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Datasheet

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (diplodia pod rot of cocoa)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 20 April 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Lasiodiplodia theobromae
  • Preferred Common Name
  • diplodia pod rot of cocoa
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Dothideomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Stem-end rot of grapefruit.
TitleSymptoms on grapefruit
CaptionStem-end rot of grapefruit.
CopyrightAnna L. Snowdon
Stem-end rot of grapefruit.
Symptoms on grapefruitStem-end rot of grapefruit.Anna L. Snowdon
Finger rot of banana fruit.
TitleSymptoms on banana
CaptionFinger rot of banana fruit.
CopyrightAnna L. Snowdon
Finger rot of banana fruit.
Symptoms on bananaFinger rot of banana fruit.Anna L. Snowdon
Advanced decay of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola).
TitleSymptoms on starfruit
CaptionAdvanced decay of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola).
CopyrightAnna L. Snowdon
Advanced decay of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola).
Symptoms on starfruitAdvanced decay of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola).Anna L. Snowdon
Immature (white) conidia in the form of 'spore tendrils' exuding from pycnidia.
TitleImmature conidia
CaptionImmature (white) conidia in the form of 'spore tendrils' exuding from pycnidia.
CopyrightAnna L. Snowdon
Immature (white) conidia in the form of 'spore tendrils' exuding from pycnidia.
Immature conidiaImmature (white) conidia in the form of 'spore tendrils' exuding from pycnidia.Anna L. Snowdon
Conidia have matured and darkened.
TitleMature conidia
CaptionConidia have matured and darkened.
CopyrightAnna L. Snowdon
Conidia have matured and darkened.
Mature conidiaConidia have matured and darkened.Anna L. Snowdon
A-B, V. S. of pycnidia; C, conidiogenous cells and conidia; D, conidia. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 519. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
TitleB. theobromae - line drawing
CaptionA-B, V. S. of pycnidia; C, conidiogenous cells and conidia; D, conidia. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 519. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
CopyrightCABI BioScience
A-B, V. S. of pycnidia; C, conidiogenous cells and conidia; D, conidia. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 519. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
B. theobromae - line drawingA-B, V. S. of pycnidia; C, conidiogenous cells and conidia; D, conidia. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 519. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.CABI BioScience

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl. [anamorph] (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl.

Preferred Common Name

  • diplodia pod rot of cocoa

Other Scientific Names

  • Botryodiplodia ananassae (Sacc.) Petr.
  • Botryodiplodia elasticae Petch
  • Botryodiplodia gossypii Ellis & Barthol
  • Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. [anamorph] Pat.
  • Botryodiplodia tubericola (Ellis & Everh.) Petr.
  • Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx [teleomorph] (Cooke) Arx
  • Chaetodiplodia grisea Petch
  • Diplodia ananassae Sacc.
  • Diplodia cacaoicola Henn.
  • Diplodia gossypina Cooke
  • Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans
  • Diplodia theobromae (Pat.) W. Nowell
  • Diplodia tubericola (Ellis & Everh.) Taubenh
  • Lasiodiplodia triflorae B. B. Higgins
  • Lasiodiplodia tubericola Ellis & Everh.
  • Macrophomina vestita Prillinger & Delacr.
  • Physalospora rhodina Berk. & M.A. Curtis [teleomorph] Berk. & M.A. Curtis

International Common Names

  • English: brown pod rot of cocoa; Java black rot (of [stored] sweet potato); stem end rot of papaya
  • Spanish: piña parda del cacao
  • French: pourriture noire des cabosses

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Fruchtfäule; Gummose: Zitrus; Kapselfäule: Baumwolle; Kronenfäule: Banane; Stammfäule; Stengelendfäule

EPPO code

  • PHYORH (Botryosphaeria rhodina)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Dothideomycetes
  •                     Order: Botryosphaeriales
  •                         Family: Botryosphaeriaceae
  •                             Genus: Lasiodiplodia
  •                                 Species: Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Shamim et al., 2010
BhutanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Brunei DarussalamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Tan et al., 2012
-FujianPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-GansuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-GuangdongPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Luo et al., 2011; Ji et al., 2017
-GuangxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Xie et al., 2014
-HainanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Zhu et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2016
-Hong KongPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-HunanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-JiangsuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-SichuanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Zhou et al., 2015
-ZhejiangPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Li et al., 1995
Georgia (Republic of)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Mkervali, 1980
IndiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ritesh et al., 2014; Latha et al., 2012; Durgadevi et al., 2014
-Andaman and Nicobar IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Andhra PradeshWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2010; Reddy & Reddy, 1988
-Arunachal PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Padmanabhan & Chaudhury, 1989
-AssamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Talukdar & Bora, 2007
-BiharPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Anupam & Jha, 2014
-ChandigarhPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-ChhattisgarhWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2010
-DelhiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-GoaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-GujaratPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Rakholiya et al., 2004
-HaryanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Himachal PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sharma et al., 1994
-Indian PunjabPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ramandeep et al., 2004
-Jammu and KashmirPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sharma & Sumbali Geeta, 1997
-KarnatakaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Kumar & Singh, 2000
-KeralaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Gunasekaran & Srinivasan, 2000
-Madhya PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Agarwal & Shashi, 1987
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Rao, 1986
-ManipurPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MeghalayaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MizoramPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-NagalandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-OdishaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Rath et al., 1978
-RajasthanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Kaul & Bhansali 1990 (publ. 1992); Kalpna et al., 2003
-Tamil NaduPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Mohan et al., 2002; Durgadevi et al., 2014
-TripuraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Vandana & Tripathi, 2003
-UttarakhandWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2010
-West BengalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Pandit & Samajpati, 2002; Chakraborty et al., 2011
IndonesiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Irian JayaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-JavaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-SumatraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
IsraelPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
JapanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Ryukyu ArchipelagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Takushi et al., 2013
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Nam et al., 2016
LaosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sulaiman et al., 2012
-SabahPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-SarawakPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MyanmarPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
NepalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
OmanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
PakistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
PhilippinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Saudi ArabiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SingaporePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Chua & Chuo, 1980; AVA, 2001
Sri LankaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Gonawardena et al., 1990
TaiwanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ni et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2013
ThailandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sangchote, 1987; Wang et al., 2008
TurkeyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014; Ari & Oz, 1990
United Arab EmiratesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Burhan, 1987
VietnamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Chi et al., 2006
YemenPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

AFRICA

AlgeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
BeninPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Adandonon et al., 2014
Burkina FasoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sereme, 1991
CameroonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Mbenoun et al., 2008
ChadPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ComorosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
CongoPresentBoher et al., 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2010
Congo Democratic RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Côte d'IvoirePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
EgyptPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Haggag, 2014
Equatorial GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
EthiopiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Alemu et al., 2014
GabonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GambiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GhanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
KenyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
LibyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MadagascarPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MalawiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MaliPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MauritiusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MoroccoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MozambiquePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
NigerPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
NigeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016
Sao Tome and PrincipePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SenegalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SeychellesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Sierra LeonePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SomaliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
South AfricaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SudanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SwazilandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
TanzaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
TogoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
TunisiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
UgandaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Otim-Nape, 1984
ZambiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ZimbabwePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-AlbertaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-ManitobaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-OntarioAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010
-QuebecPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016; Noriega et al., 1991
USAPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich & Miller, 1995
-AlaskaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-ArizonaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-ArkansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-CaliforniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sandlin & Ferrin, 1992; Chen et al., 2013
-ColoradoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-District of ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-FloridaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich et al., 1994
-GeorgiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich & Miller, 1995; Woodward et al., 2005
-HawaiiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-IllinoisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-IowaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-KentuckyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-LouisianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MarylandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MassachusettsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-NebraskaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-New JerseyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-New MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-New YorkPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-North CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-OhioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-OregonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-PennsylvaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-South CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-TexasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Beraha et al., 1976
-VirginiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

BahamasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
BarbadosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
BelizePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
British Virgin IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Costa RicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Araya et al., 1988
CubaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Arnold & Pérez, 1987
DominicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Dominican RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
El SalvadorPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GrenadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GuatemalaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
HaitiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
HondurasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
JamaicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MartiniquePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
NicaraguaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
PanamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Puerto RicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Saint LuciaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Trinidad and TobagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Cabrera & Cúdom, 2013
BoliviaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Marques et al., 2013; Netto et al., 2014; Borges et al., 2015
-AlagoasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-AmazonasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Hanada et al., 2003
-BahiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Lima et al., 1997
-CearaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Viana et al., 2000
-Espirito SantoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Moreira et al., 2013
-GoiasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-MaranhaoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Doihara & Silva, 2003
-Mato GrossoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Mato Grosso do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Minas GeraisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Botelho et al., 2008
-ParaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-ParaibaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-PernambucoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Dantas et al., 2003
-PiauiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Viana et al., 2000
-Rio de JaneiroPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Rio Grande do NortePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-RondoniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-RoraimaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Halfeld-Vieira & Nechet, 2005
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Fischer et al., 2008; Fujinawa et al., 2012
-SergipePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ram, 1994
ChilePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ColombiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
EcuadorPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GuyanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ParaguayPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
PeruPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Icochea et al., 1995; Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015
SurinamePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
UruguayPresentDelgado-Cerrone et al., 2016
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

EUROPE

CyprusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
DenmarkAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010
FrancePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GermanyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
ItalyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Garibaldi et al., 2012
-SicilyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Burruano et al., 2008
MaltaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
NetherlandsAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010
PortugalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Portugal (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
RomaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Sesan & Oprea, 1991
SpainPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Spain (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SwitzerlandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
UKAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010
-England and WalesAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010

OCEANIA

American SamoaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Brooks, 2002
AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Australian Northern TerritoryPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-New South WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-South AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
FijiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GuamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
New CaledoniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
New ZealandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Northern Mariana IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
Papua New GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
SamoaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Gerlach, 1988
Solomon IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
TongaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
VanuatuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)MalvaceaeUnknown
Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle)FabaceaeMain
Actinidia chinensis (Chinese gooseberry)ActinidiaceaeOther
AlliumLiliaceaeMain
Alnus glutinosa (European alder)BetulaceaeMain
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)AnacardiaceaeOther
Ananas comosus (pineapple)BromeliaceaeMain
Annona cherimola (cherimoya)AnnonaceaeMain
Annona muricata (soursop)AnnonaceaeOther
Annona squamosa (sugar apple)AnnonaceaeOther
Aquilaria sinensisThymelaeaceaeOther
Arachis hypogaea (groundnut)FabaceaeMain
Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine)AraucariaceaeMain
Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)MoraceaeOther
Artocarpus integer (champedak)MoraceaeOther
Azadirachta indica (neem tree)MeliaceaeMain
Bactris hirtaArecaceaeOther
Begonia Elatior hybridsBegoniaceaeOther
Boswellia papyrifera (Sudanese frankincense)BurseraceaeOther
Brunfelsia americanaSolanaceaeMain
Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)FabaceaeOther
Callistemon citrinus (lemon bottlebrush)MyrtaceaeOther
Camellia oleifera (oil tree)TheaceaeOther
Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeOther
Capsicum (peppers)SolanaceaeUnknown
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper)SolanaceaeMain
Carica papaya (pawpaw)CaricaceaeOther
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum)FabaceaeOther
Casuarina junghuhniana (red-tipped ru)CasuarinaceaeOther
CattleyaOrchidaceaeOther
CitrusRutaceaeMain
Citrus maxima (pummelo)RutaceaeOther
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeUnknown
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeUnknown
Cocos nucifera (coconut)ArecaceaeMain
Colocasia esculenta (taro)AraceaeUnknown
Corchorus olitorius (jute)TiliaceaeOther
Cornus florida (Flowering dogwood)CornaceaeOther
Cucumis melo (melon)CucurbitaceaeOther
Cycas rumphiiCycadaceaeOther
Cydonia oblonga (quince)RosaceaeOther
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (globe artichoke)AsteraceaeOther
Dacryodes edulis (African pear)BurseraceaeUnknown
Dalbergia sissooFabaceaeUnknown
Daucus carota (carrot)ApiaceaeUnknown
Dimocarpus longan (longan tree)SapindaceaeUnknown
Dioscorea (yam)DioscoreaceaeMain
Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive)ElaeagnaceaeOther
EucalyptusMyrtaceaeOther
Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia)EuphorbiaceaeMain
Falcataria moluccana (batai wood)FabaceaeOther
FicusMoraceaeOther
Ficus altissimaMoraceaeOther
Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)MoraceaeOther
Ficus carica (fig)MoraceaeOther
Ficus fistulosaMoraceaeOther
Ficus semicordataMoraceaeOther
Ficus virens (grey fig)MoraceaeOther
Fragaria ananassa (strawberry)RosaceaeOther
Glycine max (soyabean)FabaceaeOther
Gossypium (cotton)MalvaceaeMain
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)EuphorbiaceaeMain
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato)ConvolvulaceaeMain
Jatropha curcas (jatropha)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Koelreuteria bipinnataSapindaceaeOther
Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia)MagnoliaceaeOther
Malus (ornamental species apple)RosaceaeOther
Mangifera indica (mango)AnacardiaceaeMain
Manihot esculenta (cassava)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry)MeliaceaeMain
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd)CucurbitaceaeOther
Monstera deliciosa (ceriman)AraceaeOther
Morus alba (mora)MoraceaeOther
Musa (banana)MusaceaeMain
Musa balbisianaMusaceaeOther
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)SolanaceaeOther
Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive)OleaceaeUnknown
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)CactaceaeHabitat/association
Oryza sativa (rice)PoaceaeOther
Oxalis tuberosa (oca)OxalidaceaeOther
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed)AsteraceaeOther
Passiflora edulis (passionfruit)PassifloraceaeOther
Passiflora quadrangularis (giant granadilla)PassifloraceaeOther
Persea americana (avocado)LauraceaeMain
Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm)ArecaceaeOther
Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Pinus elliottii (slash pine)PinaceaeOther
Piper longum (Indian long pepper)Other
Polianthes tuberosa (tuberose)AgavaceaeOther
Prunus dulcis (almond)RosaceaeOther
Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeUnknown
Psidium guajava (guava)MyrtaceaeUnknown
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeUnknown
Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree)RosaceaeOther
Quercus virginiana (Live oak)FagaceaeOther
Ricinus communis (castor bean)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)PoaceaeOther
Schizophyllum commune (wood rot)Other
Solanum melongena (aubergine)SolanaceaeMain
Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)PoaceaeOther
Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid)OrchidaceaeMain
Tabebuia impetiginosa (white tabebuia)BignoniaceaeOther
Tabebuia serratifoliaBignoniaceaeOther
Tectona grandis (teak)LamiaceaeOther
Tetrapleura tetrapteraFabaceaeOther
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)SterculiaceaeMain
Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)FabaceaeOther
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)VitaceaeOther
Zea mays (maize)PoaceaeMain
Zingiber officinale (ginger)ZingiberaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Pre-emergence, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

extensive mould
lesions: black or brown

Growing point

rot

Inflorescence

discoloration panicle

Leaves

abnormal forms
necrotic areas

Roots

soft rot of cortex

Seeds

discolorations
rot

Stems

canker on woody stem
dead heart
dieback
gummosis or resinosis

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Bacillus subtilisPathogen
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaePathogen

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Barkfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomesfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyxfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)fruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Leavesfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Rootsfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branchesfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
True seeds (inc. grain)fruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Woodfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants

References

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Distribution Maps

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Distribution map United Arab Emirates: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burhan, 1987United Arab Emirates: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burhan, 1987Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Cabrera & Cúdom, 2013American Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Brooks, 2002Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
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See regional map for distribution within the countryBarbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Shamim et al., 2010Burkina Faso: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Benin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Adandonon et al., 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bolivia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Marques et al., 2013; Netto et al., 2014; Borges et al., 2015Brazil
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See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
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See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bhutan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Belize: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Belize: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCongo: Present
Boher et al., 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2010Switzerland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Cameroon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Mbenoun et al., 2008China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Tan et al., 2012China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Tan et al., 2012China
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See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
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See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Araya et al., 1988Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Araya et al., 1988Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Arnold & Pérez, 1987Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Arnold & Pérez, 1987Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Dominica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ecuador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Haggag, 2014Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Spain
See regional map for distribution within the countryEthiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Alemu et al., 2014Fiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Gabon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Grenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ghana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Gambia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Equatorial Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIsrael: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ritesh et al., 2014; Latha et al., 2012; Durgadevi et al., 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Garibaldi et al., 2012Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Comoros: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Nam et al., 2016Laos: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Saint Lucia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mali: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Myanmar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Northern Mariana Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Martinique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malawi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMozambique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Niger: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nepal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Zealand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Peru: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Icochea et al., 1995; Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryParaguay: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Romania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sesan & Oprea, 1991Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Solomon Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Seychelles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Singapore: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Chua & Chuo, 1980; AVA, 2001Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Somalia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Suriname: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Suriname: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sao Tome and Principe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010El Salvador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010El Salvador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Swaziland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Chad: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Togo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Thailand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sangchote, 1987; Wang et al., 2008Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Tonga: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ni et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2013Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ni et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2013Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Uganda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Otim-Nape, 1984USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
Delgado-Cerrone et al., 2016Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010British Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Vietnam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Chi et al., 2006Vanuatu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Gerlach, 1988Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Zambia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Congo Democratic Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Zimbabwe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) United Arab Emirates: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burhan, 1987Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Shamim et al., 2010Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bhutan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Tan et al., 2012Fujian: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guangdong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Luo et al., 2011; Ji et al., 2017Gansu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guangxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Xie et al., 2014Hainan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Zhu et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2016Hong Kong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Hunan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Jiangsu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sichuan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Zhou et al., 2015Zhejiang: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Li et al., 1995Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Irian Jaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Java: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sumatra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ritesh et al., 2014; Latha et al., 2012; Durgadevi et al., 2014Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Andhra Pradesh: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Reddy & Reddy, 1988Arunachal Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Padmanabhan & Chaudhury, 1989Assam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Talukdar & Bora, 2007Bihar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Anupam & Jha, 2014Chandigarh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Chhattisgarh: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2010Delhi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Goa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Gujarat: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Rakholiya et al., 2004Himachal Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sharma et al., 1994Haryana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Jammu and Kashmir: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sharma & Sumbali Geeta, 1997Kerala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Gunasekaran & Srinivasan, 2000Karnataka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Kumar & Singh, 2000Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Rao, 1986Meghalaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Manipur: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Madhya Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Agarwal & Shashi, 1987Mizoram: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nagaland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Odisha: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Rath et al., 1978Indian Punjab: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ramandeep et al., 2004Rajasthan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Kaul & Bhansali 1990 (publ. ,1992); Kalpna et al., 2003Tamil Nadu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Mohan et al., 2002; Durgadevi et al., 2014Tripura: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Uttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Vandana & Tripathi, 2003Uttarakhand: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2010West Bengal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Pandit & Samajpati, 2002; Chakraborty et al., 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ryukyu Archipelago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Takushi et al., 2013Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Nam et al., 2016Laos: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Myanmar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Peninsular Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sulaiman et al., 2012Sabah: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sarawak: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nepal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Singapore: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Chua & Chuo, 1980; AVA, 2001Thailand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sangchote, 1987; Wang et al., 2008Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ni et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2013Vietnam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Chi et al., 2006Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
Distribution map (europe) Switzerland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Spain (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Garibaldi et al., 2012Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burruano et al., 2008Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Portugal (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Romania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sesan & Oprea, 1991Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014
Distribution map (africa) United Arab Emirates: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burhan, 1987Burkina Faso: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Benin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Adandonon et al., 2014Congo: Present
Boher et al., 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2010Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Cameroon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Mbenoun et al., 2008Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Haggag, 2014Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ethiopia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Alemu et al., 2014Gabon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ghana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Gambia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Equatorial Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Burruano et al., 2008Kenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Comoros: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mali: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Malawi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mozambique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Niger: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Seychelles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sudan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Somalia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Sao Tome and Principe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Swaziland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Chad: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Togo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Çeliker & Michailides, 2012; Akgul et al., 2014; Yildiz et al., 2014Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Uganda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Otim-Nape, 1984Yemen: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Zambia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Congo Democratic Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Zimbabwe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
Distribution map (north america) Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Belize: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Alberta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Manitoba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Quebec: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Arnold & Pérez, 1987Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010El Salvador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Alaska: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich & Miller, 1995Arkansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Arizona: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010California: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Sandlin & Ferrin, 1992; Chen et al., 2013Colorado: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010District of Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich et al., 1994Georgia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich & Miller, 1995; Woodward et al., 2005Hawaii: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Iowa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Illinois: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Kentucky: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Louisiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Massachusetts: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Maryland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010North Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nebraska: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Jersey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New York: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Ohio: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Oregon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Pennsylvania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010South Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Texas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Beraha et al., 1976Virginia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
Distribution map (central america) Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Belize: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Araya et al., 1988Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Arnold & Pérez, 1987Dominica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Grenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Saint Lucia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Martinique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dugan et al., 2016Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Suriname: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010El Salvador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Fraedrich et al., 1994Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010British Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Cabrera & Cúdom, 2013Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Bolivia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Marques et al., 2013; Netto et al., 2014; Borges et al., 2015Alagoas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Amazonas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Hanada et al., 2003Bahia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Lima et al., 1997Ceara: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Viana et al., 2000Espirito Santo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Moreira et al., 2013Goias: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Maranhao: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Doihara & Silva, 2003Minas Gerais: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Botelho et al., 2008Mato Grosso do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Mato Grosso: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Para: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Paraiba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Pernambuco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Dantas et al., 2003Piaui: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Viana et al., 2000Rio de Janeiro: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Rio Grande do Norte: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Rondonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Roraima: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Halfeld-Vieira & Nechet, 2005Sergipe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ram, 1994Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Fischer et al., 2008; Fujinawa et al., 2012Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Araya et al., 1988Ecuador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Peru: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Icochea et al., 1995; Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015Paraguay: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Suriname: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Uruguay: Present
Delgado-Cerrone et al., 2016Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010
Distribution map (pacific) American Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Brooks, 2002Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Australian Northern Territory: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New South Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010South Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Tan et al., 2012Fiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Guam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Irian Jaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Northern Mariana Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010New Zealand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Solomon Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Tonga: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ni et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2013Vanuatu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Gerlach, 1988