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Datasheet

Ganoderma lucidum (basal stem rot: Hevea spp.)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 10 January 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Host Plant
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Ganoderma lucidum
  • Preferred Common Name
  • basal stem rot: Hevea spp.
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
  •                 Class: Agaricomycetes
  • Summary of Invasiveness

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
G. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree.
TitleBasidiocarp
CaptionG. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree.
CopyrightTun-Tschu Chang
G. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree.
BasidiocarpG. lucidum grows on a basal stem of a host tree.Tun-Tschu Chang
G. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree.
TitleBasidiocarp
CaptionG. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree.
CopyrightTun-Tschu Chang
G. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree.
BasidiocarpG. lucidum grows from a main root of a host tree.Tun-Tschu Chang
Ganoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionGanoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees.
CopyrightTun-Tschu Chang
Ganoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees.
SymptomsGanoderma root rot causes thinning foliage of host trees.Tun-Tschu Chang

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. 1881

Preferred Common Name

  • basal stem rot: Hevea spp.

Other Scientific Names

  • Boletus lucidus Curtis 1781
  • Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. 1821

International Common Names

  • English: butt rot: trees; dieback: trees; wood decay
  • Spanish: podredumbre basal
  • French: pourridie basal
  • Chinese: ling-zhi

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Glaenzender Lackporling; Weissfäule: Laubhölzer

EPPO code

  • GANOLU (Ganoderma lucidum)

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of pageG. lucidum is not considered an invasive species because it is cosmopolitan and has a slow disease cycle.

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
  •                 Class: Agaricomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
  •                         Order: Polyporales
  •                             Family: Ganodermataceae
  •                                 Genus: Ganoderma
  •                                     Species: Ganoderma lucidum

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ChinaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveZhao, 1989
-GuangdongPresentHuang & Jiang, 2000
-GuangxiPresentHuang & Jiang, 2000
-JiangsuPresentHuang & Jiang, 2000
-JilinPresentHuang et al., 2000
-ShaanxiPresentTian et al., 2003
-YunnanPresentHuang & Jiang, 2000
IndiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveBakshi et al., 1976
-Andhra PradeshPresentNativeNot invasiveSrinivasulu et al., 2001
-AssamPresentRay et al., 2008
-Himachal PradeshPresentAshok et al., 2006
-Indian PunjabPresentNativeNot invasiveDargan et al., 2002
-KarnatakaPresentNativeNot invasivePrasad & Naik, 2002
-KeralaPresentNativeNot invasiveSolomon et al., 1998
-Madhya PradeshPresentNativeNot invasiveHarsh et al., 1993; Verma et al., 2013
-MaharashtraPresentVerma et al., 2013
-RajasthanPresentNativeNot invasiveLodha et al., 1994
-Tamil NaduPresentNativeNot invasiveGunasekaran et al., 1986
-West BengalPresentNativeNot invasiveMehrotra et al., 1996
IranPresentMoradali et al., 2007
JapanPresentNativeNot invasiveIchikawa et al., 2013; Nunez & Ryvarden, 2000
NepalPresentNativeNot invasiveAppanah et al., 2000
PakistanPresentNativeNot invasiveAppanah et al., 2000
PhilippinesPresentNativeNot invasiveQuiniones, 1980
TaiwanWidespreadNativeNot invasiveYing et al., 1976
ThailandPresentNativeNot invasiveNunez & Ryvarden, 2000
TurkeyPresentGüzeldag & Çolak, 2007
VietnamPresentHuang & Jiang, 2000
YemenPresentNativeNot invasiveNunez & Ryvarden, 2000

AFRICA

EgyptPresentNativeNot invasiveMichal et al., 1967
GhanaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Johansen, 1980
KenyaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Johansen, 1980
NigeriaPresentOfodile & Bikomo, 2008
TanzaniaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Johansen, 1980

NORTH AMERICA

USA
-ArizonaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-ArkansasPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-CaliforniaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-ConnecticutPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-FloridaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-GeorgiaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-HawaiiPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-IndianaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-IowaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-LouisianaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-MarylandPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-MassachusettsPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-MichiganPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-MinnesotaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-MississippiPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-New JerseyPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-New YorkPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-North CarolinaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-OhioPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-OklahomaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-OregonPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-PennsylvaniaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-Rhode IslandPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-South CarolinaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-TexasPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995
-VirginiaPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1995

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentNativeNot invasiveBazzalo & Wright, 1982
ColombiaPresentNativeNot invasiveObregon-Botero, 1969

EUROPE

Bosnia-HercegovinaPresentUscuplic & Tre?tic, 2003
BulgariaPresentNativeNot invasiveStoichev & Naidenov, 1984
EstoniaPresentNativeNot invasiveHanso & Hanso, 1999
HungaryPresentNativeNot invasiveSzedlay et al., 1996
ItalyPresentNativeNot invasiveIntini, 1987
SerbiaPresentKaraman et al., 2009
SloveniaPresentHabijanic et al., 2009
UKPresentNativeNot invasiveBurdekin, 1979

OCEANIA

Australia
-QueenslandPresentNativeNot invasiveHood et al., 1996

Habitat List

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CategoryHabitatPresenceStatus
Freshwater
FreshwaterPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral
Coastal areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Marine
MarinePresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial-managed
Cultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Disturbed areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Managed forests, plantations and orchardsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Managed grasslands (grazing systems)Present, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production)Present, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Rail / roadsidesPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Urban / peri-urban areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural
Cold lands / tundraPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
DesertsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Natural forestsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Natural grasslandsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
RiverbanksPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
WetlandsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Acacia (wattles)FabaceaeOther
Acacia catechu (black cutch)FabaceaeMain
Acacia confusaFabaceaeMain
Acacia decurrens (green wattle)FabaceaeMain
Acacia mangium (brown salwood)FabaceaeMain
Acer (maples)AceraceaeOther
Acer negundo (box elder)AceraceaeOther
Acer platanoides (Norway maple)AceraceaeOther
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)AceraceaeOther
AgathisAraucariaceaeOther
Albizia chinensis (sauce tree)FabaceaeOther
Albizia julibrissin (silk tree)FabaceaeOther
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris)FabaceaeOther
Albizia procera (white siris)FabaceaeMain
Azadirachta indica (neem tree)MeliaceaeMain
Betula pumila (low birch)BetulaceaeOther
Capparis deciduaCapparaceaeOther
Carya (hickories)JuglandaceaeOther
Carya aquatica (bitter pecan)JuglandaceaeOther
Castanea sativa (chestnut)FagaceaeOther
Castanopsis chrysophylla (Golden chestnut)FagaceaeOther
Casuarina cunninghamiana (Australian beefwood)CasuarinaceaeOther
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina)CasuarinaceaeMain
Celtis (nettle tree)UlmaceaeOther
Celtis australis (European nettle wood)UlmaceaeOther
Celtis laevigata (Sugarberry)UlmaceaeOther
Celtis reticulata (Netleaf hackberry)UlmaceaeOther
Citrofortunella mitisRutaceaeOther
CitrusRutaceaeOther
Citrus aurantiifolia (lime)RutaceaeOther
Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon)RutaceaeOther
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeOther
Citrus maxima (pummelo)RutaceaeOther
Citrus medica (citron)RutaceaeOther
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeOther
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeOther
Cocos nucifera (coconut)ArecaceaeMain
Dalbergia sissooFabaceaeMain
Delonix regia (flamboyant)FabaceaeMain
DioonZamiaceaeOther
Diospyros (malabar ebony)EbenaceaeOther
Diospyros virginiana (persimmon (common))EbenaceaeOther
Dysoxylum malabaricum (white cedar)MeliaceaeOther
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)RosaceaeOther
EucalyptusMyrtaceaeMain
Ficus lacorMoraceaeOther
Fraxinus (ashes)OleaceaeOther
Fraxinus velutina (velvet ash)OleaceaeOther
GleditsiaFabaceaeOther
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)FabaceaeOther
Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffeetree)FabaceaeOther
Inga edulis (ice-cream bean)FabaceaeOther
Koelreuteria paniculata (golden rain tree)SapindaceaeHabitat/association
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena)FabaceaeMain
Limonia acidissima (elephant apple)RutaceaeOther
Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweet gum)HamamelidaceaeOther
Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut)ProteaceaeOther
Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree)RosaceaeOther
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry)MeliaceaeMain
Melia volkensii (Melia)MeliaceaeOther
Morus alba (mora)MoraceaeOther
Olea europaeaOleaceaeOther
Parkinsonia microphyllaFabaceaeOther
Persea americana (avocado)LauraceaeOther
Picea abies (common spruce)PinaceaeOther
Pinus (pines)PinaceaeOther
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)PinaceaeOther
PlaneraUlmaceaeOther
Platanus orientalis (plane)PlatanaceaeOther
Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange)RutaceaeOther
Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood)SalicaceaeOther
Prosopis juliflora (mesquite)FabaceaeOther
Prunus americana (American plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus angustifolia (Mountain cherry tree)RosaceaeOther
Prunus domestica (plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus munsoniana (wild goose plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)RosaceaeOther
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)PinaceaeOther
Quercus (oaks)FagaceaeOther
Quercus agrifolia (California live oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus alba (white oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus ellipsoidalis (Northern pin oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus emoryi (emory oak (USA))FagaceaeOther
Quercus falcata (red oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus garryana (Garry oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus hypoleucoides (silverleaf oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus lobata (California white oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus lyrata (Overcup oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus macrocarpa (mossy-cup oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus nigra (water oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus palustris (pin oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus phellos (Willow oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus texana (Spanish oak)FagaceaeOther
Quercus velutina (black oak)FagaceaeOther
Rhus lancea (common karree)AnacardiaceaeOther
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)FabaceaeOther
Salix babylonica (weeping willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix nigra (black willow)SalicaceaeOther
Santalum album (Indian sandalwood)SantalaceaeOther
Senna siamea (yellow cassia)FabaceaeOther
Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba)SimmondsiaceaeOther
Syzygium cumini (black plum)MyrtaceaeOther
Tamarindus indica (Indian tamarind)FabaceaeOther
Tectona grandis (teak)LamiaceaeMain
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)PinaceaeOther
Ulmus americana (American elm)UlmaceaeOther
Xylia xylocarpa (irul)FabaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Growing point

dieback
dieback
wilt
wilt

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal colours
abnormal leaf fall
abnormal leaf fall
wilting
wilting
yellowed or dead
yellowed or dead

Roots

rot of wood
rot of wood

Stems

dead heart
dead heart
dieback
dieback
discoloration
discoloration
internal discoloration
internal discoloration
mycelium present
mycelium present
rot
rot

Whole plant

cut at stem base
cut at stem base
dead heart
dead heart
discoloration
discoloration
early senescence
early senescence
plant dead; dieback
plant dead; dieback
uprooted or toppled
uprooted or toppled
wilt
wilt

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Aspergillus terreusAntagonist
Bacillus subtilisPathogen
Myrothecium roridumPathogen
Trichoderma koningiiAntagonist

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
RootshyphaeYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branchesfruiting bodies; hyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
WoodhyphaeYesPest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)

Wood Packaging

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Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Loose wood packing material
Non-wood
Processed or treated wood
Solid wood packing material with bark
Solid wood packing material without bark

References

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Appanah S, Allard G, Amatya SM, 2000. Dieback of sissoo. Proceedings of international seminar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 25-28 April 2000. Field Document - FORSPA, No.18:65 pp.; many ref.

Ashok Kumar, Surinder Kumar, Ranjeet Singh, Shailendra Kumar, 2006. Ganoderma root rot incidence in an afforested stand of Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) in lower Siwaliks of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester, 132(7):878-884. http://www.indianforester.org

Bakshi BK, Reddy MAR, Singh S, 1976. Ganoderma root rot mortality in Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) in reforested stands. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 6(1):30-38

Bazzalo ME, Wright JE, 1982. Survey of the Argentine species of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. Mycotaxon, 16(1):293-325

Burdekin DA, 1979. Common decay fungi in broadleaved trees. Arboricultural Leaflet, Department of the Environment, No. 5:41 pp.

Chang TT, 2003. Effect of soil moisture content on the survival of Ganoderma species and other wood-inhibiting fungi. Plant Dis., 87:1201-1204.

Chang TT, Chang RJ, 1999. Generation of volatile ammonia from urea fungicidal to Phellinus noxius in infested wood in soil under controlled conditions. Plant Pathology, 48(3):337-344; 37 ref.

Chang TT, Hsieh HJ, Chang RJ, Fu CS, 1999. Common tree diseases in Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. (In Chinese).

Dargan JS, Dhingra GS, Kuldeep Lalji, 2002. Pathological problems and mycoflora associated with Dalbergia sissoo plantations in Punjab. Plant Disease Research, 17(2):269-277; 17 ref.

Darus A, Seman JA, Azahari M, 1996. Spread of Ganoderma boninense and vegetative compatibility studies of a single palm field isolates. In: Proc. PORIM Int. Palm Oil Congress, Selangor, Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Palm Oil Research Institute, 317-329.

Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY, 1995. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. St. Paul, USA: APS Press.

Gunasekaran M, Ramadoss N, Ramiah M, Bhaskaran R, Ramanathan T, 1986. Role of neem cake in the control of Thanjavur wilt of coconut. Indian Coconut Journal, 17(1):7-12

Güzeldag G, Çolak O, 2007. Molecular identification of Ganoderma lucidum from Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(5):767-770. http://www.fspublishers.org/

Habijanic J, Svagelj M, Berovic M, Boh B, Wraber B, 2009. Submerged and solid-state cultivation of bioactive extra- and intracellular polysaccharides of medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. and Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11(4):409-418. http://dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,4554be083929b23c,120acc867ef59a7e.html

Hanso M, Hanso S, 1999. On the root rot fungi in the forests of Estonia. Metsanduslikud Uurimused, 31:141-161; 4 pp of ref.

Harsh NSK, Soni KK, Tiwari CK, 1993. Ganoderma root-rot in an Acacia arboretum. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 23(4):252-254

Hood IA, Ramsden M, Allen P, 1996. Taxonomic delimitation and pathogenicity to seedlings of Delonix regia and Albizia lebbeck of a species related to Ganoderma lucidum on broadleaf trees in Queensland. Australasian Plant Pathology, 25(2):86-98; 27 ref.

Huang HongBing, Jiang YingQiao, 2000. The quantitative determination and TLC identification of total nucleosides in sporophore of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 9(3):61-62.

Huang YaoGe, Barl B, Ivanochko G, 2000. Selected non-timber forest products with medicinal applications from Jilin Province in China. General Technical Report - North Central Research Station, USDA Forest Service [Forest communities in the third millennium: Linking research, business, and policy toward a sustainable non-timber forest product sector. Proceedings of a meeting, Kenora, Ontario, Canada, 1-4 October, 1999.], No.NC-217:93-101.

Ichikawa K, Ohsawa M, Shibata H, Nakagawa S, 2013. Occurrence of wood-rotting fungi at a peach orchard in Yamanashi Prefecture. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, No.60:59-62. http://www.ktpps.org/

Intini M, 1987. Wood-decomposing fungi of the genus Ganoderma on town trees. Rivista di Micologia Bollettino dell'Associazione Micologica Bresadola, 30(1-2):20-32

Kandan A, Rajendran V, Raguchander V, Samiyappan R, 2010. Rapid detection of Ganoderma disease of coconut by immunoassay and PCR. In: Molecular biology of plant pathogens [ed. by Gangawane, L. V.\Khilare, V. C.]. Delhi, India: Daya Publishing House, 131-144.

Karaman M, Mimica-Dukic N, Knezevic P, Svircev Z, Matavuly M, 2009. Antibacterial properties of selected lignicolous mushrooms and fungi from Northern Serbia. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11(3):269-279. http://dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,4f53a14232dd0d51,6b4c13c82bf3caa5.html

Karthikeyan M, Radhika K, Bhaskaran R, Mathiyazhagan S, Samiyappan R, Velazhahan R, 2007. Pathogenicity confirmation of Ganoderma disease of coconut using early diagnosis technique. Journal of Phytopathology, 155(5):296-304. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph

Lodha S, Dwivedi NK, Bhandari DC, Bohra MD, 1994. Infection and colonization of jojoba by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytoparasitica, 22(3):229-231

Mehrotra MD, Pandey PC, Chakrabarti K, Suresh Sharma, Hazra K, 1996. Root and heart rots in Acacia mangium plantations in India. Indian Forester, 122(2):155-160; 6 ref.

Michal SH, Elarosi H, Abd-el-rehim MA, 1967. Two Polyporaceae causing wood-rot of Casuarina in United Arab Republic (Egypt). Phytopathologia Mediterranea, Bologna 6 (3), (173-4). [5 refs.].

Moncalvo JM, Wang HueiFang, Hseu RueyShyang, 1995. Gene phylogeny of the Ganoderma lucidum complex based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Comparison with traditional taxonomic characters. Mycological Research, 99(12):1489-1499; 39 ref.

Moradali MF, Hedjaroude GA, Mostafavi H, Abbasi M, Ghods S, Sharifi-Tehrani A, 2007. The genus Ganoderma (Basidiomycota) in Iran. Mycotaxon, 99:251-269. http://www.mycotaxon.com

Núñez M, Ryvarden L, 2001. East Asian polypores. Vol 1. Ganodermataceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Oslo, Norway: Fungiflora.

Obregon-Botero R, 1969. Some diseases o Rubus spp., Inga spp., Furcraea macrophylla and Allium fistulosum. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron., Medellin 26 (67), (3-18). [Es, 9 ref.].

Ofodile LN, Bikomo EO, 2008. Antibacterial activity of Ganoderma lucidum from Nigeria. Hamdard Medicus, 51(1):14-17.

Pegler DN, 2002. Useful fungi of the world: the Lin-zhi-the mushroom of immortality. Mycologist, 16:100-101.

Prasad M, Naik ST, 2002. Management of root rot and heart rot of Acacia mangium Willd. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(2):321-326; 10 ref.

Quiniones SS, 1980. Notes on the diseases of forest trees in the Philippines. Sylvatrop, 5(4):263-271; 4 ref.

Rajendran L, Kandan A, Karthikeyan G, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R, 2009. Early detection of Ganoderma causing basal stem rot disease in coconut plantations. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 21(June):627-635.

Ray AK, Charkrabarthy R, Acharya GC, 2008. Ganoderma disease of arecanut in Assam. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 10(1):4-7. http://dacnet.nic.in/spices

Ryvarden L, 1995. Can we trust morphology in Ganoderma? In: Buchanan PK, Hseu RS, Moncalvo JM, eds. Ganoderma Systematics, Phytopathology and Pharmacology. Proceedings of Contributed Symposium 59A,B, 5th International Mycological Congress, Vancouver, 1994. Taipei, Taiwan: Applied Microbiology Laboratory, National Taiwan University, 19-24.

Ryvarden L, Gilbertson RL, 1993. European polypores: Part 1: Abortiporus - Lindtneria. Oslo, Norway; Fungiflora A/S, 387 pp.

Ryvarden L, Johansen I, 1980. A preliminary Polypore flora of East Africa. A preliminary Polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora. Oslo Norway, 636 pp.

Sinclair WA, Lyon HH, Johnson WT, 1987. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Ithaca, New York, USA: Cornell University Press, 574 pp.

Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K, 2000. Internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence of five species of Ganoderma from Australia. Mycological Research, 104(8):943-951; 48 ref.

Solomon JJ, Nambiar KKN, 1998. Major coconut diseases in India and their management. Pathological problems of economic crop plants and their management., 295-307; 81 ref.

Srinivasulu B, Aruna K, Rao DVR, 2001. Biocontrol of Ganoderma wilt of coconut palm. South Indian Horticulture, 49(Special):240-242; 4 ref.

Steyaert RL, 1961. Note on the nomenclature of fungi and incidently of Ganoderma lucidum. Taxon, 10:251-252.

Steyaert RL, 1972. Species of Ganoderma and related genera mainly of the Bogor and Leiden herbaria. Persoonia, 7:55-118.

Stoichev G, Naidenov Ya, 1984. The genus Ganoderma Karst. in Bulgaria. Gorskostopanska Nauka, 21(3):83-87

Szedlay G, Jakucs E, B=ka K, Boldizsßr I, 1996. Macro- and micromorphological characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum Karsten strains isolated in Hungary. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 88:57-68; 17 ref.

Tian GuangHui, Lin Juan, Chen WenQiang, Wang Zhi, Zhou XuanWei, 2003. Analysis of volatile oil composition of wild and cultured Ganoderma lucidum. Edible Fungi of China, 22(2):48.

Turner PD, 1965. Infection of oil palms by Ganoderma. Phytopathology, 55:937.

Uscuplic M, Tre?tic T, 2003. Fungi of primary forests "Ravna vala" on mountain Igman and "Trstionica" near Kakanj - first contribution. (Gljive pra?umskih rezervata "Ravna vala" na Igmanu i "Trstionica" pored Kaknja - prvi prilog.) Radovi ?umarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 33(1):51-54.

Verma RK, Rinki Hanwat, Rajput PS, Tiwari CK, 2013. Status of Khair mortality in central India. Indian Forester, 139(9):790-796. http://www.indianforester.co.in

Ying SL, Chien CY, Davidson RW, 1976. Root rot of Acacia confusa. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry, 9(1):17-21; 1 pl.; 3 ref.

Zhao JD, 1989. The Ganodermataceae in China. Bibliotheca Mycologica Band 132. Berlin-Stuttgart, Germany: J. Cramer.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Argentina: Present, native, not invasive
Bazzalo & Wright, 1982Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBosnia-Hercegovina: Present
Uscuplic & Tre?tic, 2003Bulgaria: Present, native, not invasive
Stoichev & Naidenov, 1984China: Widespread, native, not invasive
Zhao, 1989China: Widespread, native, not invasive
Zhao, 1989China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present, native, not invasive
Obregon-Botero, 1969Colombia: Present, native, not invasive
Obregon-Botero, 1969Estonia: Present, native, not invasive
Hanso & Hanso, 1999Egypt: Present, native, not invasive
Michal et al., 1967UK: Present, native, not invasive
Burdekin, 1979Ghana: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980Hungary: Present, native, not invasive
Szedlay et al., 1996India: Widespread, native, not invasive
Bakshi et al., 1976India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Iran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Iran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Italy: Present, native, not invasive
Intini, 1987Japan: Present, native, not invasive
Ichikawa et al., 2013Kenya: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980Nigeria: Present
Ofodile & Bikomo, 2008Nepal: Present, native, not invasive
Appanah et al., 2000Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980Pakistan: Present, native, not invasive
Appanah et al., 2000Serbia: Present
Karaman et al., 2009Slovenia: Present
Habijanic et al., 2009Thailand: Present, native, not invasiveTurkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007Turkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007Turkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007Taiwan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ying et al., 1976Taiwan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ying et al., 1976Tanzania: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryVietnam: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000Yemen: Present, native, not invasiveYemen: Present, native, not invasive
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) China: Widespread, native, not invasive
Zhao, 1989Guangdong: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000Guangxi: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000Jilin: Present
Huang et al., 2000Jiangsu: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000Shaanxi: Present
Tian et al., 2003Yunnan: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000India: Widespread, native, not invasive
Bakshi et al., 1976Andhra Pradesh: Present, native, not invasive
Srinivasulu et al., 2001Assam: Present
Ray et al., 2008Himachal Pradesh: Present
Ashok et al., 2006Kerala: Present, native, not invasiveKarnataka: Present, native, not invasive
Prasad & Naik, 2002Maharashtra: Present
Verma et al., 2013Madhya Pradesh: Present, native, not invasive
Harsh et al., 1993; Verma et al., 2013Indian Punjab: Present, native, not invasive
Dargan et al., 2002Rajasthan: Present, native, not invasive
Lodha et al., 1994Tamil Nadu: Present, native, not invasive
Gunasekaran et al., 1986West Bengal: Present, native, not invasive
Mehrotra et al., 1996Iran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Japan: Present, native, not invasive
Ichikawa et al., 2013Nepal: Present, native, not invasive
Appanah et al., 2000Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980Pakistan: Present, native, not invasive
Appanah et al., 2000Thailand: Present, native, not invasiveTurkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007Taiwan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ying et al., 1976Vietnam: Present
Huang & Jiang, 2000Yemen: Present, native, not invasive
Distribution map (europe) Bosnia-Hercegovina: Present
Uscuplic & Tre?tic, 2003Bulgaria: Present, native, not invasive
Stoichev & Naidenov, 1984Estonia: Present, native, not invasive
Hanso & Hanso, 1999UK: Present, native, not invasive
Burdekin, 1979Hungary: Present, native, not invasive
Szedlay et al., 1996Iran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Italy: Present, native, not invasive
Intini, 1987Serbia: Present
Karaman et al., 2009Slovenia: Present
Habijanic et al., 2009Turkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007
Distribution map (africa) Egypt: Present, native, not invasive
Michal et al., 1967Ghana: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980Iran: Present
Moradali et al., 2007Kenya: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980Nigeria: Present
Ofodile & Bikomo, 2008Turkey: Present
Güzeldag & Çolak, 2007Tanzania: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980Yemen: Present, native, not invasive
Distribution map (north america) Arkansas: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Arizona: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995California: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Connecticut: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Florida: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Georgia: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Hawaii: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Iowa: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Indiana: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Louisiana: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Massachusetts: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Maryland: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Michigan: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Minnesota: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Mississippi: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995North Carolina: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995New Jersey: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995New York: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Ohio: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Oklahoma: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Oregon: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Pennsylvania: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Rhode Island: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995South Carolina: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Texas: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995Virginia: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995
Distribution map (central america) Colombia: Present, native, not invasive
Obregon-Botero, 1969Florida: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1995
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present, native, not invasive
Bazzalo & Wright, 1982Colombia: Present, native, not invasive
Obregon-Botero, 1969
Distribution map (pacific) Queensland: Present, native, not invasive
Hood et al., 1996China: Widespread, native, not invasive
Zhao, 1989Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980Taiwan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ying et al., 1976