Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae (cedar apple rust)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Cedar-apple rust fungus Caption Tiny cedar-apple rust galls with gelatinous spore horns in axils of cedar leaves. Copyright Alan L. Jones	Cedar-apple rust fungus	Tiny cedar-apple rust galls with gelatinous spore horns in axils of cedar leaves.	Alan L. Jones
Title Cedar-apple rust gall Caption Cedar-apple rust gall on cedar with gelatinous spore horns fully extended. Copyright Alan L. Jones	Cedar-apple rust gall	Cedar-apple rust gall on cedar with gelatinous spore horns fully extended.	Alan L. Jones
Title SEM Caption SEM of a pycnium of cedar-apple rust fungus with a few periphyses extended and some pycniospores. (Nectar drops were removed during preparation.) Copyright Alan L. Jones	SEM	SEM of a pycnium of cedar-apple rust fungus with a few periphyses extended and some pycniospores. (Nectar drops were removed during preparation.)	Alan L. Jones
Title SEM Caption SEM cross-section of an apple leaf showing young aecia cluster-cups of the cedar-apple rust fungus on the underside of the leaf. Copyright Alan L. Jones	SEM	SEM cross-section of an apple leaf showing young aecia cluster-cups of the cedar-apple rust fungus on the underside of the leaf.	Alan L. Jones
Title SEM Caption SEM of a gelatinous spore horn from a cedar-apple rust gall. Teliospores of the cedar-apple rust fungus with slight constriction at the crosswall and single teliospore bearing promycelium (a) and formation of secondary basidiospore on a pointed sterigmata (b). Other basidiospores can be seen on the left. Copyright Alan L. Jones	SEM	SEM of a gelatinous spore horn from a cedar-apple rust gall. Teliospores of the cedar-apple rust fungus with slight constriction at the crosswall and single teliospore bearing promycelium (a) and formation of secondary basidiospore on a pointed sterigmata (b). Other basidiospores can be seen on the left.	Alan L. Jones

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein.

Preferred Common Name

• cedar apple rust

Other Scientific Names

• Aecidium pyrolatum Schwein. [anamorph] Schwein.
• Gymnosporangium macropus Link
• Gymnosporangium virginianum Spreng.
• Roestelia pyrata Thaxt. [anamorph] Thaxt.

International Common Names

• English: American apple rust; cedar-apple rust; rust: apple; rust: cedar; rust: Juniperus spp.
• Spanish: roya de Virginia del manzano; roya del enebro
• French: rouille de Virginie du pommier; rouille du genevrier

EPPO code

• GYMNJV (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Fungi
•         Phylum: Basidiomycota
•             Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina
•                 Class: Pucciniomycetes
•                     Order: Pucciniales
•                         Family: Pucciniaceae
•                             Genus: Gymnosporangium
•                                 Species: Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

Plant Trade

References

Aldwinckle HS, 1974. Field susceptibility of 41 apple cultivars to cedar apple rust and quince rust. Plant Disease Reporter, 58(8):696-699.

Aldwinckle HS, 1975. Pathogenic races of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae on apple. Phytopathology, 65(9):958-961

Aldwinckle HS, 1990. Rust diseases. In: Compendium of apple and pear diseases. St Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 10-14.

Arauz LF, Sutton TB, Pope LR, 1990. Simultaneous use of infection criteria for three apple diseases for timing of fungicide sprays. Phytopathology, 80(11):1212-1218

Bower KN, Berkett LP, Costante JF, 1995. Nontarget effect of a fungicide spray program on phytophagous and predacious mite populations in a scab-resistant apple orchard. Environmental Entomology, 24(2):423-430

CABI/EPPO, 1998. Distribution maps of quarantine pests for Europe (edited by Smith IM, Charles LMF). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, xviii + 768 pp.

EPPO, 2006. Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European). Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 36(3):441-446. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=epp

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Hartman JR, Bessin RT, Brown GR, Jones RT, Strang JG, 1997. Managing apple diseases in Kentucky using integrated pest management. An example of apple disease control. Phytoma, 49(495):45-47; 5 ref.

HEPTING GH, 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States., USA: USDA, 658 pp. [Agricultural Handbook, No. 386.]

IMI, 1994. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 61 (edition 3). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Joung H, Korban SS, Skirvin RM, 1987. Screening shoot cultures of Malus for cedar-apple rust infection by in vitro inoculation. Plant Disease, 71(12):1119-1122

Keil HL, Retzer HJ, Barrat RE, Maas JL, 1980. Ultralow-volume spray control of three apple diseases. Plant Disease, 64(7):681-684

Kern FD, 1973. A Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium. University Park, USA: Penn State University Press.

Korban SS, Chen H, Ries SM, 1987. Interaction of apple cultivars with populations of cedar-apple rust. Journal of Phytopathology, 119(3):272-278

Laundon G, 1977. Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 547. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Neely D, 1983. Chemical control of cedar-apple and cedar-hawthorn rusts. Journal of Arboriculture, 9(3):85-87

Nichols LP, 1985. Disease resistant crabapples. (Results of 1984 survey). Shade Tree, 58(5):54-56

OEPP/EPPO, 2000. EPPO Standards PM 1/2(8) EPPO A1 and A2 lists of quarantine pests. In: EPPO Standards PM 1, General Phytosanitary Measures. Paris, France: EPPO, 5-17.

Pearson RC, Seem RC, Meyer FW, 1980. Environmental factors influencing the discharge of basidiospores of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianp. Phytopathology, 70(3):262-266

Perry RG, 1977. The cedar-apple fungus and its control. McIlvainea, 3(1):36-41

Peterson RS, 1967. Studies of juniper rusts. The West Madrono, 19: 9-91.

Schaefer PR, 1995. Ten-year results of an eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper provenance test in eastern South Dakota. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 12(1):30-35; 17 ref.

Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA(Editors), 1988. European handbook of plant diseases. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Smith IM, McNamara DG, Scott PR, Holderness M, 1997. Quarantine pests for Europe. Second Edition. Data sheets on quarantine pests for the European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Quarantine pests for Europe. Second Edition. Data sheets on quarantine pests for the European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization., Ed. 2:vii + 1425 pp.; many ref.

Tisserat NA, Pair JC, 1997. Susceptibility of selected juniper cultivars to cedar-apple rust, Kabatina tip blight, Cercospora needle blight and Botryosphaeria canker. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 15(3):160-163; 12 ref.

Warner J, 1990. Field susceptibility of scab-resistant apple cultivars and selections to cedar apple rust, quince rust and hawthorn rust. Fruit Varieties Journal, 44(4):216-224

Yoder KS, Hickey KD, 1981. Sterol-inhibiting fungicides for control of certain diseases of apple in the Cumberland-Shenandoah region. Plant Disease, 65(12):998-1001

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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