Parlatoria pergandii (chaff scale)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Damage Caption Camellia chaff scales on orange skin. Copyright NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland	Damage	Camellia chaff scales on orange skin.	NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland
Title Scales Caption Close up of Camellia chaff scales on citrus fruit skin. Copyright NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland	Scales	Close up of Camellia chaff scales on citrus fruit skin.	NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Parlatoria pergandii Comstock, 1881

Preferred Common Name

• chaff scale

Other Scientific Names

• Parlatorea pergandei (Cockerell) Lindinger, 1912
• Parlatoria pergandei (Cockerell) Hunter, 1900
• Parlatoria proteus v. pergandei (Cockerell) Cockerell, 1899
• Parlatoria sinensis Maskell, 1897
• Syngenaspis pergandei (Cockerell) MacGillivray, 1921

International Common Names

• Spanish: caspilla; coccinilla gis-obscura de los cítricos; escama paja
• French: chermès de Pergand

Local Common Names

• South Africa: kaf-dopluis

EPPO code

• PARLPE (Parlatoria pergandei)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Arthropoda
•             Subphylum: Uniramia
•                 Class: Insecta
•                     Order: Hemiptera
•                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
•                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
•                                 Family: Diaspididae
•                                     Genus: Parlatoria
•                                         Species: Parlatoria pergandii

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

Natural Enemies

References

Beardsley JW Jr, Gonzalez RH, 1975. The biology and ecology of armored scales [Diaspididae]. In: Smith RF, Mittler TE, Smith CN, ed. Annual Review of Entomology. Volume 20. Palo Alto, California, USA: Annual Reviews Inc., 47-73.

Brooks RF, Knapp JL, 1983. Control of chaff scale on 'Dancy' tangerine. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 96:367-369.

Carrero JM, 1980. Current status of biological control of citrus scale-insects in Valencia (Spain). Fruits, 35(10):625-631.

CIE, 1964. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No. 185. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Davidson RH, Lyon WF, 1987. Insect pests of farm, garden, and orchard. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 8: 640 pp.

DeBach P, Rosen D, 1991. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2:xiv + 440 pp.

Dreistadt SH, Clark JK, Flint ML, 1994. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Oakland, California, USA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3359.

Garrido Vivas A, Ventura Rios JJ, 1993. Plagas de los Citricos: Bases para el Manejo Integrado. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion.

Hare JD, Morgan DJW, 1997. Mass-priming Aphytis: behavioral improvement of insectary-reared biological control agents. Biological Control, 10(3):207-214; 29 ref.

Hattingh V, Tate B, 1995. Effects of field weathered residues of insect growth regulators on some Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of economic importance as biological control agents. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85:489-493.

Huffaker CB, Messenger PS, 1976. Theory and practice of biological control. Theory and practice of biological control., xxii + 788 pp.; [many fig., 240 X 170 mm].

Limon F, Melia A, Blasco J, Moner P, 1976. Study of the distribution, level of attack and parasites of the diaspine scale insects Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morgan and Parlatoria pergandii Comst. on citrus in the Province of Castellon. Boletin del Servicio de Defensa contra Plagas e Inspeccion Fitopatologica, 2(1):73-87.

Rae DJ, Watson DM, Huang MD, Cen YJ, Wang BZ, Beattie GAC, Liang WG, Tan BL, Liu DG, 2000. Efficacy and phytotoxicity of multiple petroleum oil sprays on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.)) and pummelo (C. grandis (L.)) in southern China. International Journal of Pest Management, 46(2):125-140.

Schönfeld U, 2015. Coccoidea species in Brandenburg. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.) Journal für Kulturpflanzen, 67(10):337-341. http://www.journal-kulturpflanzen.de

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.

Swan LA, 1964. Beneficial Insects. New York, USA: Harper and Row.

VanDriesche R, Idione K, Rose M, Bryan M, 1998. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Chilocorus kuwanae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in suppressing the euonymus scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Biological Control, 12: 56-65.

Walker AK, Deitz LL, 1979. A review of entomophagous insects in the Cook Islands. New Zealand Entomologist, 7(1):70-82

Williams DJ, Watson GW, 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The Armoured Scales (Diaspididae). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Wolff VRdos S, Pulz CE, Silva DCda, Mezzomo JB, Prade CA, 2004. Natural enemies associated to Diaspididae (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha), on Citrus sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. (Inimigos naturais associados à Diaspididae (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha), ocorrentes em Citrus sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, no Rio Grande do sul, Brasil: I - Joaninhas e fungos entomopatogênicos.) Arquivos do Instituto Biológico (São Paulo), 71(3):355-361. http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/ARQUIVOS/V71_3/wolff.PDF

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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