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Datasheet

Hemileia vastatrix (coffee leaf rust)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 07 December 2016
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Hemileia vastatrix
  • Preferred Common Name
  • coffee leaf rust
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina
  •                 Class: Pucciniomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Leaf rust on coffee plant.
TitleSymptoms on coffee leaf
CaptionLeaf rust on coffee plant.
CopyrightCTC/Zeneca
Leaf rust on coffee plant.
Symptoms on coffee leafLeaf rust on coffee plant.CTC/Zeneca
Coffee leaf rust.
TitleSymptoms on coffee leaf
CaptionCoffee leaf rust.
CopyrightCTC/Zeneca
Coffee leaf rust.
Symptoms on coffee leafCoffee leaf rust.CTC/Zeneca
Yellow to orange powdery blotches appear on the underside of leaves.
TitleSymptoms on coffee branch
CaptionYellow to orange powdery blotches appear on the underside of leaves.
CopyrightJ.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Yellow to orange powdery blotches appear on the underside of leaves.
Symptoms on coffee branchYellow to orange powdery blotches appear on the underside of leaves.J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Rust lesions consist of many individual uredinia which grow through the stomata and are scattered within the rust lesions on the underside of leaves.
TitleLeaf lesions showing powdery uredinia
CaptionRust lesions consist of many individual uredinia which grow through the stomata and are scattered within the rust lesions on the underside of leaves.
CopyrightJ.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Rust lesions consist of many individual uredinia which grow through the stomata and are scattered within the rust lesions on the underside of leaves.
Leaf lesions showing powdery urediniaRust lesions consist of many individual uredinia which grow through the stomata and are scattered within the rust lesions on the underside of leaves. J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
H. vastatrix uredinium with maturing urediniospores. Developing urediniospores are produced in spherical clusters and are packed together somewhat like segments of an orange. Spores measure 18-28 x 28-36 µm and are yellow.
TitleElectron micrograph of maturing spores
CaptionH. vastatrix uredinium with maturing urediniospores. Developing urediniospores are produced in spherical clusters and are packed together somewhat like segments of an orange. Spores measure 18-28 x 28-36 µm and are yellow.
CopyrightJ.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
H. vastatrix uredinium with maturing urediniospores. Developing urediniospores are produced in spherical clusters and are packed together somewhat like segments of an orange. Spores measure 18-28 x 28-36 µm and are yellow.
Electron micrograph of maturing sporesH. vastatrix uredinium with maturing urediniospores. Developing urediniospores are produced in spherical clusters and are packed together somewhat like segments of an orange. Spores measure 18-28 x 28-36 µm and are yellow.J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome

Preferred Common Name

  • coffee leaf rust

International Common Names

  • English: coffee rust; leaf rust of coffee; orange coffee rust
  • Spanish: roya del cafeto
  • French: rouille de la feuille du caféier; rouille vriae des cafeiras
  • Portuguese: ferrugem do cafeeiro

Local Common Names

  • Germany: kaffeeblatt krankheit
  • Italy: ruggine del cafe

EPPO code

  • HEMIVA (Hemileia vastatrix)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina
  •                 Class: Pucciniomycetes
  •                     Order: Pucciniales
  •                         Genus: Hemileia
  •                             Species: Hemileia vastatrix

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Brunei DarussalamPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
CambodiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ChinaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-GuangdongPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-GuangxiPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-YunnanPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
IndiaWidespreadEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Andaman and Nicobar IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-KarnatakaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Tamil NaduPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
IndonesiaWidespreadEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-JavaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-KalimantanPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-MoluccasPresentEPPO, 2014
-Nusa TenggaraPresentEPPO, 2014
-SulawesiPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-SumatraAbsent, unreliable recordEPPO, 2014
LaosPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MalaysiaWidespreadEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-SabahPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-SarawakPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MyanmarPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
PhilippinesPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
SingaporePresentAVA, 2001; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Sri LankaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
TaiwanPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ThailandPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
VietnamPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
YemenPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998

AFRICA

AngolaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
BeninPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
BurundiPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
CameroonPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Central African RepublicPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ComorosWidespreadEPPO, 2014
CongoPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Congo Democratic RepublicPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Côte d'IvoirePresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
EritreaWidespreadCABI & EPPO, 1998
EthiopiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
GhanaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
GuineaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
KenyaPresentKing'ori & Masaba, 1994; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
LiberiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MadagascarPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MalawiPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MauritiusPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
MozambiquePresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
NigeriaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
RéunionPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
RwandaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Sao Tome and PrincipePresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Sierra LeoneRestricted distributionFomba & Hussaini, 1991; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
SomaliaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
South AfricaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
SudanPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
TanzaniaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
TogoPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
UgandaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ZambiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ZimbabwePresentEPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

MexicoPresentVazquez, 1983; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

BelizePresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Costa RicaWidespreadEPPO, 2014; Schieber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
CubaPresentAnon, 1986a; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Dominican RepublicRestricted distributionFeliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
El SalvadorPresentEcheverri, 1980; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
GuatemalaPresentEPPO, 2014; Scheiber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
HaitiRestricted distributionFeliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
HondurasPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
JamaicaRestricted distributionAnon, 1986b; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
NicaraguaPresentLlano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
PanamaWidespreadEPPO, 2014
Puerto RicoPresentAnon, 1989; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentEPPO, 2014; Wellman & Echandi, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 1998
BoliviaPresentEPPO, 2014; Wellman & Echandi, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 1998
BrazilPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-AcrePresentEPPO, 2014; Schieber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-BahiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Espirito SantoPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Minas GeraisPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-ParaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-ParanaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-PernambucoPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-RondoniaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
-Sao PauloPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ColombiaWidespreadEPPO, 2014; Scheiber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
EcuadorPresentEPPO, 2014; Scheiber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
ParaguayPresentWellman & Echandi, 1981; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
PeruPresentEPPO, 2014; Scheiber & Zentmeyer, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 1998
VenezuelaRestricted distributionFNIA, 1985; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998

OCEANIA

American SamoaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Cook IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
FijiPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
French PolynesiaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
New CaledoniaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
Papua New GuineaRestricted distributionMuthappa & Kokoa, 1989; EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
SamoaPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998
VanuatuPresentEPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 1998

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeWild host
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)RubiaceaeMain
Coffea canephora (robusta coffee)RubiaceaeMain
Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree)RubiaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

lesions: on pods
lesions: scab or pitting

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal leaf fall
fungal growth
necrotic areas

Stems

discoloration of bark

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Alcaligenes faecalisPathogen
Bacillus megateriumPathogen
Bacillus subtilisPathogen
Bacillus thuringiensisPathogen
Cladosporium hemileiaePathogen
Cochliobolus carbonumPathogenLarvae
Eudarluca caricisPathogen
Paranectria hemileiaePathogen
Pseudomonas fluorescensAntagonist
Puccinia oxalidisPathogen
Puccinia psidiiPathogen
Ustilago maydisPathogen
Verticillium leptobactrumPathogen
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaePathogen

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Fruits (inc. pods)hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Leaveshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Brancheshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Growing medium accompanying plants
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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1986. Outbreaks and new records: Cuba, outbreak of coffee leaf rust. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34(1):65

Alarcon R, Carrion G, 1994. The use of Verticillium lecanii in coffee plantations as biological control of coffee rust. Fitopatologia, 29(1):82-85

Anon, 1986b. Outbreaks and new records. Jamaica. Coffee leaf rust. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34:216.

Anon, 1989. Outbreaks and new records. Puerto Rico. Infestation of coffee leaf rust, Hemileaia vastatrix. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 37:97.

AVA, 2001. Diagnostic records of the Plant Health Diagnostic Services, Plant Health Centre, Agri-food & Veterinary Authority, Singapore.

Becker S, Mulinge SK, Kranz J, 1975. Evidence that uredospores of Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Br. are wind-borne. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 82(4):359-360

Bock KR, 1962. Seasonal periodicity of coffee leaf rust and factors affecting the severity of outbreaks in Kenya colony. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 45:289-300.

Bowden J, Gregory PH, Johnson CG, 1971. Possible wind transport of coffee leaf rust across the Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 229:500-501.

Burdekin DA, 1960. Wind and water dispersal of coffee leaf rust in Tanganyika. Kenya Coffee, 25:212-213.

CABI , EPPO , 1998. Hemileia vastatrix. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, April (Edition 9). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 5.

CABI/EPPO, 2016. Hemileia vastatrix. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 5 (Edition 10).

Carefoot GL, Sprott ER, 1969. Famine in the wind - Plant disease and human history. London, UK: Angus and Robertson.

Carvalho A, Eskes AB, Castillo ZJ, Streenivasan M, Echeverri JH, Fernandex CE, Fazouli LC, 1989. Breeding programmes around the world (Chapter 7). In: Kushalappa AC, Eskes AB, eds. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 293-335.

Carvalho VL de, Chalfoun SM, Castro HA de, 1996. Influencia da producao na incidencia da ferrugem-do-cafeeiro. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 31: 401-405.

Chalfoun SM, 1981. Relation between different indices of rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.) infection and yield of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants in some localities of Minas Gerais State. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 6(2):137-142

Chaves CM, Marsuoka JMP, Tavares NJ ana, 1971. The effect of methyl bromide and phosphine fumigants on the viability of H. vastatrix uredospores. Sevia, 31:74-87.

Crowe TJ, 1963. Possible insect vectors of uredospores of Hemileia vastarix in Kenya. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 46:24-26.

Echeverri JHR, 1980. La roya en El Salavador. Promecafe, 6:3.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Eskes AB, 1982. Incomplete resistance to coffee leaf rust. In: F Lamberti, JM Waller, N van der Graaff, eds. Durable Resistance in Crops. New York, USA: Plenum, 291-315.

Eskes AB, 1989. Natural enemies and biological control. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management [edited by Kushalappa, A. C. and Eskes, A. B.] Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 161-169

Eskes AB, 1989. Resistance. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management [edited by Kushalappa, A. C. and Eskes, A. B.] Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 171-291

Feliu E, 1988. Outbreaks and new records. Hispaniola island. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 36(4):187

FNIA (Fundo Nacional de Investigacions Agropecuarias), 1985. Plan Nacional de Investigacion Rubro y Cafe, FUNIAP Brahmon, Venezuela, 79.

Fomba SN, Hussaini SH, 1991. Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome) now in Sierra Leone. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 39(2-3):118-119

Fulton RH, 1984. Coffee Rust in the Americas. Symposium Book No. 2. St Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 120

Guzzo SD, Harakava R, Kida K, Martins EMF, Roveratti DS, 1999. Protection of coffee plants against Hemileia vastatrix by benzalkonium chloride (quaternary ammonium compound). Summa Phytopathologica, 25(4):339-345; 26 ref.

Hakiza GJ, 1997. Characterisation of the epidemiology of coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix on robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) in Uganda. PhD thesis. Reading, UK: University of Reading.

Holliday P, 1980. Fungus diseases of tropical crops. Fungus diseases of tropical crops. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

King'ori PN, Masaba DM, 1994. Current status of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Kenya. Kenya Coffee, 59(697):1877-1887

Kushalappa AC, 1989. Biology and epidemiology. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management [edited by Kushalappa, A. C. and Eskes, A. B.] Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 13-80

Kushalappa AC, 1989. Rust management: an epidemiological approach and chemical control. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management [edited by Kushalappa, A. C. and Eskes, A. B.] Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 81-139

Kushalappa AC, Eskes AB(Editors), 1989. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management. Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 345 pp.

Large EC, 1940. Coffee rust in Ceylon. In: Advance of the Fungi. London, UK: Jonathan Cape, pp196-207.

Laundon GF, Waterston JM, 1964. Hemileia vastatrix. CMI Descriptionsof Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 1. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Llano A, 1977. The orange coffee rust in Nicaragua. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(12):999-1002

Martinez JA, Palazzo DA, Karazawa M, 1977. Importance of the wind in the release and dissemination of spores of Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 2(1):35-42

Mayne WW, 1930. Seasonal periodicity of coffee leaf disease (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.). Bulletin of the Mysore Coffee Experiment Station, No. 4

Monaco LC, 1977. Consequences of the introduction of coffee rust into Brazil. In: PR Day, ed. The Genetic Basis of Epidemics in Agriculture. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287:57-71.

Muthappa B, Kannan KN, Javed ZUR, Matiello JB, Mansk Z, 1989. Chemical control practices around the world. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance and management [edited by Kushalappa, A. C. and Eskes, A. B.] Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press, Inc., 141-159

Muthappa BN, Kokoa P, 1989. Outbreak of coffee leaf rust in Papua New Guinea in 1986. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 37(4):159-163

Muthiah S, 1993. A Planting Century: the first hundred years of the United Planters Association of Southern India. Madras, India: Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.

Narasimhaswamy RL, 1961. La herrumbre del café (Hemileia) in la India. Café (Turralba), 3: 41-45.

Nutman FJ, Roberts FM, 1970. Coffee Leaf Rust. PANS 16: 607-624.

Nutman FJ, Roberts FM, Bock KR, 1960. Methods of uredospore dispersal of coffee leaf rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 43:509-515.

Porras NC, Leguizamon CJE, Martinez MM, 1999. Induccion de resistencia por Pseudomonas spp. en plantulas de cafT contra la roya del cafeto Hemileia vastarix Berk. y Br. [Induction of resistance by Pseudomonas spp in coffee plantlets against coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br.] Ascolfi Informa, 25:12-14.

Rajendran RB, 1967. A new type of nuclear life cycle in Hemileia vastatrix. Mycologia, 59:279-285.

Rayner RW, 1961a. Germination and penetration studies on coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.). Annals of Applied Biology, 49:497-505.

Rayner RW, 1961b. Spore liberation and dispersal of coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Nature, 191:725.

Rayner RW, 1962. The control of coffee rust in Kenya by fungicides. Annals of Applied Biology, 50:245-261.

Rayner RW, 1972. Micologia Historia y Biologia de la Roya del Cafeto. Publicacion Miscelanea No. 94. Turialba, Costa Rica: IICA.

Rodrigues CJ Jr, Bettancourt AJ, Rijo L, 1975. Races of the pathogen and resistance to coffee rust. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 13:49-70.

Schieber E, 1972. Economic impact of coffee rust in Latin America. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 10: 491-510.

Schieber E, Zentmyer GA, 1984. Coffee rust in the western hemisphere. Plant Disease, 68(2):89-93

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.

Sierra CA, Montoya EC, Velez RC, 1995. Nivel de dano y umbral economico para la roya del cafeto (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. y Br.). Fitopatologia Colombiana, 19: 43-48.

Souza AFde, Zambolim L, Jesus Júnior VCde, Cecon PR, 2011. Chemical approaches to manage coffee leaf rust in drip irrigated trees. Australasian Plant Pathology, 40(3):293-300. http://www.springerlink.com/content/r75m850x733j8898/

Van der Vossen HAM, Walyaro DJ, 1981. The coffee breeding programme in Kenya. A review of progress made since 1971 and plan of action for the coming years. Kenya Coffee, 46:113-130.

Vazquez GF, 1983. Coffee rust in Mexico. Plant Disease, 67(4):450

Vine BH, Vine PA, Griffiths E, 1973. Some problems of evaluating fungicides for use on coffee in Kenya. Annals of Applied Biology, 75:377-385.

Waller JM, 1979. The recent spread of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br) and attempts to control it. In: DL Ebbels, JE King, eds. Plant Health. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 275-283.

Waller JM, 1982. Coffee rust -- epidemiology and control. Crop Protection, 1(4):385-404

Waller JM, Leguizamon J, Gill LF, Aston RA, Cookman GP, Sharp DG, Ford MG, Salt DW, 1994. Laboratory and field development of a CDA spraying system for control of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix): an overview. In: Hewitt HG, Caseley J, Copping LG, Grayson BT, Tyson D, eds. Comparing Glasshouse and Field Pesticide Performance II. Farnham, Surrey: British Crop Protection Council, 261-266.

Wallis JAN, Firman ID, 1962. Spraying Arabica coffee for the control of leaf rust. East African Agriculture and Forestry Journal, 28:89-104.

Ward HM, 1882. Researches on the life history of Hemileia vastatrix. Journal of the Linnaean Society, 19:299-335.

Wellman FL, 1970. The rust Hemileia vastatrix now firmly established on coffee in Brazil. Plant Disease Reporter, 54:539.

Wellman FL, Echandi E, 1981. The coffee rust situation in Latin America in 1980. Phytopathology, 71(9):968-971

Wrigley G, 1988. Coffee. Tropical agriculture series. Harlow, UK: Longman, 309-326.

Zambolim L, Silva-Acuna R, Rena AB, Chaves GM, 1992. The effect of yield on starch and sugar in leaves and their subsequent influence on coffee rust development. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 17(1):23-27

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Angola: Present
EPPO, 2014Argentina: Present
EPPO, 2014American Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Burundi: Present
EPPO, 2014Benin: Present
EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
EPPO, 2014Bolivia: Present
EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBelize: Present
EPPO, 2014Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Central African Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo: Present
EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
EPPO, 2014Cook Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
Anon ,1986a; EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
Anon ,1986a; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Ecuador: Present
EPPO, 2014Eritrea: Widespread
CABI & EPPO, 1998Ethiopia: Present
EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
EPPO, 2014Ghana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Haiti: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Restricted distribution
Anon ,1986b; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Restricted distribution
Anon ,1986b; EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
King'ori & Masaba, 1994; EPPO, 2014Cambodia: Present
EPPO, 2014Comoros: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Laos: Present
EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
EPPO, 2014Liberia: Present
EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
EPPO, 2014Myanmar: Present
EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
EPPO, 2014Malawi: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Vazquez, 1983; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Vazquez, 1983; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMozambique: Present
EPPO, 2014New Caledonia: Present
EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Panama: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Panama: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
EPPO, 2014French Polynesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Restricted distribution
Muthappa & Kokoa, 1989; EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Restricted distribution
Muthappa & Kokoa, 1989; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
Anon, 1989; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
Anon, 1989; EPPO, 2014Paraguay: Present
Wellman & Echandi, 1981; EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
EPPO, 2014Rwanda: Present
EPPO, 2014Sudan: Present
EPPO, 2014Singapore: Present
AVA, 2001; EPPO, 2014Sierra Leone: Restricted distribution
Fomba & Hussaini, 1991; EPPO, 2014Somalia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Tome and Principe: Present
EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
Echeverri, 1980; EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
Echeverri, 1980; EPPO, 2014Togo: Present
EPPO, 2014Thailand: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
EPPO, 2014Uganda: Present
EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Restricted distribution
FNIA, 1985; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Restricted distribution
FNIA, 1985; EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
EPPO, 2014Vanuatu: Present
EPPO, 2014Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
EPPO, 2014Zambia: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo Democratic Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Zimbabwe: Present
EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Bangladesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014Guangdong: Present
EPPO, 2014Guangxi: Present
EPPO, 2014Yunnan: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Java: Present
EPPO, 2014Kalimantan: Present
EPPO, 2014Moluccas: Present
EPPO, 2014Sulawesi: Present
EPPO, 2014India: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Karnataka: Present
EPPO, 2014Tamil Nadu: Present
EPPO, 2014Cambodia: Present
EPPO, 2014Laos: Present
EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
EPPO, 2014Myanmar: Present
EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Peninsular Malaysia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sabah: Present
EPPO, 2014Sarawak: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Restricted distribution
Muthappa & Kokoa, 1989; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Singapore: Present
AVA, 2001; EPPO, 2014Thailand: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe)
Distribution map (africa) Angola: Present
EPPO, 2014Burundi: Present
EPPO, 2014Benin: Present
EPPO, 2014Central African Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo: Present
EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
EPPO, 2014Eritrea: Widespread
CABI & EPPO, 1998Ethiopia: Present
EPPO, 2014Ghana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
King'ori & Masaba, 1994; EPPO, 2014Comoros: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Liberia: Present
EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
EPPO, 2014Malawi: Present
EPPO, 2014Mozambique: Present
EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
EPPO, 2014Rwanda: Present
EPPO, 2014Sudan: Present
EPPO, 2014Sierra Leone: Restricted distribution
Fomba & Hussaini, 1991; EPPO, 2014Somalia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Tome and Principe: Present
EPPO, 2014Togo: Present
EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
EPPO, 2014Uganda: Present
EPPO, 2014Yemen: Present
EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
EPPO, 2014Zambia: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo Democratic Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Zimbabwe: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
Anon ,1986a; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Restricted distribution
Anon ,1986b; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Vazquez, 1983; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
Anon, 1989; EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
Echeverri, 1980; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
Anon ,1986a; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Restricted distribution
Feliu, 1988; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Restricted distribution
Anon ,1986b; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Vazquez, 1983; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Panama: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
Anon, 1989; EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
Echeverri, 1980; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Restricted distribution
FNIA, 1985; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
EPPO, 2014Bolivia: Present
EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
EPPO, 2014Acre: Present
EPPO, 2014Bahia: Present
EPPO, 2014Espirito Santo: Present
EPPO, 2014Minas Gerais: Present
EPPO, 2014Para: Present
EPPO, 2014Pernambuco: Present
EPPO, 2014Parana: Present
EPPO, 2014Rondonia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Paulo: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Ecuador: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
Llano, 1977; Waller, 1979; EPPO, 2014Panama: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
EPPO, 2014Paraguay: Present
Wellman & Echandi, 1981; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Restricted distribution
FNIA, 1985; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) American Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014Cook Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Kalimantan: Present
EPPO, 2014Sulawesi: Present
EPPO, 2014New Caledonia: Present
EPPO, 2014French Polynesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Restricted distribution
Muthappa & Kokoa, 1989; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Vanuatu: Present
EPPO, 2014Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014