orchards: testing of commercial products. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 15(5):72-75

Molnar J, Varjas L, Szazanov AP, 1985. Field testing of juvenoid against tortricids (Pandemis ribeana, P. heparana and Archips podana) causing damage in apple orchards. Novenyvedelem, 21(9):385-390

Mutuura A, 1980. Two Pandemis species introduced into British Columbia, with a comparison of native North American species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 112(6):549-554

Nordlander G, 1977. Observations on the insect fauna in apple trees in connection with tests on insecticides for integrated control. Vaxtskyddsnotiser, 41(2):39-48.

Oku T, 1993. Suppression of Lepidopterous Pest Populations in Apple Orchards Through Mating Disruption with Synthetic Sex Pheromones. JARQ - Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 26(40):271-276.

Osman SA, Balázs K, 1988. Biological and ecological observations on the apple leaf roller Pandemis heparana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), with particular reference to artificial feeding of the larvae. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(3):279-289.

Osman SE, Balazs K, 1988. Observations on the parasitoid Macrocentrus pallipes Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in connection with its two hosts Hedya nubiferana Haw. and Pandemis heparana Den & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 23(1-2):147-152

Ovsyannikova EI, Nikolaeva ZV, Grichanov IYa, Myttus E, Liblikas I, Oyarand A, 2002. Modified dispensers for monitoring leafrollers. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, No.3:42-43.

Pralya II, Sen'kova EA, Shapar' MV, 1992. Methods of counting orchard leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 71(4):131-138

Reede RH de, Alkema P, Blommers LHM, 1985. The use of the insect growth regulators fenoxycarb and epofenonane against leafrollers in integrated pest management in apple orchards. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 39(3):265-272

Reede RH de, Groendijk RF, Wit AKH, 1984. Field tests with the insect growth regulators, epofenonane and fenoxycarb, in apple orchards against leafrollers and side-effects on some leafroller parasites. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 35(3):275-281

Reede RH de, Wilde Hde, 1986. Phenological models of development in Pandemis heparana and Adoxophyes orana for timing the application of insect growth regulators with juvenile-hormone activity. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 40(2):151-159

Reede RHde, 1985. Integrated pest management in apple orchards in the Netherlands: a solution for selective control of tortricids. Mededeling, Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Wageningen, No. 493:[6+] 105pp.; [many fig.]; many ref.

Reede RHde, Gruys P, Vaal F, 1985. Leafrollers in apple IPM under regimes based on Bacillus thuringiensis, on diflubenzuron, or on epofenonane. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 37(3):263-274; [8 fig.]; 23 ref.

Rein A, 1996. Schadenbilder von -pfel bis die Ernte. Gvarv, Norway: AgroInform.

Ryabchinskaya TA, Kharchenko GL, 1995. Parasitoids of leafrollers in apple orchards. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 7:16-17

Shapar' MV, 1988. Combined use of pheromone traps for codling moth and Pandemis heparana in protection of orchards. Feromony nasekomykh i razrabotka putei ikh prakticheskogo ispol'zovaniya [edited by Sazonov, A.P.] Leningrad, USSR; Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Zashchity Rastenii, 80-87

Solomon MM, 1977. Ecology of Orchard Moths. Report of Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, UK 1977, 192-203.

Susea S, 1986. Aspects of the use of pheromones in determining the degree of attack by some lepidopterous pests in apple orchards. Buletinul de Protectia Plantelor, 1:24-28

Tibatina IA, 1976. The Microlepidoptera of broad-leaved forests of western Siberia. In: Zolotarenko GS, ed. Trudy Biologicheskogo Instituta, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 18:347-357

Tolstova YuS, Burkova LA, 1986. Development of resistance in orchard tortricids. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 7:41-42

Vantieghem H, 1994. Insect sex pheromones: general and possibilities in Belgian fruit culture (Part 2). Fruitteelt-nieuws, 7(11):9-11

Walder W, 1996. The mating disruption technique against the fruit-peel tortricid - experiences in South Tyrol. Obstbau-Weinbau, 33(10):262-265.

Wardlow LR, Baker CRB, Ludlam FAB, 1978. Light-trap catches of fruit tortricid moths in Kent, 1964-74, and associated temperature sums. Plant Pathology, 27(4):169-182

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Belgium: Widespread
Vantieghem, 1994Bulgaria: Present
Dirimanov et al., 1980; Angelova, 1983Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: WidespreadChina: Present
Hwang, 1974; APPPC, 1987China: Present
Hwang, 1974; APPPC, 1987Czech Republic: Present
Hrudová, 2005Germany: Widespread
Dickler, 1982; Hasselbach & Dickler, 1984Estonia: Present
Ovsyannikova et al., 2002France: Widespread
Chambon, 1986; Bassino et al., 1979; Audemard, 1986UK: Widespread
Wardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996Croatia: Present
Baric & Ciglar, 2005Hungary: Widespread
Molnar et al., 1985; Osman & Balázs ,1988b; Osman & Balázs ,1988a; Jenser et al., 1997Italy: Widespread
Lozzia & Trematerra, 1986; Castellari, 1990; Ioriatti & Dalla Serra, 1992; Angeli et al., 1993Japan: Present
Oku, 1993; Minamishima et al., 1996Netherlands: Widespread
Blommers et al., 1987; Minks & van Deventer, 1992Poland: Widespread
Koslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Miczulski & Koslinska, 1976Romania: Widespread
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Tolstova & Burkova, 1986; Shapar Sazonov, 1988Russian Federation: Present
Tolstova & Burkova, 1986; Shapar Sazonov, 1988Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: PresentUkraine: Widespread
Pralya et al., 1992Ukraine: Widespread
Pralya et al., 1992Yugoslavia (former): Widespread
Injac, 1983; Injac & Bakic, 1983; Krnjajic et al., 1993
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) China: Present
Hwang, 1974; APPPC, 1987Japan: Present
Oku, 1993; Minamishima et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
Tolstova & Burkova, 1986; Shapar Sazonov, 1988Ukraine: Widespread
Pralya et al., 1992
Distribution map (europe) Belgium: Widespread
Vantieghem, 1994Bulgaria: Present
Dirimanov et al., 1980; Angelova, 1983Switzerland: WidespreadCzech Republic: Present
Hrudová, 2005Germany: Widespread
Dickler, 1982; Hasselbach & Dickler, 1984Estonia: Present
Ovsyannikova et al., 2002France: Widespread
Chambon, 1986; Bassino et al., 1979; Audemard, 1986UK: Widespread
Wardlow et al., 1978; Cross, 1996Croatia: Present
Baric & Ciglar, 2005Hungary: Widespread
Molnar et al., 1985; Osman & Balázs ,1988b; Osman & Balázs ,1988a; Jenser et al., 1997Italy: Widespread
Lozzia & Trematerra, 1986; Castellari, 1990; Ioriatti & Dalla Serra, 1992; Angeli et al., 1993Netherlands: Widespread
Blommers et al., 1987; Minks & van Deventer, 1992Poland: Widespread
Koslinska, 1973; Krakowiak, 1974; Miczulski & Koslinska, 1976Romania: Widespread
Susea, 1986Russian Federation: Present
Tolstova & Burkova, 1986; Shapar Sazonov, 1988Siberia: Widespread
Tibatina Zolotarenko, 1976Sweden: PresentUkraine: Widespread
Pralya et al., 1992Yugoslavia (former): Widespread
Injac, 1983; Injac & Bakic, 1983; Krnjajic et al., 1993
Distribution map (africa)
Distribution map (north america) British Columbia: Restricted distribution
Doganlar & Beirne, 1979; Mutuura, 1980
Distribution map (central america)
Distribution map (south america)
Distribution map (pacific) China: Present
Hwang, 1974; APPPC, 1987