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Datasheet

Grapevine fanleaf virus (grapevine court-noué virus)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 19 April 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Grapevine fanleaf virus
  • Preferred Common Name
  • grapevine court-noué virus
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Order: Picornavirales
  •                 Family: Secoviridae
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    Compendia
    CAB International
    Wallingford
    Oxfordshire
    OX10 8DE
    UK
    compend@cabi.org
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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Grapevine fanleaf virus

Preferred Common Name

  • grapevine court-noué virus

Other Scientific Names

  • Grapevine arricciamento virus
  • Grapevine court noué virus
  • Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus
  • Grapevine infectious degeneration virus
  • Grapevine Reisigkrankheit virus
  • Grapevine roncet virus
  • Grapevine urticado virus
  • Grapevine veinbanding virus
  • Grapevine yellow mosaic virus

International Common Names

  • English: grapevine arriciamento virus; grapevine vein banding; grapevine yellow mosaic
  • Spanish: urticado de la vid
  • Portuguese: degenerescência infecciosa de videira

Local Common Names

  • France: Court-noué de la vigne
  • Germany: Reisigkrankheit der Rebe
  • Italy: Arriciamento della vite
  • Spain: Degeneracion infecciosa de la vid

EPPO code

  • GFLV00 (Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Virus
  •     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
  •         Group: "RNA viruses"
  •             Order: Picornavirales
  •                 Family: Secoviridae
  •                     Subfamily: Comovirinae
  •                         Genus: Nepovirus
  •                             Species: Grapevine fanleaf virus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ArmeniaPresentMelkonyan, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
ChinaPresentCai et al., 1990; Li et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Zheng-MingXi, 1995
-FujianPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-HebeiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-ShandongPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-SichuanPresentLiu et al., 2004
IranPresentGhorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014
IsraelPresentTanne, 1985; Tanne & Baum, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentKimura et al., 1986; Tanaka, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
JordanPresentSavino et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
KazakhstanPresentRazzhivin et al., 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ryabushkina et al., 2009
LebanonPresentKhoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ha´dar et al., 1996
PalestinePresentAl Kowni et al., 1997
PhilippinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Benigno & Favali-Hedayat, 1977
SyriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
TurkeyPresentAkbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ízaslan et al., 1993

AFRICA

AlgeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
EgyptPresentTolba & El-Kady, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MadagascarPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MoroccoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
NigeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Khan, 1988Khan et al.; Khan, 1993
South AfricaPresentNel & Engelbrecht, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
SpainPena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Canary IslandsPresentArias et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
TunisiaPresentSavino et al., 1985; Boulila et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaRestricted distributionMacKenzie et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-British ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Nova ScotiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-OntarioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-QuebecPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MexicoPresentTeliz & Goheen, 1968; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Jimenez-Dias & Goheen, 1991
USAPresentHewitt et al., 1962; Uyemoto, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-MichiganPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentVega & Worlock, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
BoliviaPresentGoheen, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
BrazilPresentAndrade & Peruzzo, 1993; Kuniyuki et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Rio Grande do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Santa CatarinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
ChilePresentAuger et al., 1992; Auger, 1994; Sandoval & Moreno, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentMerkuri et al., 1993; Merkuri et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
AustriaPresentNieder, 1982; Flak & Gangl, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Bosnia-HercegovinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
BulgariaPresentAbracheva, 1974; Abracheva, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
CroatiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
CyprusPresentIoannou, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Czech RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Czechoslovakia (former)PresentMali et al., 1975; Vanek, 1973
FrancePresentVuittenez et al., 1972; Vuittenez, 1960; Walter et al., 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
GermanyPresentBercks & Querfurth, 1973; Stellmach, 1979; Rüdel, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
GreecePresentMavraganis et al., 1976; Vovlas & Savino, 1976; Vovlas & Avgelis, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-CretePresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
HungaryPresentMali et al., 1975; Kölber et al., 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Lehocsky & Tasnady, 1971
ItalyPresentRefatti et al., 1979; Martelli & Hewitt, 1963; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-SardiniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-SicilyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MacedoniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MaltaPresentMartelli et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
MoldovaPresentPolinkovskaya, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
PortugalRestricted distributionCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-AzoresPresentLopes et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
RomaniaPresentEppler et al., 1989; Pop, 1979; Pop, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Russian FederationPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-Russian Far EastPresentCABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
SerbiaPresentEPPO, 2014
SlovakiaPresentLiskova et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
SloveniaPresentHrcek & Korosec, 1976; Blazina et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
SpainPresentPena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
SwitzerlandPresentKlingler & Zwicky, 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
UkrainePresentMilkus et al., 1977; Shterenberg et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2000

OCEANIA

AustraliaAbsent, formerly presentIPPC, 2015; Krake & Woodham, 1983; Woodham et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-South AustraliaAbsent, formerly presentIPPC, 2015; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
-VictoriaAbsent, formerly presentIPPC, 2015; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
New ZealandPresentKearns & Mossop, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Aristolochia clematitis (Birthwort)AristolochiaceaeWild host
Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle)AsteraceaeWild host
Vitis (grape)VitaceaeMain
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)VitaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

abnormal patterns
abnormal shape
premature drop
reduced size

Inflorescence

fall or shedding

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal forms
abnormal patterns

Roots

reduced root system

Stems

distortion
fasciation
stunting or rosetting

Whole plant

dwarfing
early senescence

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

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Vector Source Reference Group Distribution
Xiphinema index Martelli et al. 2001 Nematode
Xiphinema italiae Martelli et al. 2001 Nematode

References

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+zaslan M, Baloglu S, Güldür ME, Yilmaz MA, 1993. Virus diseases of grapevine in Southeastern Anatolian region in Turkey. Extended Abstracts of the 11th Meeting ICVG, Montreux, Switzerland, 6-9 September, 122.

Abracheva P, 1992. Virus and virus-like diseases of grapes in Bulgaria. Progres Agricole et Viticole, 109(20):434-436

Abrasheva P, 1974. Identification of grapevine fanleaf virus in Bulgaria and investigations on some physiological virus-induced changes in grapevine plants. Virusni bolesti po rasteniyata. Bulg. Acad. Sci. Sofia Bulgaria, 13-24

Akbas B, Erdiller G, 1993. Research on grapevine virus diseases and determination of their incidences in Ankara, Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 22(2-3):55-63

Al Kowni R, Digiaro M, Savino V, 1997. A survey of grapevine viruses in Palestine. Extended abstracts of the 12th Meeting ICVG, Lisbon, Portugal, 29 September-2 October 1997, 111.

Andrade ER de, Peruzzo EL, 1993. Grape viruses: characterization and production of plant material free from the main viruses. Agropecuaria Catarinense, 6(3):10-13

Arias M, Fresno J, Bello A, 1993. Grapevine fanleaf virus in Canary Islands as a model for Mediterranean region. Extended abstracts of the 11th Meeting ICVG, Montreux, Switzerland, 6-9 September 1993, 108-109.

Auger J, 1994. Virosis de la vid. Rep. VII Congreso Latinoamericano de Fitopatologia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 155-166.

Auger J, Aballay E E, Pinto C M, Pastenes V C, 1992. Effect of grape fanleaf virus (GFV) on growth and productivity of grapevine plants cv. Thompson Seedless. Fitopatologia, 27(2):85-89

Babini AR, Credi R, Giunchedi L, Canova A, 1981. Effetto di infezioni virali su alcuni portainnesti della vite. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Clonal Selection in Vines, Venezia, 310-318.

Barlass M, Skene KGM, Woodham RC, Krake LR, 1982. Regeneration of virus-free grapevines using in vitro apical culture. Annals of Applied Biology, 101(2):291-295

Benigno DA, Favali-Hedayat MA, 1977. Investigations on previously unreported or noteworthy plant viruses and virus diseases in the Philippines. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 25(2):78-84

Bercks R, Querfurth G, 1973. Investigations on the occurrence of viruses in the Franconian grapevine growing area. Wein-Wissenschaft, 28(6):328-331

Blazina I, Ravnikar M, Gogala N, 1992. Production of GFLV-free grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Zelen) through in vitro techniques. Zbornik Biotehnis^hacek~ke Fakultete Univerze Edvarda Kardelja v Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo, No. 59:141-147; 9 ref.

Borgo M, Bazzo I, Bertazzon N, Angelini E, 2006. Sanitary controls for grapevine virus diagnosis. (Accertamenti sanitari per la diagnosi dei virus della vite.) Informatore Fitopatologico, 56(4):15-17.

Boscia D, Digiaro M, Fresno J, Greif C, Grenan S, Kassemeyer HH, Prota VA, De Sequeira OA, 1997. ELISA for the detection and identification of grapevine viruses. In: Walter B ed., Sanitary Selection of the Grapevine. Protocols for Detection of Viruses and Virus-like Diseases. Versailles, France: INRA Editions, 129-155.

Boubals D, Pistre R, Dalmasso A, 1964 La lutte contre le Court-noué de la vigne. Résultats obtenus à Frontignan en 1963. ProgrFs Agricole et Viticole, 11:270-277; 12:293-301.

Boulila M, Chabbouh N, Cherif C, Martelli GP, 1991. Current knowledge on viruses and virus diseases of grapevines in Tunisia. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting ICVG, September 1990. Volos, Greece: ORES Publishing, 104-110.

Bovey R, 1970. Importance économique des viroses de la Vigne. Bulletin de l'OIV, 43:124-138.

Bovey R, Brugger JJ, Gugerli P, 1980. Detection of fanleaf virus in grapevine tissue extracts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immune electron microscopy (IEM). Proceedings of the 7th Meeting ICVG, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 1980, 259-275.

Bovey R, Gartel W, Hewitt WB, Martelli GP, Vuittenez A, 1980. Virus and virus-like diseases of grapevines. Colour atlas of symptoms. Maladies a virus et affections similaires de la vigne. Atlas en couleurs des symptomes. Editions Payot. Lausanne Switzerland, 183 pp.

Brückbauer H, 1962. Die Vermehrung viruskranker Reben, eine Gefahr für den Weinbau. Weinberg ünd Keller, 9:193-201.

Brückbauer H, Rüdel M, 1961. Untersuchungen über die Viruskrankheiten der Rebe. Samenübertragbarkeit der Reisigkrankheit des Silvaners bei einer Testpflanze sowie Untersuchungen über das evtl. Vorkommen des Virus in Weinbergsunkraüter. Wein Wissenschaft, 16:187-189.

CABI/EPPO, 2000. Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Map No. 812. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

CABI/EPPO, 2016. Grapevine fanleaf virus. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 812 (Edition 2).

Cai WQ, Guo DY, Xu SH, Wang R, Mang KQ, 1990. Isolation, identification, purification and serology of grapevine fanleaf virus. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 20(2):99-105

Cepin U, Gutiérrez-Aguirre I, Balazic L, Pompe-Novak M, Gruden K, Ravnikar M, 2010. A one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of Grapevine fanleaf virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 170(1/2):47-56. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01660934

Cory L., Hewitt WB, 1968. Some grapevine viruses in pollen and seeds. Phytopathology, 58:1316-1320.

Dias HF, 1963. Host range and properties of grapevine fanleaf and grapevine yellow mosaic viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 51:85-97.

Egger E, Borgo M, Antoniazzi P, 1985. Tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to some virus or virus-like diseases. Rivista di Viticoltura e di Enologia, 38(5):302-307

Eppler A, Lesan V, Lazar A, 1989. Viruses and virus diseases in some vineyards in Romania. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 54(2b):491-497

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Flak W, Gangl H, 1994. Rough mapping of grape virosis infection in the Burgenland wine growing region by means of ELISA. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, Rebe und Wein, Obstbau und Fruchteverwertung, 44(5):163-167

Frison EA, Ikin R, 1991. FAO\IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the safe movement of Grapevine Germplasm. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Fuchs M, Pinck M, Etienne L, Pinck L, Walter B, 1991. Characterization and detection of grapevine fanleaf virus by using cDNA probes. Phytopathology, 81(5):559-565

Gallay R, Wurgler W, Bovey R, Staehelin M, Leyvraz H, 1955. La dégénérescence infectieuse de la vigne. Revue Romande del Agriculture, 11:17-23.

Gay G, Mannini F, Giunchedi L, Credi R, Gerbi V, 1981. Relazioni fra attitudini agronomiche ed enologiche e condizioni sanitarie rilevate nelle prime fasi della selezione clonale della vite. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Clonal Selection in Vines, Venezia, 392-396.

Gemmrich AR, Link G, Seidel M, 1993. Detection of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in infected grapevines by non-radioactive nucleic acid hybridisation. Vitis, 32(4):237-242

Ghorbani S, 1988. Identification of grapevine fanleaf virus in Iran. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Plant Pathology, Kyoto, Japan, 1988, 61.

Goheen AC, 1979. Desarrollo de la Produccion Viticola en Bolivia. Consortium for International Development, La Paz, Bolivia. Working paper 006/79.

Goheen AC, Luhn CF, 1973. Heat inactivation of viruses in grapevines. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, 9(3):287-289

Guta IC, Visoiu E, Buciumeanu EC, 2008. In vitro investigation of grapevine in the presence of virus infection (V. vinifera L., Feteasca neagra cv.). Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi, Seria Horticultura, 51:775-778.

Haïdar MM, Digiaro M, Khoury W, Savino V, 1996. Viruses and virus diseases of grapevine in Lebanon. Bulletin OEPP, 26:147-153.

Hewitt WB, 1968. Viruses and virus diseases of the grapevine. Review of Applied Mycology, 47:433-455.

Hewitt WB, Goheen AC, Raski DJ, Gooding GV, 1962. Studies on virus diseases of grapevine in California. Vitis, 3:57-83.

Hewitt WB, Martelli GP, Dias HF, Taylor RH, 1970. Grapevine fanleaf virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 28. Wellesbourne, UK: Association of Applied Biology, 4 pp.

Horvath J, Tobias I, Hunyadi K, 1994. New natural herbaceous hosts of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus. Kerteszeti Tudomany, 26(1):31-32

Hrcek L, Korosec Z, 1976. Effect of virus diseases on the amount and quality of grapes on grapevine. Zbornik Biotehniske Fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 28:111-117

Ioannou N, 1991. Incidence and probable etiology of a vein banding-like disease of grapevine in Cyprus. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting ICVG, September 1990. Volos, Greece: ORES Publishing, 465-472.

IPPC, 2015. Absence of Grapevine fanleaf virus from Australia. IPPC Official Pest Report, No. AUS-67/2. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/

Jimenez Diaz F, Goheen AC, 1991. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect grape fanleaf virus. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia, 9(1):16-20

Jimenez F, 1980. Resistance to fanleaf among grape cultivars and Vitis species. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

Kearns CG, Mossop DW, 1984. Detection of nepoviruses of Vitis vinifera in New Zealand using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 27(3):431-435

Khan FA, 1988. A preliminary report on plant-parasitic nematodes associated with grapevine in northern Nigeria. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 5:45-47.

Khan FA, Erinle ID, Chindo PS, 1993. Survey of plant parasitic nematodes associated with grapevine in 4 northern states of Nigeria and observations on grapevine fanleaf virus. Journal of African Zoology, 107(5):505-510

Khoury W, Savino V, 1995. Disease and pest outbreaks. Lebanon. Viruses affecting grapevine in Lebanon. Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter, 20, 36;7.

Kimura S, Takahashi T, Goto M, 1986. Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the indexing of grapevines for grapevine fanleaf virus. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan, 22:61-65

Klingler J, Zwicky P, 1981. Reappearance of nematodes of the genus Xiphinema and of virus disease symptoms in vines after soil treatments and fallow. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg Rebe und Wein, Obstbau und Fruchteverwertung, 31(3):89-97

Kolber M, Lehoczky J, Kobza S, Nemeth M, Pacsa S, 1980. Detection of grapevine fanleaf virus with the ELISA test. Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin, 16(2):83-88

Koltunow AM, Krake LR, Johnson SD, Rezaian MA, 1989. Two related viroids cause grapevine yellow speckle disease independently. Journal of General Virology, 70(12):3411-3419

Krake RL, Woodham RC, 1983. Grapevine yellow speckle agent implicated in the aetiology of vein banding disease. Vitis, 22:40-50.

Kuniyuki H, Vega J, Martins FP, Costa AS, 1994. Grapevine Traviu mosaic, a disease caused by fanleaf virus in Sao Paulo. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 19(2):224-230

Legin R, 1972. Expérimentation pour étudier l'effet des principales viroses sur la végétation et la production de la vigne. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting ICVG, Colmar, 16-18 June 1970. Annales de Phytopathologie HS, 49-57.

Lehoczky J, Kölber M, Farkas G, 1993. Effect of spring and summer high temperature on detection of grapevine fanleaf virus and yellow mosaic virus with ELISA. Kertgazdasag, 15:37-45.

Lehoczky J, Tasnady G, 1971. The effects of fanleaf and chrome mosaic virus diseases on yield and the fruit sugar content of grapevine. Kiserletugyi Kozlemenyek C, 64:49-64.

Li Z, Martelli GP, Prota U, 1987. Virus and virus-like diseases of the grapevine in the People's Republic of China. A preliminary account. Proceedings of the 9th Meeting ICVG, Kiryat Anavim, Israel, September 1989, 31-34.

Liskova M, Smrcka L, Sabova M, Valocka B, 1994. Nematodes of the family Longidoridae and occurrence of viral diseases of grapevine at selected localities of viticultural areas in Slovakia. Ochrana Rostlin, 30(1):23-28

Liu Xiao, Boscia D, Raimondi T, Broggio M, Chen Jian, Li HongWen, Wang JianHui, Liu JianJun, 2004. Field investigation and serological detection of grapevine viruses in Sichuan province. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(1):52-56.

Lopes MS, Mendonta D, Laimer da Camara Machado M, da Camara Machado A, 1997. Occurrence of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV 3) in the Azorean islands Pico and Terceira. Extended Abstracts of the 12th Meeting ICVG, Lisbon, Portugal, 29 September-2 October 1997, 114.

MacKenzie DJ, Johnson RC, Warner C, 1996. Incidence of four important viral pathogens in Canadian vineyards. Plant Disease, 80(8):955-958; 11 ref.

MacKenzie DJ, McLean MA, Mukerji S, Green M, 1997. Improved RNA extraction from woody plants for the detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 81(2):222-226; 22 ref.

Mali VR, Vanek G, Bojnansky V, 1975. Transmission by nematodes of some grapevine viruses occurring in Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Pol'nohospodarstvo, A, 3:132 pp.

Mannini F, 1994. Nuovi orientamenti nella selezione clonale e sanitaria. Vignevini, 12:71-76.

Martelli GP, 1978. Nematode-borne viruses of grapevine, their epidemiology and control. Nematologia Mediterranea, 6(1):1-27

Martelli GP, 1993. Grapevine degeneration - fanleaf. In: Martelli GP, ed., Graft-transmissible Diseases of Grapevines. Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis. Rome, ICVG/FAO, 9-18.

Martelli GP, 1993. Use of herbaceous hosts. In: Martelli GP, ed., Graft-transmissible Diseases of Grapevines. Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis. Rome, ICVG/FAO, 157-162.

Martelli GP, 1993. Yellow speckle. In: Martelli GP, ed., Graft-transmissible Diseases of Grapevines. Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis. Rome, ICVG/FAO, 79-82.

Martelli GP, Hewitt WB, 1963. Purification and serology of Italian strains of grape fanleaf virus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 2:1-11.

Martelli GP, Savino V, Walter B, 1993. Indexing on Vitis indicators. In: Martelli GP, ed., Graft-transmissible Diseases of Grapevines. Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis. Rome, ICVG/FAO, 137-155.

Martelli GP, Souchet HG, Boscia D, Savino V, 1992. Viruses of grapevine in Malta. Bulletin OEPP, 22(4):607-612

Martelli GP, Walter B, 1998. Virus certification of grapevines. In: Hadidi A, Khetarpal RK, Koganezawa H, eds., Plant Virus Disease Control. APS Press, 261-276.

Martelli GP, Walter B, Pinck L, 2001. Grapevine fanleaf virus. AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses, No. 385. Kew, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute and the Association of Applied Biologists. http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=385

Mavraganis SG, Thanassoulopoulos CC, Panayotou PC, 1976. Some observations on virus and virus-like diseases in Greek grapevines. Vitis, 15(4):243-247

Melkonyan MV, 1975. Selection as a means of controlling virus diseases of grapevine. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii, 28(8):45-50

Merkuri J, Boscia D, Savino V, 1993. Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus in Albania. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 32(1):48-50

Merkuri J, Martelli GP, Boscia D, Savino V, 1994. Viruses of grapevine in Albania. Bulletin OEPP, 24(1):215-220

Michon E, 1982. Virus, pollen, pollinia. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Vegetales, Le Botaniste, 5(1):31-40

Milkus BN, Shterenberg PM, Berezovskaya EA, 1977. Strains of grapevine fanleaf virus in the Ukraine. Tr. Biol.-Pochven. Inst. Dal'nevost. Nauch. Tsentr AN SSSR, No.46/149:245-249

Nel AC, Engelbrecht DJ, 1972. Grapevine virus diseases in South Africa and the influence of latent viruses in the nursery. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting ICVG, Colmar, 16-18 June 1970, Annales de Phytopathologie HS, 67-74.

Nieder G, 1982. Fanleaf disease -- a virus disease of grapevine. Pflanzenarzt, 35(8):72-73

Pena-Iglesias A, Ayuso P, 1973. Further research on the detection of grapevine viruses in Spain. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, 9(Suppl.): 28-30.

Polinkovskaya AI, 1980. Study of the role of nematodes in the transmission of the principal diseases of grapevine in Moldavia. Virusnye, mikoplazmennye i bakterial'nye bolezni plodov, kul'tur i vinograda v Moldavii, Kishinev; USSR, 112-121.

Pop VI, 1979. Mozaicul nervurian galben al vitei, viroza noua in Romania produsa de un virus transmisibil prin sol. Analale Institutului de Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor, 15:21-26.

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Razzhivin AA, Marinesku VG, Bondarchuk VV, 1977. Grapevine fanleaf. Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki Kazakhstana, 20(1):55-57

Refatti E, Granata G, Bambara G, Picciolo F, Zappala A, Grasso S, 1979. Importance and frequency of virus diseases in some grapevine-growing areas of Sicily. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, IV, 15(3/4):79-90

Rowhani A, Maningas MA, Lile LS, Daubert SD, Golino DA, 1995. Development of a detection system for viruses of woody plants based on PCR analysis of immobilized virions. Phytopathology, 85(3):347-352

Rüdel M, 1985. Grapevine damage induced by particular virus-vector combinations. Proceedings of the 8th Meeting ICVG, Bari, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 24:183-185.

Russo M, Martelli GP, Savino V, 1980. Immunosorbent electron microscopy for detecting sap-transmissible viruses of grapevine. Proceedings of the 7th Meeting ICVG, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 251-257.

Ryabushkina N, Askapuly A, Stanbekova G, Galiakparov N, 2009. First report of three grapevine viruses in Kazakhstan. In: Crop plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors: current potential and future demands. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Plant Protection and Plant Health in Europe, Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, 14-16 May 2009 [ed. by Feldmann, F.\Alford, D. V.\Furk, C.]. Braunschweig, Germany: Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft e.V. Verlag, 105.

Salami SA, Ebadi A, Habibi MK, Zamani Z, 2011. Study of Grapevine fanleaf virus distribution in Iran using test plants, DAS-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 42(1):11-18. http://journals.ut.ac.ir/page/article-frame.html?articleId=621478

Sandoval C, Moreno Y, 1997. Virus diseases affecting cultivated grapevines in Chile. Extended Abstracts of the 12th Meeting ICVG, Lisbon, Portugal, 29 September-2 October 1997, 110.

Savino V, Cherif C, Martelli GP, 1985. A natural serological variant of grapevine fanleaf virus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 24(1/2):29-34

Savino V, Quacquarelli A, Martelli GP, Khudair MMA, 1975. Occurrence of grapevine fanleaf virus in Jordan. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 14(2/3):132-133

Shterenberg PM, Milkus BN, Berezovskaya EA, 1973. On the composition, distribution and harmfulness of virus diseases of grapevine in Ukraina. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, 9(Suppl.):23-27.

Stellmach G, 1979. Observations on mixed infections of grapevine fanleaf virus and arabis mosaic virus on grapevines. Weinberg und Keller, 26(8):326-332

Stellmach G, 1985. Possibilities and limitations of the virus diagnosis for nepoviruses by means of ELISA with the sawdust from bundled grape shoots. Gesunde Pflanzen, 37:454-460.

Szychowski JA, McKenry MV, Walker MA, Wolpert JA, Credi R, Semancik JS, 1995. The vein-banding disease syndrome: a synergistic reaction between grapevine viroids and fanleaf virus. Vitis, 34(4):229-232; 20 ref.

Tanaka H, 1988. Virus infection of grapevine rootstock varieties in Japan. Bulletin of the Fruit Tree Research Station, A (Yatabe), 15:83-91

Tanne E, 1985. Appearance and spread of grapevine yellow mosaic in Israel. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 24(1/2):15-16

Tanne E, Baum D, 1992. Prevention of the spread of yellow mosaic virus in vines. Hassadeh, 72(12):1488-1489

Teliz D, Goheen AC, 1968. Diseases of grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease Reporter, 52:372-373.

Tolba MA, El-Kady MAS, 1991. Grapevine fanleaf virus disease in Egypt. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting ICVG, September 1990. Volos, Greece: ORES Publishing, 111.

Uyemoto JK, 1973. The current status of grapevine virus diseases. New York's Food and Life Sciences Quarterly, 6:3-5.

Vanek G, 1973. The incidence of virus diseases of the main grapevine varieties in CSSR. Pol'nohospodarstvo, 19:684-692.

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Vovlas C, Savino V, 1976. Grapevine fanleaf virus associated with a yellow leaf netting of the cv. Corinthiaki in Greece. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 15(2/3):132-134

Vovlas N, Avgelis A, 1987. Presence of Xiphinema index in vineyards affected by yellows in Crete. Informatore Fitopatologico, 37(12):54-56

Vuittenez A, 1958. Activité comparée des fumigants, des insecticides et de divers produits appliqués en traitement du sol sur les contaminations par la dégénérescence infectieuse de la Vigne. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France, 44:901-907.

Vuittenez A, 1960. Mise en évidence chez les vignes atteintes de dégénérescence infectieuse d'un virus transmissible mécaniquement aux Chénopodes (Chenopodium amaranticolor et C. quinoa). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 251:783-785.

Vuittenez A, Legin R, Kuszala J, Cardin-Munck MC, 1972. Nepo viruses and their nematode vectors on grapevines. Annales de Phytopathologie, 4(4):373-392

Walker MA, Wolpert JA, Weber E, 1994. Viticultural characteristics of VR hybrid rootstocks in a vineyard site infected with grapevine fanleaf virus. Vitis, 33(1):19-23

Walter B, 1993. An OIV inquiry into vine quarantine. Bulletin de l'OIV, 66(749/750):533-537

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Walter B, Bass P, Cornuet P, Guillaume PM, 1993. Preliminary results of cross-protection experiments against grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in the vineyards. Extended Abstracts of the 11th Meeting ICVG, Montreux, Switzerland, 6-9 September, 167-168.

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Albania: Present
Merkuri et al., 1993; Merkuri et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Armenia: Present
Melkonyan, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Armenia: Present
Melkonyan, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Argentina: Present
Vega & Worlock, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Austria: Present
Nieder, 1982; Flak & Gangl, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Present
Abracheva, 1974; Abracheva, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bolivia: Present
Goheen, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
Andrade & Peruzzo, 1993; Kuniyuki et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Restricted distribution
MacKenzie et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Present
Klingler & Zwicky, 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
Auger et al., 1992; Auger, 1994; Sandoval & Moreno, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014China: Present
Cai et al., 1990; Li et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014China: Present
Cai et al., 1990; Li et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzechoslovakia (former): Present
Mali et al., 1975; Vanek, 1973Cyprus: Present
Ioannou, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Cyprus: Present
Ioannou, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Germany: Present
Bercks & Querfurth, 1973; Stellmach, 1979; Rüdel, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Tolba & El-Kady, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Spain: Present
Pena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Spain: Present
Pena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Spain
See regional map for distribution within the countryFrance: Present
Vuittenez et al., 1972; Vuittenez, 1960; Walter et al., 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
Mavraganis et al., 1976; Vovlas & Savino, 1976; Vovlas & Avgelis, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
Mavraganis et al., 1976; Vovlas & Savino, 1976; Vovlas & Avgelis, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Greece
See regional map for distribution within the countryGreece
See regional map for distribution within the countryCroatia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Present
Mali et al., 1975; Kölber et al., 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
Tanne, 1985; Tanne & Baum, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
Tanne, 1985; Tanne & Baum, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Italy: Present
Refatti et al., 1979; Martelli & Hewitt, 1963; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryJordan: Present
Savino et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
Savino et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kimura et al., 1986; Tanaka, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Razzhivin et al., 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ryabushkina et al., 2009Kazakhstan: Present
Razzhivin et al., 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ryabushkina et al., 2009Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Polinkovskaya, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Macedonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
Martelli et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
Martelli et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Teliz & Goheen, 1968; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Teliz & Goheen, 1968; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
Kearns & Mossop, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Palestine: Present
Al Kowni et al., 1997Palestine: Present
Al Kowni et al., 1997Portugal: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryRomania: Present
Eppler et al., 1989; Pop, 1979; Pop, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySlovenia: Present
Hrcek & Korosec, 1976; Blazina et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Liskova et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Savino et al., 1985; Boulila et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Savino et al., 1985; Boulila et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Milkus et al., 1977; Shterenberg et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Milkus et al., 1977; Shterenberg et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
Hewitt et al., 1962; Uyemoto, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
Hewitt et al., 1962; Uyemoto, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryVenezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000South Africa: Present
Nel & Engelbrecht, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Armenia: Present
Melkonyan, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014China: Present
Cai et al., 1990; Li et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Fujian: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Hebei: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Sichuan: Present
Liu et al., 2004Shandong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
Tanne, 1985; Tanne & Baum, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
Savino et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
Kimura et al., 1986; Tanaka, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Razzhivin et al., 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ryabushkina et al., 2009Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Palestine: Present
Al Kowni et al., 1997Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Milkus et al., 1977; Shterenberg et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
Merkuri et al., 1993; Merkuri et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Armenia: Present
Melkonyan, 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Austria: Present
Nieder, 1982; Flak & Gangl, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bulgaria: Present
Abracheva, 1974; Abracheva, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Switzerland: Present
Klingler & Zwicky, 1981; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Czechoslovakia (former): Present
Mali et al., 1975; Vanek, 1973Cyprus: Present
Ioannou, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Czech Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Germany: Present
Bercks & Querfurth, 1973; Stellmach, 1979; Rüdel, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Spain: Present
Pena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014France: Present
Vuittenez et al., 1972; Vuittenez, 1960; Walter et al., 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
Mavraganis et al., 1976; Vovlas & Savino, 1976; Vovlas & Avgelis, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Crete: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Croatia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Hungary: Present
Mali et al., 1975; Kölber et al., 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Italy: Present
Refatti et al., 1979; Martelli & Hewitt, 1963; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Sardinia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Kazakhstan: Present
Razzhivin et al., 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014; Ryabushkina et al., 2009Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Moldova: Present
Polinkovskaya, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Macedonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
Martelli et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Restricted distribution
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Azores: Present
Lopes et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Romania: Present
Eppler et al., 1989; Pop, 1979; Pop, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Serbia: Present
EPPO, 2014Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Russian Far East: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Slovenia: Present
Hrcek & Korosec, 1976; Blazina et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Slovakia: Present
Liskova et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Savino et al., 1985; Boulila et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Ukraine: Present
Milkus et al., 1977; Shterenberg et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000
Distribution map (africa) Cyprus: Present
Ioannou, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Algeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
Tolba & El-Kady, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Spain: Present
Pena-Iglesias & Ayuso, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Canary Islands: Present
Arias et al., 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
Mavraganis et al., 1976; Vovlas & Savino, 1976; Vovlas & Avgelis, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Crete: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
Tanne, 1985; Tanne & Baum, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
Ghorbani, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2000; Salami et al., 2011; EPPO, 2014Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
Savino et al., 1975; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
Khoury & Savino, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
Martelli et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Palestine: Present
Al Kowni et al., 1997Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Savino et al., 1985; Boulila et al., 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
Akbas & Erdiller, 1993; Yilmaz et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
Nel & Engelbrecht, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Restricted distribution
MacKenzie et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014British Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Nova Scotia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Ontario: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Quebec: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
Teliz & Goheen, 1968; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
Hewitt et al., 1962; Uyemoto, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014California: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Michigan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014New York: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Mexico: Present
Teliz & Goheen, 1968; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
Hewitt et al., 1962; Uyemoto, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
Vega & Worlock, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Bolivia: Present
Goheen, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
Andrade & Peruzzo, 1993; Kuniyuki et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Rio Grande do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Santa Catarina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Chile: Present
Auger et al., 1992; Auger, 1994; Sandoval & Moreno, 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) China: Present
Cai et al., 1990; Li et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014New Zealand: Present
Kearns & Mossop, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2000; EPPO, 2014