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Datasheet

Monilinia laxa (blossom blight)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 19 April 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Monilinia laxa
  • Preferred Common Name
  • blossom blight
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Leotiomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Brown rot and sporulation on peach caused by M. laxa.
TitleSymptoms on peach fruit
CaptionBrown rot and sporulation on peach caused by M. laxa.
CopyrightM. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Brown rot and sporulation on peach caused by M. laxa.
Symptoms on peach fruitBrown rot and sporulation on peach caused by M. laxa.M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Infection of peach twig by M. laxa.
TitleInfected peach twig
CaptionInfection of peach twig by M. laxa.
CopyrightP. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
Infection of peach twig by M. laxa.
Infected peach twigInfection of peach twig by M. laxa.P. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
Detail of twig blight by M. laxa on peach twig, showing gumming and wilting.
TitleSymptoms on peach twig
CaptionDetail of twig blight by M. laxa on peach twig, showing gumming and wilting.
CopyrightP. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
Detail of twig blight by M. laxa on peach twig, showing gumming and wilting.
Symptoms on peach twigDetail of twig blight by M. laxa on peach twig, showing gumming and wilting.P. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
M. laxa on mummified peaches.
TitleMummified peaches
CaptionM. laxa on mummified peaches.
CopyrightP. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
M. laxa on mummified peaches.
Mummified peachesM. laxa on mummified peaches.P. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
M. laxa blight on cherry fruit.
TitleCherry blossom blight
CaptionM. laxa blight on cherry fruit.
CopyrightAgrEvo
M. laxa blight on cherry fruit.
Cherry blossom blightM. laxa blight on cherry fruit.AgrEvo
M. laxa symptoms on cherry fruit, showing conidial pustules.
TitleCherry fruit rot
CaptionM. laxa symptoms on cherry fruit, showing conidial pustules.
CopyrightAgrEvo
M. laxa symptoms on cherry fruit, showing conidial pustules.
Cherry fruit rotM. laxa symptoms on cherry fruit, showing conidial pustules.AgrEvo
Blossom blight and gum exudation (arrowed) on apricot caused by M. laxa.
TitleSymptoms on apricot
CaptionBlossom blight and gum exudation (arrowed) on apricot caused by M. laxa.
CopyrightM. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Blossom blight and gum exudation (arrowed) on apricot caused by M. laxa.
Symptoms on apricotBlossom blight and gum exudation (arrowed) on apricot caused by M. laxa.M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Perennial cankers around the base of dead twigs of apricot caused by M. laxa.
TitleCankers on apricot twigs
CaptionPerennial cankers around the base of dead twigs of apricot caused by M. laxa.
CopyrightM. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Perennial cankers around the base of dead twigs of apricot caused by M. laxa.
Cankers on apricot twigsPerennial cankers around the base of dead twigs of apricot caused by M. laxa.M. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Almond tree infected by M. laxa, showing branches blighted and without leaves.
TitleInfected almond tree
CaptionAlmond tree infected by M. laxa, showing branches blighted and without leaves.
CopyrightP. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
Almond tree infected by M. laxa, showing branches blighted and without leaves.
Infected almond treeAlmond tree infected by M. laxa, showing branches blighted and without leaves.P. Melgarejo & A. de Cal/CIT-INIA
Twig blight of almond
TitleTwig blight of almond
Caption
CopyrightAgrEvo
Twig blight of almond
Twig blight of almondAgrEvo
Conidiophores and conidia
TitleConidiophores and conidia
Caption
CopyrightM. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus
Conidiophores and conidia
Conidiophores and conidiaM. Fawaz Azmeh/University of Damascus

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey [teleomorph] (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey

Preferred Common Name

  • blossom blight

Other Scientific Names

  • Monilia cinerea Bonord. [teleomorph] Bonord.
  • Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) Sacc. & Voglino [anamorph] (Ehrenb.) Sacc. & Voglino
  • Monilia oregonensis Barss [anamorph] Barss
  • Sclerotinia cerasi Woronin [teleomorph] Woronin
  • Sclerotinia cinerea (Bonord.) J. Schröt. [anamorph] (Bonord.) J. Schröt.
  • Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhland [teleomorph] Aderh. & Ruhland

International Common Names

  • English: blossom wilt; brown rot; brown rot of stone fruits; mummifying fruit; spur blight; twig canker; wither tip
  • Spanish: momificado de frutos; podredumbre parda
  • French: pourriture des fruits
  • Russian: monilialny ozhog

Local Common Names

  • Bulgaria: kafyavo gniene
  • Germany: Bluten und zweigdurre
  • Italy: marciume bruno
  • Serbia: susenja mladara

EPPO code

  • MONILA (Monilinia laxa)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Leotiomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Leotiomycetidae
  •                         Order: Helotiales
  •                             Family: Sclerotiniaceae
  •                                 Genus: Monilinia
  •                                     Species: Monilinia laxa

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentUK CAB International, 1991
AzerbaijanPresentDzhafarov, 2002
BhutanPresentUK CAB International, 1991
ChinaPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-JilinPresentBai RongLin, 2002
-SichuanPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-XinjiangPresentNiu et al., 2016
IndiaPresentSharma & Kaul, 1987; Gupta et al., 1988; Sharma, 1996
-Himachal PradeshPresentGupta & Byrde, 1988; Sharma, 1991; Kaul & Sharma, 1993
IraqPresentAbbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991
IsraelPresentUK CAB International, 1991
JapanPresentUK CAB International, 1991
LebanonPresentUK CAB International, 1991
Russian Federation
-Russia (Asia)PresentUK CAB International, 1991
TurkeyPresentUK CAB International, 1991

AFRICA

MoroccoWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
South AfricaWidespreadSchlagbauer & Holz, 1987; Schlagbauer & Holz, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
-British ColumbiaPresentUK CAB International, 1991
USAPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-CaliforniaWidespreadMichailides &, 1987; UK CAB International, 1991; Sholberg et al., 1981; Michailides et al., 1986
-IdahoPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-KansasPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-MassachusettsPresentCox et al., 2011
-MissouriPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-New YorkPresentUK CAB International, 1991; Cox et al., 2011
-OregonPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-Rhode IslandPresentCox et al., 2011
-WashingtonPresentByther, 1991; UK CAB International, 1991
-WisconsinPresentUK CAB International, 1991

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

GuatemalaPresentUK CAB International, 1991

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentUK CAB International, 1991
BrazilPresentUK CAB International, 1991
ChilePresentUK CAB International, 1991
UruguayPresentUK CAB International, 1991

EUROPE

AustriaWidespreadGlaeser, 1979; UK CAB International, 1991
BelgiumWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
BulgariaWidespreadVasev, 1983; Tsonev et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991
Czech RepublicWidespreadLansky & Necesany, 1996; Blazkova, 1996
Czechoslovakia (former)WidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
DenmarkWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991; Nielsen & Schadegg,1987
FinlandWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
Former USSRPresentKalinichenko, 1978
FranceWidespreadLafuste, 1994; Delgado, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991; Faivre-Amiot & Geoffrion, 1996
GermanyWidespreadFicke & Schaefer, 1978; UK CAB International, 1991; Ale-Agha, 1997
GreeceWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
HungaryWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991; Kovacs & Apostol, 1990
IrelandWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
ItalyWidespreadMancini & Cotroneo, 1996; Ponti & Spada, 1996; Tonini & Capriotti, 1996; UK CAB International, 1991
LatviaPresentVolkova et al., 2013
LithuaniaPresentValiu?kaite et al., 2005
MacedoniaPresentTrajcevski, 2008
MoldovaWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
NetherlandsWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
NorwayWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
PolandWidespreadWerner, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991
PortugalWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
RomaniaWidespreadOprea, 1987; Balan et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991
SerbiaPresentPeric et al., 2010
SlovakiaWidespreadNitransky, 1992
SloveniaPresentMunda et al., 2004
SpainWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
SwedenWidespreadAkesson, 1985; UK CAB International, 1991
SwitzerlandWidespreadRüeg & Siegfried, 1993; Tamm & Flückiger, 1993; UK CAB International, 1991; Viret, 1997
UKWidespreadUK CAB International, 1991
UkraineWidespreadVoronin, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991
Yugoslavia (former)WidespreadPejcinovsky & Mihajlovic, 1985

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentJenkins, 1965
-New South WalesPresentPenrose, 1978; UK CAB International, 1991
-QueenslandPresentMuirhead et al., 1983; UK CAB International, 1991
-South AustraliaPresentMoller & Carter, 1975; UK CAB International, 1991
-TasmaniaPresentUK CAB International, 1991
-VictoriaPresentUK CAB International, 1991
New ZealandPresentUK CAB International, 1991

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

extensive mould
lesions: black or brown
mummification

Growing point

rot

Inflorescence

blight; necrosis
rot

Leaves

necrotic areas
wilting

Stems

canker on woody stem
dieback
gummosis or resinosis
wilt

Whole plant

plant dead; dieback

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Aspergillus flavusAntagonist
Bacillus subtilisAntagonistSpores
Epicoccum nigrumAntagonistHyphae/Spores
Penicillium frequentansAntagonistHyphae/SporesSpainStone Fruits
Penicillium notatumAntagonist
Penicillium purpurogenumAntagonistHyphae/Spores

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyxhyphae; sporesYesYes
Fruits (inc. pods)hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Leaveshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Brancheshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)

References

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Abbas HK, Damirdagh IS, El-Behadli AH, Ogawa JM, 1981. Monilinia laxa on stone fruits in Iraq. Plant Disease, 65(11):916-917

Aderhold R, Ruhland W, 1905. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Abteilung fnr Land-u. Forstwirtchaft, Berlin, 4:427-444.

Agrios GN, 1978. Plant pathology. Edition 2. London, UK: Academic Press Inc., 703 pp.

Akesson I, 1985. Plant protection year 1984 - horticulture. Vaxtskyddsnotiser, 49(1/2):6-8

Ale-Agha N, 1997. Prunus species and their fungal floras (on leaves and fruits) in Duisberg North. Proceedings of the 49th International Symposium on Crop Protection, 6 May 1997, Gent, Belgium. Part IV. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wtenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 62:943-949.

Ale-Agha N, Dubos B, Grosclaude C, Ricard JL, 1974. Antagonism between nongerminated spores of Trichoderma viride and Botrytis cinerea, Monilia laxa, M. fructigena, and Phomopsis viticola. Plant Disease Reporter, 58(10):915-917

Bai RongLin, 2002. Symptoms and pathogens of nine diseases of ginseng. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 24(2):78-81.

Balan V, Stoian E, Stancu T, Ivascu A, Opera M, Mircea I, Valeriu S, 1995. Breeding for disease resistance in apricot: problems and prospects. Acta Horticulturae, No. 384:103-109; 3 ref.

Batra LR, 1979. First authenticated North American record of Monilinia fructigena, with notes on related species. Mycotaxon, 8(2):476-484

Batra LR, 1991. World species of Monilinia (Fungi): their ecology, biosystematics and control. Mycologia Memoir, No. 16, 246 pp.

Bennett AH, Wells JM, 1976. Hydraircooling: a new precooling method with special application for waxed peaches. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 101:428-431.

Blazkova J, 1996. Susceptibility of some apricot cultivars and genotypes to blossom infection from Monilinia laxa (Aderh. et Ruhl.). Vedecke Prace Ovocnarske, 15:115-123.

Bompeix G, Coeffic M, Greffier P, 1979. The control of peach rots caused by Monilia spp., Botrytis sp. and Rhizopus sp. Fruits, 34(6):423-430

Bonorden HF, 1851. Handbuch der Allgemeinen Mykologie. Berlin/Stuttgart, Germany.

Byrde RJW, Willetts HJ, 1977. The Brown Rot Fungi of Fruit. Their Biology and Control. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 171 pp.

Byther RS, 1991. Brown rot of stone fruits. Extension Bulletin - Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1047:2 pp.

Ca±ez UM Jr, Ogawa JM, 1985. Parasitic fitness of benomyl-sensitive Monilinia laxa. Phytopathology, 75:1329.

Cal A de, Melgarejo P, 1992. Interactions of pesticides and mycoflora of peach twigs. Mycological Research, 96(12):1105-1113

Cal A de, Sagasta EM, Melgarejo P, 1988. Antifungal substances produced by Penicillium frequentans and their relationship to the biocontrol of Monilinia laxa. Phytopathology, 78(7):888-893

Campbell R, 1989. Biological control of microbial plant pathogens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 218 pp.

Corke ATK, Hunter T, Collins SA, 1975. Silver leaf in plums. In: Report of Long Ashton Research Station for 1974. Long Ashton, UK: Long Ashton Research Station, 131-132.

Cox KD, Villani SM, Raes JJ, Freier J, Faubert H, Cooley D, Clements J, 2011. First reports of brown fruit rot on sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and plum (P. domestica) and shoot blight on apricot (P. armeniaca), kwanzan cherry (P. serrulata), and sweet cherry (P. avium) caused by Monilinia laxa in New York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Plant Disease, 95(12):1584-1585. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

De Cal A, Melgarejo P, 1999. Effects of long-wave UV light on Monilinia growth and identification of species. Plant Disease, 83:62-65.

Delgado M, 1997. Controlling storage diseases. Arboriculture Fruitie^grave~re, No. 505:19-21.

Dzhafarov IG, 2002. Protection of stone fruits from Monilia cinerea infection. Sadovodstvo i Vinogradarstvo, No.5:5-7.

Faivre-Amiot A, Geoffrion R, 1996. Monilioses des arbres et arbustes d'ornement. Phytoma, 481:42-44.

Ficke W, Schaefer HJ, 1978. Parasitic bark diseases of stone fruits and their control. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR, 32:162-164.

Fokkema NJ, Nooij MPde, 1981. The effect of fungicides on the microbial balance in the phyllosphere. EPPO Bulletin, 11(3):303-310

Foschi S, Roberti R, Brunelli A, Flori P, 1995. Application of antagonistic fungi against Monilinia laxa agent of fruit rot of peach. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 18(2):79-82; 4 ref.

Gilpatrick JD, 1981. Resistance to ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides in laboratory strains of Monilinia fructicola. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 87:240.

Gilpatrick JD, 1982. Case study 2: Venturia of pome fruits and Monilinia of stone fruits. In: Dekker J, Georgopoulos SG, eds. Fungicide resistance in Crop Protection. Wageningen, Netherlands: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, 195-206.

Glpser G, 1979. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in the year 1977. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 45(7/12):153-164.

Green MB, Hartley GS, West TF, 1977. Chemicals for crop protection and pest control. Edition 2. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 291 pp.

Gril T, Javornik B, Munda A, Celar F, Jakse J, 2007. Intraspecific variability in the phytopathogenic fungus Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) honey. In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov, 8. Slovenskega postvetovanja o varstvu Rastlin, Radenci, Slovenija, 6-7 Marec, 2007 [ed. by Macek, J.]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Plant Protection Society of Slovenia, 295-299.

Gupta GK, Byrde RJW, 1988. Monilinia laxa associated with blossom wilt of apricot and almond in Himachal Pradesh, India. Plant Pathology, 37(4):591-593

Harrison TH, 1933. Brown rot of fruits and associated diseases of deciduous fruit trees. I. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 67:131-177.

Harrison TH, 1935. Brown rot of fruits and associated diseases of deciduos fruit trees. II. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 68:154-176.

Honey EE, 1928. The monilioid species of Sclerotinia. Mycologia, 20:127-157.

Ingold CT, 1966. Spore release. In: Ainsworth GC, Sussman AS, eds. The Fungi. Vol. 2. New York, USA/London, UK: Academic Press, 679-707.

Janick J, Moore JN, eds, 1975. Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue, USA: Purdue University Press.

Jenkins PT, 1965. Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl.: a cause of brown rot of stone fruits not previously recorded in Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 16:141-144.

Jenkins PT, Reinganum C, 1968. In: Australian Brown Rot Research Committee, ed. Report of the research work on brown rot of stone fruits. Melbourne, Australia: Government Printer, 48.

Kalinichenko RI, 1978. The main fungus diseases of stone fruit leaves and fruits in the Ukraine. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 12(1):27-32

Katan T, Shabi ES, 1981. Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides in laboratory isolates of Monilinia laxa. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 87:242.

Kaul JL, Sharma RL, 1993. Post-harvest fungal diseases of stone fruits in Himachal Pradesh. Plant Disease Research, 8(1):65-66; 6 ref.

Kovacs B, Apostol J, 1990. Sour cherry varieties resistant to fungal diseases. "Lippay Janos" tudamanyos ulesszak eloadasainak es posztereinek rovid osszefoglaloi, 7-8 November 1990, Kerteszeti szekcio, 112-113. Budapest, Hungary.

Lafuste JP, 1994. Peaches and apricots. Storage diseases. Arboriculture Fruitiere, No. 472:24-26

Larena I, Melgarejo P, 1993. The lytic enzymatic complex of Penicillium purpurogenum and its effects on Monilinia laxa. Mycological Research, 97(1):105-110

Larena I, Melgarejo P, 1996. Biological control of Monilinia laxa and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by a lytic enzyme-producing Penicillium purpurogenum. Biological Control, 6(3):361-367; 32 ref.

Lßnsky M, Necesany V, 1996. Aimed protection from blossom blight of sour cherry trees caused by Monilinia laxa (Aderh. et Ruhl/Honey). Ve^hacek~decke^acute~ Pra^acute~ce Ovocna^acute~r^hacek~ske^acute~, No. 15:103-113; 7 ref.

Madrigal C, Melgarejo P, 1995. Morphological effects of Epicoccum nigrum and its antibiotic flavipin on Monilinia laxa. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73(3):425-431

Madrigal C, Pascual S, Melgarejo P, 1994. Biological control of peach twig blight (Monilinia laxa) with Epicoccum nigrum. Plant Pathology, 43(3):554-561

Mancini G, Cotroneo A, 1996. Defence strategies against the principal fungal diseases on stone fruits in Piedmont. Informatore Agrario Supplemento, 52(15):4-9.

Mari M, Iori R, Leoni O, Marchi A, 1993. In vitro activity of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates against postharvest fruit pathogens. Annals of Applied Biology, 123(1):155-164

Mari M, Iori R, Leoni O, Marchi A, 1996. Bioassays of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates against postharvest pear pathogens. Plant Pathology, 45(4):753-760; 33 ref.

McClure TT, 1958. Brown and Rhizopus rots of peaches as affected by hydrocooling, fungicides, and temperature. Phytopathology, 48:322-324.

Melgarejo P, Cal A de, Sagasta EM, 1989. Influence of Penicillium frequentans and two of its antibiotics on production of stromata by Monilinia laxa in culture. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67(1):83-87

Melgarejo P, Carrillo R, M-Sagasta E, 1984. Fungal antagonism in relation to peaches. In: Woodbine, M, ed. Antimicrobials and Agriculture. London, UK: Butterworths, 127-136.

Melgarejo P, Carrillo R, M-Sagasta E, 1985. Mycoflora of peach twigs and flowers and its possible significance in biological control of Monilinia laxa.. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 85(2):313-317; [3 tab.]; 20 ref.

Melgarejo P, Carrillo R, Sagasta EM, 1986. Potential for biological control of Monilinia laxa in peach twigs. Crop Protection, 5(6):422-426; 17 ref.

Michailides TJ, Ogawa JM, Opgenorth DC, 1986. Distribution of Monilinia species and detection of benomyl-resistant isolates in prune and apricot orchards in California. Phytopathology, 76:845 (Abstr.).

Michailides TJ, Ogawa JM, Opgenorth DC, 1987. Shift of Monilinia spp. and distribution of isolates sensitive and resistant to benomyl in California prune and apricot orchards. Plant Disease, 71(10):893-896

Moller WJ, Carter MV, 1975. Sclerotinia laxa detected in South Australia. Australian Plant Pathology Society Newsletter, 4(1):5

Mordue JEM, 1979. Sclerotinia laxa. In: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 619. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Muirhead IF, Heaton JB, Dullahide SR, 1983. Monilinia laxa recorded in Queensland. Australasian Plant Pathology, 12(2):28-29

Munda A, Zerjav M, Vir?cek Marn M, 2004. Extent and ecology of fungi of the genus Monilinia in Slovenia. (Raz?irjenost in ekologija gliv iz rodu Monilinia v Sloveniji.) In: Zbornik referatov 1. Slovenskega sadjarskega kongresa z mednarodno udelezbo, Kr?ko, Slovenia, 24-26 marec 2004. Del 2 [ed. by Hudina, M.]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovenian fruit growing association, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnology Faculty, 443-447.

Nguyen-The C, Hugueney R, Arnoux M, 1989. Contribution à l'étude des voies de pénétration de parasites fongiques des nectarines Monilinia laxa (AscomycFte-DiscomycFte) et Rhizopus stolonifer (ZygomycFte-Mucorale). Agronomie, 9:271-276.

Nielsen SL, Schadegg E, 1987. Chemical control of shoot wilt on sour cherries. Frugtavleren, 16(5):172-175

Nitransky S, 1992. Vitality of trees of some apricot varieties 12 years after planting. Zahradnictvi, 19(4):283-294

Niu ChengWang, Wang JingRu, Zhu XiaoQiong, Chen XiaoYu, Guo LiYun, 2016. Brown rot pathogens on stone and pome fruit trees in Xinjiang wild forest. Mycosystema, 35(12):1514-1525. http://journals.im.ac.cn/jwxten/ch/index.aspx

Ogawa JM, Manji BT, Bostock RM, Canez VM, Bose EA, 1984. Detection and characterization of benomyl-resistant Monilinia laxa on apricots. Plant Disease, 68(1):29-31

Ogawa JM, Manji BT, Schreader WR, 1975. Monilinia life cycle on sweet cherries and its control by overhead sprinkler fungicide applications. Plant Disease Reporter, 59(11):876-880

Ogawa JM, Zehr EI, Bird GW, Ritchie DF, Uriu K, Uyemoto JK(Editors), 1995. Compendium of stone fruit diseases. St. Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 98 pp.

Oprea M, 1987. Species of microfungi associated with apricot decline. Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor, 20:69-76; 6 ref.

Pascal T, Levigneron A, Kervella J, Nguyen-The C, 1994. Evaluation of two screening methods for resistance of apricot, plum and peach to Monilinia laxa. Euphytica, 77(1/2):19-23

Pascual S, Cal A de, Melgarejo P, 1990. Induction of conidia production by Monilinia laxa on agar media by acetone. Phytopathology, 80(5):494-496

Pejcinovski F, Mihajlovic D, 1985. Contribution to the study of the aetiology of wilt and dieback of one-year-old shoots, branches and isolated trunks of apricot in some localities in Skopje. Zastita Bilja, 36(2):129-142

Penrose LJ, 1978. Distribution of Sclerotinia laxa in New South Wales. Plant Disease Survey 1976-77. Rydalmere, New South Wales, Australia: Department of Agriculture, 31-33

Penrose LJ, Tarran J, Wong A-L, 1976. First record of Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl. in New South Wales: differentiation from S. fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. by cultural characteristics and electrophoresis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 27(4):547-556

Peric S, Zivic J, Vojinovic M, Jovanovic G, 2010. Effects of mechanical methods in supression of pathogen Monilinia laxa (Ader. and Ruhi.). (Efekti primene mehanickih mera u suzbijanju patogena Monilinia laxa (Ader. i Ruhl.).) Biljni Lekar (Plant Doctor), 38(1):55-59.

Ponti I, Spada G, 1996. Fungal diseases of peach in Emili-Rogmana and relative lines of defence. Informatore Aggrario Supplemento, 52:13-16.

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Argentina: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Austria: Widespread
Glaeser, 1979; UK CAB International, 1991Australia: Present
Jenkins, 1965Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAzerbaijan: Present
Dzhafarov, 2002Azerbaijan: Present
Dzhafarov, 2002Belgium: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Bulgaria: Widespread
Vasev, 1983; Tsonev et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991Brazil: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Bhutan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Widespread
Rüeg & Siegfried, 1993; Tamm & Flückiger, 1993; UK CAB International, 1991; Viret, 1997Chile: Present
UK CAB International, 1991China: Present
UK CAB International, 1991China: Present
UK CAB International, 1991China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Czech Republic: Widespread
Lansky & Necesany, 1996; Blazkova, 1996Germany: Widespread
Ficke & Schaefer, 1978; UK CAB International, 1991; Ale-Agha, 1997Denmark: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Spain: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Spain: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Finland: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991France: Widespread
Lafuste, 1994; Delgado, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991; Faivre-Amiot & Geoffrion, 1996UK: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Greece: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Greece: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Hungary: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991; Kovacs & Apostol, 1990Ireland: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Israel: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Israel: Present
UK CAB International, 1991India: Present
Sharma & Kaul, 1987; Gupta et al., 1988; Sharma, 1996India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Iraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Iraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Italy: Widespread
Mancini & Cotroneo, 1996; Ponti & Spada, 1996; Tonini & Capriotti, 1996; UK CAB International, 1991Japan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lithuania: Present
Valiu?kaite et al., 2005Latvia: Present
Volkova et al., 2013Morocco: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Morocco: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Moldova: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Macedonia: Present
Trajcevski, 2008Netherlands: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Norway: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991New Zealand: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Poland: Widespread
Werner, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991Portugal: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Romania: Widespread
Oprea, 1987; Balan et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991Serbia: Present
Peric et al., 2010Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Widespread
Akesson, 1985; UK CAB International, 1991Slovenia: Present
Munda et al., 2004Slovakia: Widespread
Nitransky, 1992Former USSR: Present
Kalinichenko, 1978Former USSR: Present
Kalinichenko, 1978Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Ukraine: Widespread
Voronin, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991Ukraine: Widespread
Voronin, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991USA: Present
UK CAB International, 1991USA: Present
UK CAB International, 1991USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Yugoslavia (former): Widespread
Pejcinovsky & Mihajlovic, 1985South Africa: Widespread
Schlagbauer & Holz, 1987; Schlagbauer & Holz, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Azerbaijan: Present
Dzhafarov, 2002Bhutan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991China: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Jilin: Present
Bai RongLin, 2002Sichuan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Xinjiang: Present
Niu et al., 2016Israel: Present
UK CAB International, 1991India: Present
Sharma & Kaul, 1987; Gupta et al., 1988; Sharma, 1996Himachal Pradesh: Present
Gupta & Byrde, 1988; Sharma, 1991; Kaul & Sharma, 1993Iraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Japan: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Russia (Asia): Present
UK CAB International, 1991Former USSR: Present
Kalinichenko, 1978Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Ukraine: Widespread
Voronin, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991
Distribution map (europe) Austria: Widespread
Glaeser, 1979; UK CAB International, 1991Azerbaijan: Present
Dzhafarov, 2002Belgium: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Bulgaria: Widespread
Vasev, 1983; Tsonev et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991Switzerland: Widespread
Rüeg & Siegfried, 1993; Tamm & Flückiger, 1993; UK CAB International, 1991; Viret, 1997Czechoslovakia (former): Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Czech Republic: Widespread
Lansky & Necesany, 1996; Blazkova, 1996Germany: Widespread
Ficke & Schaefer, 1978; UK CAB International, 1991; Ale-Agha, 1997Denmark: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Spain: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Finland: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991France: Widespread
Lafuste, 1994; Delgado, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991; Faivre-Amiot & Geoffrion, 1996UK: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Greece: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Hungary: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991; Kovacs & Apostol, 1990Ireland: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Iraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Italy: Widespread
Mancini & Cotroneo, 1996; Ponti & Spada, 1996; Tonini & Capriotti, 1996; UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Lithuania: Present
Valiu?kaite et al., 2005Latvia: Present
Volkova et al., 2013Morocco: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Moldova: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Macedonia: Present
Trajcevski, 2008Netherlands: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Norway: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Poland: Widespread
Werner, 1997; UK CAB International, 1991Portugal: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Romania: Widespread
Oprea, 1987; Balan et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1991Serbia: Present
Peric et al., 2010Sweden: Widespread
Akesson, 1985; UK CAB International, 1991Slovenia: Present
Munda et al., 2004Slovakia: Widespread
Nitransky, 1992Former USSR: Present
Kalinichenko, 1978Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Ukraine: Widespread
Voronin, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991Yugoslavia (former): Widespread
Pejcinovsky & Mihajlovic, 1985
Distribution map (africa) Spain: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Greece: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Israel: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Iraq: Present
Abbas et al., 1981; UK CAB International, 1991Lebanon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Morocco: Widespread
UK CAB International, 1991Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1991South Africa: Widespread
Schlagbauer & Holz, 1987; Schlagbauer & Holz, 1990; UK CAB International, 1991
Distribution map (north america) British Columbia: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1991USA: Present
UK CAB International, 1991California: Widespread
Michailides &, 1987; UK CAB International, 1991; Sholberg et al., 1981; Michailides et al., 1986Idaho: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Kansas: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Massachusetts: Present
Cox et al., 2011Missouri: Present
UK CAB International, 1991New York: Present
UK CAB International, 1991; Cox et al., 2011Oregon: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Rhode Island: Present
Cox et al., 2011Washington: Present
Byther, 1991; UK CAB International, 1991Wisconsin: Present
UK CAB International, 1991
Distribution map (central america) Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1991USA: Present
UK CAB International, 1991
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Brazil: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Chile: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Uruguay: Present
UK CAB International, 1991
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
Jenkins, 1965New South Wales: Present
Penrose, 1978; UK CAB International, 1991Queensland: Present
Muirhead et al., 1983; UK CAB International, 1991South Australia: Present
Moller & Carter, 1975; UK CAB International, 1991Tasmania: Present
UK CAB International, 1991Victoria: Present
UK CAB International, 1991China: Present
UK CAB International, 1991New Zealand: Present
UK CAB International, 1991