Datasheet
Ganoderma lucidum (basal stem rot: Hevea spp.)
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Pictures
Top of page| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |  | Title | Basidiocarp |
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| Caption | G. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree. |
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| Copyright | Tun-Tschu Chang |
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| Basidiocarp | G. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree. | Tun-Tschu Chang |
 | Title | Basidiocarp |
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| Caption | G. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree. |
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| Copyright | Tun-Tschu Chang |
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| Basidiocarp | G. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree. | Tun-Tschu Chang |
 | Title | Symptoms |
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| Caption | Ganoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees. |
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| Copyright | Tun-Tschu Chang |
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| Symptoms | Ganoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees. | Tun-Tschu Chang |
Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. 1881
Preferred Common Name
- basal stem rot: Hevea spp.
Other Scientific Names
- Boletus lucidus Curtis 1781
- Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. 1821
International Common Names
- English: butt rot: trees; dieback: trees; wood decay
- Spanish: podredumbre basal
- French: pourridie basal
- Chinese: ling-zhi
Local Common Names
- Germany: Glaenzender Lackporling; Weissfäule: Laubhölzer
EPPO code
- GANOLU (Ganoderma lucidum)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageG. lucidum is not considered an invasive species because it is cosmopolitan and has a slow disease cycle.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Fungi
- Phylum: Basidiomycota
- Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
- Class: Agaricomycetes
- Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
- Order: Polyporales
- Family: Ganodermataceae
- Genus: Ganoderma
- Species: Ganoderma lucidum
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
| Country | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | References | Notes | ASIA |
| China | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Zhao, 1989 | |
| -Guangdong | Present | | | | | Huang & Jiang, 2000 | |
| -Guangxi | Present | | | | | Huang & Jiang, 2000 | |
| -Jiangsu | Present | | | | | Huang & Jiang, 2000 | |
| -Jilin | Present | | | | | Huang et al., 2000 | |
| -Shaanxi | Present | | | | | Tian et al., 2003 | |
| -Yunnan | Present | | | | | Huang & Jiang, 2000 | |
| India | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Bakshi et al., 1976 | |
| -Andhra Pradesh | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Srinivasulu et al., 2001 | |
| -Assam | Present | | | | | Ray et al., 2008 | |
| -Himachal Pradesh | Present | | | | | Ashok et al., 2006 | |
| -Indian Punjab | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Dargan et al., 2002 | |
| -Karnataka | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Prasad & Naik, 2002 | |
| -Kerala | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Solomon et al., 1998 | |
| -Madhya Pradesh | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Harsh et al., 1993; Verma et al., 2013 | |
| -Maharashtra | Present | | | | | Verma et al., 2013 | |
| -Rajasthan | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Lodha et al., 1994 | |
| -Tamil Nadu | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Gunasekaran et al., 1986 | |
| -West Bengal | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Mehrotra et al., 1996 | |
| Iran | Present | | | | | Moradali et al., 2007 | |
| Japan | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Ichikawa et al., 2013; Nunez & Ryvarden, 2000 | |
| Nepal | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Appanah et al., 2000 | |
| Pakistan | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Appanah et al., 2000 | |
| Philippines | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Quiniones, 1980 | |
| Taiwan | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Ying et al., 1976 | |
| Thailand | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Nunez & Ryvarden, 2000 | |
| Turkey | Present | | | | | Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007 | |
| Vietnam | Present | | | | | Huang & Jiang, 2000 | |
| Yemen | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Nunez & Ryvarden, 2000 | |
AFRICA |
| Egypt | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Michal et al., 1967 | |
| Ghana | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980 | |
| Kenya | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980 | |
| Nigeria | Present | | | | | Ofodile & Bikomo, 2008 | |
| Tanzania | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980 | |
NORTH AMERICA |
| USA | | | | | | | |
| -Arizona | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Arkansas | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -California | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Connecticut | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Florida | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Georgia | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Hawaii | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Indiana | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Iowa | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Louisiana | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Maryland | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Massachusetts | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Michigan | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Minnesota | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Mississippi | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -New Jersey | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -New York | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -North Carolina | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Ohio | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Oklahoma | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Oregon | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Pennsylvania | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Rhode Island | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -South Carolina | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Texas | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
| -Virginia | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Farr et al., 1995 | |
SOUTH AMERICA |
| Argentina | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Bazzalo & Wright, 1982 | |
| Colombia | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Obregon-Botero, 1969 | |
EUROPE |
| Bosnia-Hercegovina | Present | | | | | Uscuplic & Tre?tic, 2003 | |
| Bulgaria | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Stoichev & Naidenov, 1984 | |
| Estonia | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Hanso & Hanso, 1999 | |
| Hungary | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Szedlay et al., 1996 | |
| Italy | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Intini, 1987 | |
| Serbia | Present | | | | | Karaman et al., 2009 | |
| Slovenia | Present | | | | | Habijanic et al., 2009 | |
| UK | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Burdekin, 1979 | |
OCEANIA |
| Australia | | | | | | | |
| -Queensland | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Hood et al., 1996 | |
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Habitat | Presence | Status | | Freshwater |
| Freshwater | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Littoral |
| Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Marine |
| Marine | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial-managed |
| Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural |
| Cold lands / tundra | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Deserts | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Growth Stages
Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage
List of Symptoms
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type | Growing point |
| dieback | | |
| dieback | | |
| wilt | | |
| wilt | | |
Leaves |
| abnormal colours | | |
| abnormal colours | | |
| abnormal leaf fall | | |
| abnormal leaf fall | | |
| wilting | | |
| wilting | | |
| yellowed or dead | | |
| yellowed or dead | | |
Roots |
| rot of wood | | |
| rot of wood | | |
Stems |
| dead heart | | |
| dead heart | | |
| dieback | | |
| dieback | | |
| discoloration | | |
| discoloration | | |
| internal discoloration | | |
| internal discoloration | | |
| mycelium present | | |
| mycelium present | | |
| rot | | |
| rot | | |
Whole plant |
| cut at stem base | | |
| cut at stem base | | |
| dead heart | | |
| dead heart | | |
| discoloration | | |
| discoloration | | |
| early senescence | | |
| early senescence | | |
| plant dead; dieback | | |
| plant dead; dieback | | |
| uprooted or toppled | | |
| uprooted or toppled | | |
| wilt | | |
| wilt | | |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms | | Roots | hyphae | Yes | | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches | fruiting bodies; hyphae; spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Wood | hyphae | Yes | | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport | | Bark |
| Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes |
| Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx |
| Fruits (inc. pods) |
| Growing medium accompanying plants |
| Leaves |
| Seedlings, Micropropagated plants |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of page| Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport | | Loose wood packing material |
| Non-wood |
| Processed or treated wood |
| Solid wood packing material with bark |
| Solid wood packing material without bark |
References
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Ashok Kumar, Surinder Kumar, Ranjeet Singh, Shailendra Kumar, 2006. Ganoderma root rot incidence in an afforested stand of Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) in lower Siwaliks of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester, 132(7):878-884. http://www.indianforester.org
Bakshi BK, Reddy MAR, Singh S, 1976. Ganoderma root rot mortality in Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) in reforested stands. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 6(1):30-38
Bazzalo ME, Wright JE, 1982. Survey of the Argentine species of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. Mycotaxon, 16(1):293-325
Burdekin DA, 1979. Common decay fungi in broadleaved trees. Arboricultural Leaflet, Department of the Environment, No. 5:41 pp.
Chang TT, 2003. Effect of soil moisture content on the survival of Ganoderma species and other wood-inhibiting fungi. Plant Dis., 87:1201-1204.
Chang TT, Chang RJ, 1999. Generation of volatile ammonia from urea fungicidal to Phellinus noxius in infested wood in soil under controlled conditions. Plant Pathology, 48(3):337-344; 37 ref.
Chang TT, Hsieh HJ, Chang RJ, Fu CS, 1999. Common tree diseases in Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. (In Chinese).
Dargan JS, Dhingra GS, Kuldeep Lalji, 2002. Pathological problems and mycoflora associated with Dalbergia sissoo plantations in Punjab. Plant Disease Research, 17(2):269-277; 17 ref.
Darus A, Seman JA, Azahari M, 1996. Spread of Ganoderma boninense and vegetative compatibility studies of a single palm field isolates. In: Proc. PORIM Int. Palm Oil Congress, Selangor, Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Palm Oil Research Institute, 317-329.
Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY, 1995. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. St. Paul, USA: APS Press.
Gunasekaran M, Ramadoss N, Ramiah M, Bhaskaran R, Ramanathan T, 1986. Role of neem cake in the control of Thanjavur wilt of coconut. Indian Coconut Journal, 17(1):7-12
Güzeldag G, Çolak O, 2007. Molecular identification of Ganoderma lucidum from Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(5):767-770. http://www.fspublishers.org/
Habijanic J, Svagelj M, Berovic M, Boh B, Wraber B, 2009. Submerged and solid-state cultivation of bioactive extra- and intracellular polysaccharides of medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. and Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11(4):409-418. http://dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,4554be083929b23c,120acc867ef59a7e.html
Hanso M, Hanso S, 1999. On the root rot fungi in the forests of Estonia. Metsanduslikud Uurimused, 31:141-161; 4 pp of ref.
Harsh NSK, Soni KK, Tiwari CK, 1993. Ganoderma root-rot in an Acacia arboretum. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 23(4):252-254
Hood IA, Ramsden M, Allen P, 1996. Taxonomic delimitation and pathogenicity to seedlings of Delonix regia and Albizia lebbeck of a species related to Ganoderma lucidum on broadleaf trees in Queensland. Australasian Plant Pathology, 25(2):86-98; 27 ref.
Huang HongBing, Jiang YingQiao, 2000. The quantitative determination and TLC identification of total nucleosides in sporophore of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 9(3):61-62.
Huang YaoGe, Barl B, Ivanochko G, 2000. Selected non-timber forest products with medicinal applications from Jilin Province in China. General Technical Report - North Central Research Station, USDA Forest Service [Forest communities in the third millennium: Linking research, business, and policy toward a sustainable non-timber forest product sector. Proceedings of a meeting, Kenora, Ontario, Canada, 1-4 October, 1999.], No.NC-217:93-101.
Ichikawa K, Ohsawa M, Shibata H, Nakagawa S, 2013. Occurrence of wood-rotting fungi at a peach orchard in Yamanashi Prefecture. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.60:59-62. http://www.ktpps.org/
Intini M, 1987. Wood-decomposing fungi of the genus Ganoderma on town trees. Rivista di Micologia Bollettino dell'Associazione Micologica Bresadola, 30(1-2):20-32
Kandan A, Rajendran V, Raguchander V, Samiyappan R, 2010. Rapid detection of Ganoderma disease of coconut by immunoassay and PCR. In: Molecular biology of plant pathogens [ed. by Gangawane, L. V.\Khilare, V. C.]. Delhi, India: Daya Publishing House, 131-144.
Karaman M, Mimica-Dukic N, Knezevic P, Svircev Z, Matavuly M, 2009. Antibacterial properties of selected lignicolous mushrooms and fungi from Northern Serbia. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11(3):269-279. http://dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,4f53a14232dd0d51,6b4c13c82bf3caa5.html
Karthikeyan M, Radhika K, Bhaskaran R, Mathiyazhagan S, Samiyappan R, Velazhahan R, 2007. Pathogenicity confirmation of Ganoderma disease of coconut using early diagnosis technique. Journal of Phytopathology, 155(5):296-304. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph
Lodha S, Dwivedi NK, Bhandari DC, Bohra MD, 1994. Infection and colonization of jojoba by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytoparasitica, 22(3):229-231
Mehrotra MD, Pandey PC, Chakrabarti K, Suresh Sharma, Hazra K, 1996. Root and heart rots in Acacia mangium plantations in India. Indian Forester, 122(2):155-160; 6 ref.
Michal SH, Elarosi H, Abd-el-rehim MA, 1967. Two Polyporaceae causing wood-rot of Casuarina in United Arab Republic (Egypt). Phytopathologia Mediterranea, Bologna 6 (3), (173-4). [5 refs.].
Moncalvo JM, Wang HueiFang, Hseu RueyShyang, 1995. Gene phylogeny of the Ganoderma lucidum complex based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Comparison with traditional taxonomic characters. Mycological Research, 99(12):1489-1499; 39 ref.
Moradali MF, Hedjaroude GA, Mostafavi H, Abbasi M, Ghods S, Sharifi-Tehrani A, 2007. The genus Ganoderma (Basidiomycota) in Iran. Mycotaxon, 99:251-269. http://www.mycotaxon.com
Núñez M, Ryvarden L, 2001. East Asian polypores. Vol 1. Ganodermataceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Oslo, Norway: Fungiflora.
Obregon-Botero R, 1969. Some diseases o Rubus spp., Inga spp., Furcraea macrophylla and Allium fistulosum. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron., Medellin 26 (67), (3-18). [Es, 9 ref.].
Ofodile LN, Bikomo EO, 2008. Antibacterial activity of Ganoderma lucidum from Nigeria. Hamdard Medicus, 51(1):14-17.
Pegler DN, 2002. Useful fungi of the world: the Lin-zhi-the mushroom of immortality. Mycologist, 16:100-101.
Prasad M, Naik ST, 2002. Management of root rot and heart rot of Acacia mangium Willd. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(2):321-326; 10 ref.
Quiniones SS, 1980. Notes on the diseases of forest trees in the Philippines. Sylvatrop, 5(4):263-271; 4 ref.
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Steyaert RL, 1972. Species of Ganoderma and related genera mainly of the Bogor and Leiden herbaria. Persoonia, 7:55-118.
Stoichev G, Naidenov Ya, 1984. The genus Ganoderma Karst. in Bulgaria. Gorskostopanska Nauka, 21(3):83-87
Szedlay G, Jakucs E, B=ka K, Boldizsßr I, 1996. Macro- and micromorphological characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum Karsten strains isolated in Hungary. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 88:57-68; 17 ref.
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Uscuplic M, Tre?tic T, 2003. Fungi of primary forests "Ravna vala" on mountain Igman and "Trstionica" near Kakanj - first contribution. (Gljive pra?umskih rezervata "Ravna vala" na Igmanu i "Trstionica" pored Kaknja - prvi prilog.) Radovi ?umarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 33(1):51-54.
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Distribution Maps
Top of page
- = Present, no further details
- = Evidence of pathogen
- = Widespread
- = Last reported
- = Localised
- = Presence unconfirmed
- = Confined and subject to quarantine
- = See regional map for distribution within the country
- = Occasional or few reports