Cookies on Invasive Species Compendium

Like most websites we use cookies. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible.

Continuing to use www.cabi.org means you agree to our use of cookies. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use.

Datasheet

Orgyia antiqua (European tussock moth)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 23 March 2012
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Orgyia antiqua
  • Preferred Common Name
  • European tussock moth
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

Don't need the entire report?

Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.

Generate report

Pictures

Top of page
PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Fully-grown 'male' larva from England, UK.
TitleLarva
CaptionFully-grown 'male' larva from England, UK.
Copyright©A.R. Pittaway
Fully-grown 'male' larva from England, UK.
LarvaFully-grown 'male' larva from England, UK. ©A.R. Pittaway
Egg mass of O. antiqua. The eggs are pillbox-shaped, pale whitish-brown, with a darker ring encircling a depressed top.
TitleEggs
CaptionEgg mass of O. antiqua. The eggs are pillbox-shaped, pale whitish-brown, with a darker ring encircling a depressed top.
Copyright©A.R. Pittaway
Egg mass of O. antiqua. The eggs are pillbox-shaped, pale whitish-brown, with a darker ring encircling a depressed top.
EggsEgg mass of O. antiqua. The eggs are pillbox-shaped, pale whitish-brown, with a darker ring encircling a depressed top.©A.R. Pittaway
Egg mass of O. antiqua.
TitleEggs
CaptionEgg mass of O. antiqua.
Copyright©A.R. Pittaway
Egg mass of O. antiqua.
EggsEgg mass of O. antiqua.©A.R. Pittaway

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

  • Orgyia antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758)

Preferred Common Name

  • European tussock moth

Other Scientific Names

  • Bombyx antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Notolephus antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Notolophus antiquus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Orgyia antiqua argillacea Ferguson, 1978
  • Orgyia antiqua lindrothi Bryk, 1943
  • Orgyia antiqua septentrionalis Rangnow, 1935
  • Orgyia badia Henry Edwards, 1874
  • Orgyia confinis Grum-Grschimailo, 1891
  • Orygia nova Fitch, 1863
  • Phalaena (Bombyx) antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Phalaena antiqua Linnaeus, 1758
  • Phalaena gonostigma Scopoli, 1763
  • Phalaena paradoxa Retzius, 1783

International Common Names

  • English: antique tussock moth; common brushtail; common vapourer; limetree tussock; rusty tussock moth; tussock moth, antique; tussock moth, European; tussock moth, rusty; vapourer, moth
  • Spanish: bómbix antiguo; gusano de las penachos; gusano de penacho; mariposa viejecita
  • French: bombyx antique; chenille à houppes rousses; chenille à vapeur; l'étoilée; l'orgyia antique; orgyie antique; souci
  • Russian: kistekhvost antichnyi

Local Common Names

  • China: gudu-er
  • Denmark: lille penselspinder
  • Finland: tupsutoukkakehrääjä
  • Germany: Aprikosenspinner; Bürstenbinder; Bürstenspinner, Kleiner; Esparsettenvögelchen; Gewöhnliche Bürstenraupe; Hecken-Bürstenbinder; Kleiner Bürstenspinner; Lastträger; Paradoxum; Schlehenspinner; Sonderling; Spinner, Aprikosen-; Spinner, Schlehen-
  • Hungary: kefés hernyó; kökény-szövölepke; rozsdabarna kefeszövö; rozsdabarna kisszövö
  • Italy: bombice antico; orgiia antica
  • Netherlands: witvlakvlinder
  • Norway: borstespinner
  • Sweden: allmän fjädertofsspinnare; aprikosspinnare

EPPO code

  • ORGYAN (Orgyia antiqua)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Erebidae
  •                             Genus: Orgyia
  •                                 Species: Orgyia antiqua

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ArmeniaPresentSouth, 1961
ChinaPresentWei, 1980; Shi et al., 1993
-JilinPresentSchmutzenhofer et al., 1996
-LiaoningPresentWei, 1980; Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996
-Nei MengguPresentSchmutzenhofer et al., 1996
-SichuanPresentShi et al., 1993
TurkeyPresentSouth, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
-Nova ScotiaPresentCovell, 1984
-OntarioPresentGrant & Frech, 1980; Covell, 1984
-QuebecPresentCovell, 1984
USAPresentCovell, 1984
-KentuckyPresentCovell, 1984
-LouisianaPresentCovell, 1984
-MainePresentCovell, 1984
-South CarolinaPresentCovell, 1984

SOUTH AMERICA

ChilePresentGonzalez, 1984

EUROPE

AustriaPresentFischer-Colbrie, 1984; Karsholt et al., 1996
BelgiumPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
BulgariaPresentTrenchev & Pavlov, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentKarsholt et al., 1996
DenmarkPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
EstoniaPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
FinlandPresentNiemela-Haukioja, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996
FrancePresentHerbulot, 1971; Karsholt et al., 1996
-CorsicaPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
GermanyPresentDobeneck, 1899; Karsholt et al., 1996
GreecePresentKarsholt et al., 1996
HungaryPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
IcelandRestricted distributionKarsholt et al., 1996
IrelandPresentBarrett, 1895
ItalyPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
LatviaPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
LithuaniaPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
LuxembourgPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
MoldovaPresentIzhevskii & Korotkova, 1993
NetherlandsPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
NorwayPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
PolandPresentNiemczyk, 1983; Karsholt et al., 1996
PortugalPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
RomaniaPresentPopescu-Gorj, 1964; Karsholt et al., 1996
Russian FederationPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
-Central RussiaPresentEversmann, 1844; Karsholt et al., 1996
-Russian Far EastPresentSouth, 1961
-SiberiaPresentBoldaruev, 1972; South, 1961
SlovakiaPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
SpainPresentGómez, 1979; Karsholt et al., 1996
SwedenPresentKarsholt et al., 1996
SwitzerlandWidespreadVorbrodt & Müller-Rutz, 1911
UKWidespreadSouth, 1961
UkrainePresentEfetov & Budashkin, 1990
Yugoslavia (former)PresentKarsholt et al., 1996

Host plants/Plants Affected

Top of page
Plant nameFamilyContext
Abies (firs)PinaceaeOther
Acer platanoides (Norway maple)AceraceaeOther
Alnus glutinosa (European alder)BetulaceaeOther
Alnus incana (grey alder)BetulaceaeOther
Arbutus unedo (arbutus)EricaceaeOther
Betula (birches)BetulaceaeOther
Betula nana (dwarf (arctic)- birch (UK))BetulaceaeOther
Betula pendula (common silver birch)BetulaceaeOther
Betula pubescens (Downy birch)BetulaceaeOther
Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea-tree)FabaceaeOther
Carpinus betulus (hornbeam)BetulaceaeOther
Castanea sativa (chestnut)FagaceaeOther
Corylus avellana (hazel)BetulaceaeOther
CotoneasterRosaceaeOther
Crataegus (hawthorns)RosaceaeOther
Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn)RosaceaeOther
Fagus sylvatica (common beech)FagaceaeOther
Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry)RosaceaeOther
Frangula alnus (alder buckthorn)RhamnaceaeOther
Fraxinus excelsior (ash)OleaceaeOther
Humulus lupulus (hop)CannabaceaeMain
Larix sibirica (Siberian larch)PinaceaeOther
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Picea abies (common spruce)PinaceaeOther
Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)PinaceaeOther
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)PinaceaeOther
Populus tremula (aspen (European))SalicaceaeOther
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus spinosa (blackthorn)RosaceaeOther
Quercus robur (common oak)FagaceaeOther
Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant)GrossulariaceaeOther
Rosa canina (Dog rose)RosaceaeWild host
Rubus fruticosus (blackberry)RosaceaeOther
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)RosaceaeOther
Rumex acetosella (sheep's sorrel)PolygonaceaeOther
Salix alba (white willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix aurita (eared willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix caprea (pussy willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix cinerea (grey sallow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix myrsinifolia (dark-leaved willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix phylicifolia (tea-leaved willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix starkeanaSalicaceaeOther
Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash)RosaceaeOther
Syringa vulgaris (lilac)OleaceaeOther
Tilia europaeaTiliaceaeOther
Ulmus (elms)UlmaceaeOther
Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry)EricaceaeOther
Vaccinium uliginosum (bog whortleberry)EricaceaeOther
Vaccinium vitis-idaea (cowberry)EricaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageVegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Leaves

external feeding

Natural Enemies

Top of page
Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawaiPathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis galleriaePathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstakiPathogenLarvae
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensisPathogenLarvae
Blondelia nigripesParasiteLarvae
Carcelia atricostaParasiteLarvae
Carcelia rasaParasiteLarvae
Compsilura concinnataParasiteLarvae
Cotesia melanoscelaParasiteLarvae
Exorista fasciataParasiteLarvae
Exorista larvarumParasiteLarvae
Formica polyctenaPredator
Nilea hortulanaParasiteLarvae
Nucleopolyhedrosis virusPathogenLarvae
Ooencyrtus kuvanaeParasite
Paecilomyces farinosusPathogen
Pales pavidaParasiteLarvae
Phobocampe crassiusculaParasiteLarvae
Picromerus bidensPredator
Pimpla contemplatorParasitePupae
Rogas geniculatorParasiteLarvae
Telenomus dalmanniParasiteEggs
Telenomus monticolaParasite
Trichogramma cacoeciaeParasiteEggs
Trichogramma dendrolimiParasite

References

Top of page

Barrett CG, 1895. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands (illus. edn). Vol. 2. London, UK: L. Reeve and Co.

Boldaruev VO, 1972. Erannis jacobsoni Djak. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) - a serious pest of larch in Transbaikalia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 51(1):47-58

Carter DS, 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe, with special reference to the British Isles. Series Entomologica, Vol. 31.

Covell CV Jr, 1984. A Field Guide to the Moths of Eastern North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Dobeneck A, 1899. Caterpillars of the Butterflies, Hawkmoths and Bombycids of the Central European Faunal Region. Stuttgart, Germany: Eugen Ulmer Verlag.

Efetov KA, Budashkin YuI, 1990. Macrolepidoptera of the Crimea. Simferopol, Russia: Tauria, 110 pp.

Eversmann E, 1844. Lepidopteran Fauna of the Volga-Urals Region. Kasani, Russia: Typis Universitatis.

Fischer-Colbrie P, 1984. Defoliation of deciduous trees - lepidopterous larvae as causal agents. Pflanzenarzt, 37(10):154-157

Forster W, Wohlfahrt TA, 1960. The Lepidoptera of Central Europe. Vol. 3. Stuttgart, Germany: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung.

Francardi V, Roversi PF, 1994. Factors in the mortality of Orgyia antiqua (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) eggs in a timber plantation of cherry (Prunus avium). Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Udine, Italy, 13-18 Giugno 1994., 751-754; 2 ref.

Freina JJ de, Witt TJ, 1987. The Bombycids and Sphingids of the Western Palaearctic. Vol. 1. Munich, Germany: Edition Forschung und Wissenschaft Verlag.

Gómez Bustillo MR, 1979. Lepidoptera of the Iberian Peninsula IV. Heterocera II. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Agricultura.

Gonzalez RH, 1984. Seasonal development of insects and mites on apple 1982-1984. Revista Frutcola, 5(1):3-9

Grant GG, Frech D, 1980. Disruption of pheromone communication of the rusty tussock moth, Orgyia antiqua (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), with (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one. Canadian Entomologist, 112(2):221-222

Harris M, 1766. The Aurelian: or, natural history of English insects; namely moths and butterflies.... London, UK: Privately published.

Heath J, Emmet AM, eds, 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 9. Colchester, UK: Harley Books.

Herbulot C, 1971. Atlas des Lépidoptères de France, Belgique, Suisse, Italie du Nord. II Hétérocères. Paris, France: Boubeé.

Izhevskii SS, Korotkova IV, 1993. Alternative hosts of Ooencyrtus - an introduced parasite of the gypsy moth. Zashchita Rastenii (Moskva), No. 8:25-26

Karsholt O, Razowski J, 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe: a distributional checklist. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books, 380 pp.

Niemczyk E, 1983. Native biological agents in controlling vapourer moth (Orgyia antiqua) and their exploitation in integrated programme of pests control. 10th International Congress of Plant Protection 1983. Volume 2. Plant protection for human welfare. Proceedings of a conference held at Brighton, UK, 20-25 November, 1983. Croydon, UK: British Crop Protection Council, 783

Niemela Haukioja E, 1982. Seasonal patterns in species richness of herbivores: macrolepidopteran larvae on Finnish deciduous trees. Ecological Entomology, 7(2):169-175

Popescu-Gorj A, 1964. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera collection of "Prof. A. Ostrogovich" in the Natural History Museum "Grigore Antipa" Bucarest. Bucarest, Romania: Musée d'Histoire Naturelle "Gr. Antipa".

Rungs CE, 1981. Catalogue raisonné des Lépidoptères du Maroc Vol. 2. Rabat, Morocco. [Reprinted from Trav. Inst. scient. chérif., Série Zool., 40:223-583.]

Santis L de, Vidal Sarmiento JA, 1979. Three interesting scelionids from the Argentine Republic and from Chile (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Idesia, No. 5:147-150

Sauer F, 1986. Identifying Native Moths via Colour Photos. 4th edn. Karlsfeld, Germany: Fauna Verlag.

Savela M, 1998. Orgyia. World Wide Web page at http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life//i...ctuoidea/lymantriidae/orgyia/index.html.

Schmutzenhofer H, Mielke ME, Luo Y, Ostry ME, Wen J, 1996. Field Guide/Manual on the Identification and Management of Poplar Pests and Diseases in the Area of the "Three North 009 Project" (North-Eastern China). Rome, Italy: FAO.

Shi WC, Li JR, Liu X, 1993. A study of the diversity of insect communities using gray relational grade analysis in some apple orchards in Maoxian County. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University, 15(2):137-143

South R, 1961. The Moths of the British Isles Vol. 1. 4th edn. London, UK: Frederick Warne & Co Ltd.

Traut W, Clarke CA, 1997. Karyotype evolution by chromosome fusion in the moth genus Orgyia. Hereditas (Landskrona), 126(1):77-84; 31 ref.

Trenchev G, Pavlov A, 1982. Morphological characteristics of Orgyia antiqua L. and Orgyia gonostigma F. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) and methods of controlling the larvae. Gradinarska i Lozarska Nauka, 19(6):53-58

Vorbrodt K, Müller-Rutz J, 1911. Die Schmetterlinge der Schweiz. [The Lepidoptera of Switzerland.] Vol. 1. Bern, Switzerland: K. J. Wyss Verlag.

Wei CK, 1980. A preliminary observation on the bionomics of the oak silkworm parasitic wasp Apanteles sp. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 23(2):173-177

Wellenstein G, Fabritius K, 1973. Observations on the vapourer moth (Orgyia antiqua L.) and its parasites. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzen- und Umweltschutz, 46(2):24-30

Wilson OS, 1880. The larvae of the British Lepidoptera and their food plants. London, UK: L. Reeve & Co.

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Armenia: Present
South, 1961Armenia: Present
South, 1961Austria: Present
Fischer-Colbrie, 1984; Karsholt et al., 1996Belgium: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Bulgaria: Present
Trenchev & Pavlov, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Widespread
Vorbrodt & Müller-Rutz, 1911Chile: Present
Gonzalez, 1984China: Present
Wei, 1980; Shi et al., 1993China: Present
Wei, 1980; Shi et al., 1993China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Germany: Present
; Karsholt et al., 1996Denmark: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Estonia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Spain: Present
Gómez, 1979; Karsholt et al., 1996Spain: Present
Gómez, 1979; Karsholt et al., 1996Finland: Present
Niemela-Haukioja, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996France: Present
Herbulot, 1971; Karsholt et al., 1996France
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK: Widespread
South, 1961Greece: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Greece: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Hungary: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Ireland: Present
Iceland: Restricted distribution
Karsholt et al., 1996Iceland: Restricted distribution
Karsholt et al., 1996Italy: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Lithuania: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Luxembourg: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Latvia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Moldova: Present
Izhevskii & Korotkova, 1993Netherlands: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Norway: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Poland: Present
Niemczyk, 1983; Karsholt et al., 1996Portugal: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Romania: Present
Popescu-Gorj, 1964; Karsholt et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Slovakia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996Ukraine: Present
Efetov & Budashkin, 1990Ukraine: Present
Efetov & Budashkin, 1990USA: Present
Covell, 1984USA: Present
Covell, 1984USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryYugoslavia (former): Present
Karsholt et al., 1996
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
Download KML file Download CSV file
Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

Distribution map (asia) Armenia: Present
South, 1961China: Present
Wei, 1980; Shi et al., 1993Jilin: Present
Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996Liaoning: Present
Wei, 1980; Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996Nei Menggu: Present
Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996Sichuan: Present
Shi et al., 1993Russian Federation: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996Ukraine: Present
Efetov & Budashkin, 1990
Distribution map (europe) Armenia: Present
South, 1961Austria: Present
Fischer-Colbrie, 1984; Karsholt et al., 1996Belgium: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Bulgaria: Present
Trenchev & Pavlov, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996Switzerland: Widespread
Vorbrodt & Müller-Rutz, 1911Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Germany: Present
; Karsholt et al., 1996Denmark: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Estonia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Spain: Present
Gómez, 1979; Karsholt et al., 1996Finland: Present
Niemela-Haukioja, 1982; Karsholt et al., 1996France: Present
Herbulot, 1971; Karsholt et al., 1996Corsica: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996UK: Widespread
South, 1961Greece: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Hungary: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Ireland: Present
Iceland: Restricted distribution
Karsholt et al., 1996Italy: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Lithuania: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Luxembourg: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Latvia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Moldova: Present
Izhevskii & Korotkova, 1993Netherlands: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Norway: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Poland: Present
Niemczyk, 1983; Karsholt et al., 1996Portugal: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Romania: Present
Popescu-Gorj, 1964; Karsholt et al., 1996Russian Federation: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Central Russia: Present
; Karsholt et al., 1996Russian Far East: Present
South, 1961Siberia: Present
Boldaruev, 1972; South, 1961Sweden: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Slovakia: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996Ukraine: Present
Efetov & Budashkin, 1990Yugoslavia (former): Present
Karsholt et al., 1996
Distribution map (africa) Spain: Present
Gómez, 1979; Karsholt et al., 1996Greece: Present
Karsholt et al., 1996Turkey: Present
South, 1961; Karsholt et al., 1996
Distribution map (north america) Nova Scotia: Present
Covell, 1984Ontario: Present
Grant & Frech, 1980; Covell, 1984Quebec: Present
Covell, 1984Iceland: Restricted distribution
Karsholt et al., 1996USA: Present
Covell, 1984Kentucky: Present
Covell, 1984Louisiana: Present
Covell, 1984Maine: Present
Covell, 1984South Carolina: Present
Covell, 1984
Distribution map (central america) USA: Present
Covell, 1984
Distribution map (south america) Chile: Present
Gonzalez, 1984
Distribution map (pacific) China: Present
Wei, 1980; Shi et al., 1993