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Datasheet

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (vascular cotton wilt)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 30 June 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum
  • Preferred Common Name
  • vascular cotton wilt
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Sordariomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Macroconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
TitleMacroconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Caption
CopyrightCAB International
Macroconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Macroconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.CAB International
Microconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
TitleMicroconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Caption
CopyrightCAB International
Microconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Microconidia of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.CAB International
Chlamydospores of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
TitleChlamydospores of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Caption
CopyrightCAB International
Chlamydospores of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.
Chlamydospores of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum x 500.CAB International
Symptoms of Fusarium wilt on cotton.
TitleSymptoms of Fusarium wilt on cotton.
Caption
CopyrightRory Hillocks
Symptoms of Fusarium wilt on cotton.
Symptoms of Fusarium wilt on cotton.Rory Hillocks

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen

Preferred Common Name

  • vascular cotton wilt

Other Scientific Names

  • Fusarium vasinfectum G.F. Atk.

International Common Names

  • English: Fusarium wilt of cotton; wilt of cotton; wilt of sesame
  • Spanish: marchitez del algodonero; pudricion de la raiz
  • French: flétrissement du cotonnier; flétrissement fusarien du cotonnier; fusariose

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Welke; Welke: Baumwolle; Welke: Sesam

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Sordariomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
  •                         Order: Hypocreales
  •                             Family: Nectriaceae
  •                                 Genus: Fusarium
  •                                     Species: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AfghanistanPresentUK CAB International, 1982
BangladeshPresentUK CAB International, 1982
China
-AnhuiPresentGuo et al., 1993
-HebeiPresentGuo et al., 1993
-HenanPresentYang et al., 1995
-JiangsuPresentGuo et al., 1993
-ShaanxiPresentYang et al., 1995
-ShandongPresentYang et al., 1995
-SichuanWidespreadHe et al., 1994
-XinjiangPresentTian, 1981
IndiaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
-HaryanaPresentChopra & Chauhan, 1993
-Indian PunjabPresentChopra & Chauhan, 1993
-MaharashtraPresentKhetmalas et al., 1989
-Tamil NaduRestricted distributionShanmugam et al., 1977
IndonesiaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
IranPresentUK CAB International, 1982
IraqPresentUK CAB International, 1982
IsraelPresentDishon & Nevo, 1972
JapanPresentUK CAB International, 1982
-HonshuPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Korea, DPRPresentChung & Ser, 1992
Korea, Republic ofPresentChung & Ser, 1992
MyanmarPresentUK CAB International, 1982
PakistanPresentAnwar & Khan, 1973; UK CAB International, 1982
Saudi ArabiaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
TurkeyPresentUK CAB International, 1982
TurkmenistanPresentSidorova & Akmuradov, 1981; UK CAB International, 1982
UzbekistanPresentUK CAB International, 1982; Tursanov & Aliev, 1995
VietnamPresentUK CAB International, 1982
YemenPresentUK CAB International, 1982

AFRICA

AngolaRestricted distributionRagazzi et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1982
Central African RepublicPresentUK CAB International, 1982; IRCT, 1977
Congo Democratic RepublicPresentUK CAB International, 1982
EgyptRestricted distributionNirenberg et al., 1994; UK CAB International, 1982
EthiopiaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
MoroccoPresentUK CAB International, 1982
SomaliaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
South AfricaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
SudanRestricted distributionUK CAB International, 1982; Yassin & Daffalla, 1982
TanzaniaWidespreadHillocks, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982
TogoPresentGoebel & Vassayre, 1986
UgandaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
ZimbabwePresentHillocks, 1992; UK CAB International, 1982

NORTH AMERICA

MexicoPresentUK CAB International, 1982
USA
-AlabamaWidespreadBlasingame, 1990
-ArizonaPresentUK CAB International, 1982; Blasingame, 1990
-CaliforniaWidespreadBlasingame, 1990
-GeorgiaRestricted distributionBlasingame, 1990
-LouisianaRestricted distributionBlasingame, 1990
-MissouriWidespreadBlasingame, 1990
-North CarolinaPresentBlasingame, 1990
-OklahomaPresentBlasingame, 1990
-South CarolinaWidespreadBlasingame, 1990
-TexasRestricted distributionBlasingame, 1990

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

CubaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
El SalvadorPresentUK CAB International, 1982
GuatemalaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
HaitiPresentSchotman, 1989
NicaraguaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Puerto RicoPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Saint Kitts and NevisPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Saint LuciaPresentSchotman, 1989
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Trinidad and TobagoPresentSchotman, 1989

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
BoliviaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
BrazilRestricted distributionCia, 1977; UK CAB International, 1982
-Minas GeraisPresentChalfoun, 1979
-Sao PauloWidespreadGridi-Papp et al., 1984
ChilePresentUK CAB International, 1982
ColombiaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
GuyanaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
ParaguayPresentMathieson & Follin, 1981
PeruRestricted distributionDelgado & Agurto, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982
UruguayPresentUK CAB International, 1982
VenezuelaPresentUK CAB International, 1982

EUROPE

Former USSRPresentUK CAB International, 1982
FrancePresentUK CAB International, 1982
GreecePresentUK CAB International, 1982
ItalyPresentUK CAB International, 1982; De Corato, 1999
RomaniaPresentUK CAB International, 1982
Yugoslavia (former)PresentUK CAB International, 1982

OCEANIA

Australia
-QueenslandPresentKochman, 1995
FijiPresentUK CAB International, 1982

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)MalvaceaeOther
Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)FabaceaeMain
Capsicum (peppers)SolanaceaeOther
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper)SolanaceaeMain
Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeOther
Gossypium (cotton)MalvaceaeMain
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf)MalvaceaeMain
Medicago (medic)FabaceaeOther
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)SolanaceaeOther
RicinusEuphorbiaceaeOther
Sesamum indicum (sesame)PedaliaceaeOther
Solanum (nightshade)SolanaceaeOther
Vigna (cowpea)FabaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageSeedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Leaves

abnormal colours
necrotic areas

Whole plant

dwarfing

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Fruits (inc. pods)hyphae; sporesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Growing medium accompanying plantssporesNo
Leaveshyphae; sporesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Rootshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Brancheshyphae; sporesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
True seeds (inc. grain)hyphaeYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
Wood

References

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Abdel-Raheem A, Haggag MEA, Abou-Daoud MS, 1974. The reaction of some Egyptian cotton varieties and their crosses to Fusarium wilt. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 81(9):516-521

Allen SJ, Lonergan PA, 1997. Diseases of cotton in Australia. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA, USA. Memphis, USA: National Cotton Council, 90-92.

Anwar SA, Khan IU, 1973. Some studies on cotton-wilt complex. Journal of Agricultural Research, Punjab, 11(4):94-98

Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, 1958. A race of the cotton wilt fusaria causing wilt of Yelredo soybean and flue-cured tobacco. Plant Disease Reporter 42:147-151.

Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, 1960. American, Egyptian and Indian cotton wilt fusaria: their pathogenicity and relationship to other fusaria. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1219, 1-19.

Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, 1968. Formae specialis and races of Fusarium oxysporum causing tracheomycosis in the syndrome of disease. Phytopathology 58:1242-1246.

Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK, 1978. A new race (race 6) of the cotton-wilt Fusarium from Brazil. Plant Disease Reporter, 62(5):421-423

Assigbetse KB, Fernandez D, Dubois MP, Geiger JP, 1994. Differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum races on cotton by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Phytopathology, 84(6):622-626; 29 ref.

Atkinson GF, 1892. Some diseases of cotton. 3. Frenching. Bulletin of Alabama Agricultural Experimental Station, 41:19-29.

Blasingame D, 1990. Disease loss estimate committee report. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conference, National Cotton Council, Memphis, Tennessee, 4.

Booth C, 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Booth C, Waterson JM, 1964. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No 28. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Chalfoun SM, 1979. Occurrence of Fusarium wilt on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the State of Minas Gerais. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 4(3):517-518

Charati SN, Mali JB, Pawar NB, 1998. Bio-control of Fusarium wilt of cotton by Trichoderma spp. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 23(3):304-305; 7 ref.

Chopra BL, Chauhan MS, 1993. Progress of important cotton diseases during crop period in North Zone. Journal of Cotton Research and Development, 7(2):297-306; 7 ref.

Chung BK, Ser SO, 1992. Identification of antagonistic Streptomyces species on Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causing sesame wilt and blight. Korean Journal of Mycology, 20(1):65-71; 28 ref.

Cia E, 1977. Occurrence and knowledge of annual cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) diseases in Brazil. Summa Phytopathologica, 3(3):167-193

Corato de U, Carlucci A, Frisullo S, Lopos F, 1999. The wilting of kenaf by Fusarium oxysporum. Petria, 9(1/2):53-60.

Delgado MA, Agurto VR, 1984. Estimation of losses caused by root and fibrovascular pathogens by means of sampling, analysis and periodic evaluation of the plant population in different cotton growing areas of Piura. Fitopatología, 19(1):27-38; 16 ref.

Dishon I, Nevo D, 1970. The appearance of fusarium wilt in the Pima cotton cultivar. Hassadeh 56:2281-2283 (in Hebrew).

Ebbels DL, 1975. Fusarium wilt of cotton: a review, with special reference to Tanzania. Cotton Growing Review, 52(4):295-339

Elliot JA, 1923. Cotton wilt: a seed borne disease. Journal of Agricultural Research, 23:387-393.

Feng J, Sun-Wen J, Shi-Lei Y, Ma C, 1999. RAPD analysis of physiologic races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in China. Acta Gossypii Sinica, 11(5):230-234.

Gangopadhyay S, Kapoor KS, 1977. Control of Fusarium wilt of okra with seed treatment. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 7(2):147-149

Garrett SD, 1956. Biology of Root Infecting Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Goebel S, Vaissayre M, 1986. A rapid method of testing varietal resistance of cotton to Fusarium disease. Coton et Fibres Tropicales, 41(1):63-65; [2 tab.].

Goshaev D, 1971. The role of Preceding crops of cotton in the suppression of Fusarium wilt. Review of Plant Pathology, 51:2513.

Goshaev D, 1986. Biological and ecological features of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. vasinfectum in the Murgab oasis. Zashchita sel'skokhozaistvennykh kul'tur, 1986:48-52.

Gridi-Papp IL, Fuzatto MG, Cavaleri PA, Cia E, Silva NM da, Ferraz CAM, Scmidt W, Neves O da, Rodrigues- Filho FSO, Chiavegato EJ, Sabino NP, Martinelli ES, Lazzarini JF, Correa FA, Grossi JMM, 1984. Cotton breeding in Sao Paulo State: origins of the varieties IAC RM3, IAC RM4, IAC16 and IAC 17. Bragantia, 43:405-423.

Grover RK, Singh G, 1970. Pathology of wilt of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk) Sny. & Hans., its host range and histopathology. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 40:989-996.

Gubanov RK, Sabirov BG, 1972. Transmission of fusarium wilt infection by cotton seed. Khlopkovodstvo 22(3):22-23.

Guo DC, Wang QF, Yan SZ, Dai KS, 1993. A study on a new kind fungicide - zhiweiling. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 26(3):63-68; 13 ref.

He ZX, Liu GZ, Deng XM, 1994. Effect of polyethylene film mulching on the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University, 16(5):419-421; 8 ref.

Hillocks RJ, 1981. Cotton disease research in Tanzania. Tropical Pest Management, 27(1):1-12

Hillocks RJ, 1983. Infection of cotton seed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in cotton varieties resistant or susceptible to Fusarium wilt. Tropical Agriculture, 60(2):141-143

Hillocks RJ, 1984. Production of cotton varieties with resistance to Fusarium wilt with special reference to Tanzania. Tropical Pest Management, 30(3):234-246, 333; [7 fig., 3 tab.]; 60 ref.

Hillocks RJ, 1985. The effect of root-knot nematode on vascular resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in the stems of cotton plants. Annals of Applied Biology, 107(2):213-218; 20 ref.

Hillocks RJ, 1992. Fusarium wilt. Cotton diseases., 127-160; 8 pp. of ref.

Hillocks RJ, Bridge J, 1992. The role of nematodes in Fusarium wilt of cotton in Tanzania. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2(1-2):35-40; 25 ref.

Hillocks RJ, Kibani THM, 2002. Factors affecting the distribution, incidence and spread of fusarium wilt of cotton in Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 38(1):13-27; 14 ref.

Ibrahim FM, 1966. A new race of cotton wilt Fusarium in the Sudan Gezira. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 43:296-299.

Ibrahim G, Nirenberg HI, 1993. Response of some Sudanese cotton cultivars to race 1 and 5 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 100(6):645-651; 11 ref.

IRCT, 1977. Work of the Research Institute for Cotton and Exotic Textiles in 1975 - 1976. Cotton et fibres Tropicales, 32:101-111.

Jorgenson EC, Hyer AH, Garber RH, Smith SN, 1978. Influence of soil fumigation on the fusarium-root-knot nematode disease complex of cotton in California. Journal of Nematology, 10(3):228-231

Kappelman AJ, 1980. The Fusarium wilt-nematode evaluation programme at Talassee, Alabama - progress through the years. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conference, Memphis, Tennessee, USA: National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, USA, 302-303.

Katan J, Fishler G, Grinstein A, 1983. Short- and long-term effects of soil solarization and crop sequence on Fusarium wilt and yield of cotton in Israel. Phytopathology, 73(8):1215-1219; 19 ref.

Khadr AS, Salem AA, Oteifa BA, 1972. Varietal susceptibility and significance of the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis, in Fusarium wilt of cotton. Plant Disease Reporter, 56(12):1040-1042

Khetmalas MB, Kadam VC, Hande YK, More WD, 1989. Reaction of certain deshi cotton cultivars to Fusarium wilt. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 14(3):369-371; 2 ref.

Kochman JK, 1995. Fusarium wilt in cotton - a new record in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 24(1):74; 1 ref.

Kulkarni GS, 1934. Studies in the wilt disease of cotton in the Bombay Presidency. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 4:976-1045.

Lagiére R, 1952. Possibilities of transmission of Fusarium wilt of cotton by the seed. Cotton et Fibres Tropicales, 15:146-148.

LaMondia JA, 2015. Fusarium wilt of tobacco. Crop Protection, 73:73-77. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02612194

Li GX, Yang FX, 1989. Regional Fusarium and Verticillium wilt resistant cotton variety tests over 16 years in China. China Cottons, No. 5:26-27.

Li JK, Guo DC, 1999. A preliminary report on the synergism mechanism of Miejuncazhangji. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 32(2):66-71.

Mathieson T, Follin J-C, 1981. Fungi and bacteria observed on cotton in Paraguay. Principal diseases. Coton et Fibres Tropicales, 36(3):265-269

Menlikiev NY, 1962. Fusarium wilt of fine-staple cotton and a study of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum strains as the causal agent of the disease in the conditions of the Vakash Valley. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi S. S. R. 4(11)48-59.

Moricca S, Ragazzi A, Kasuga T, Mitchelson KR, 1998. Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in cotton tissue by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Pathology, 47(4):486-494; 34 ref.

Nirenberg HI, Ibrahim G, Michail SH, 1994. Race identity of three isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans. from Egypt and the Sudan. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 101(6):594-597; 6 ref.

Perry DA, 1962. Fusarium wilt of cotton in the Lake province of Tanganyika. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 39:14-16.

Perry DA, 1963. Interaction of root-knot and Fusarium wilt of cotton. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 40:41-47.

Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Dellavalle I, Gonnelli T, 1995. Behaviour of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum isolates from Angola on callus tissue of cotton. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 102(5):493-501; 19 ref.

Robbs CF, Ribeiro R de LD, Akiba F, Sudo S, 1972. Note on the occurrence of 'fusariosis' of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) in the Baixada Carioca-Fluminense. Agronomia, Brazil, 30(1):23-26

Salmond G, 2000. Fusarium wilt spreads through cotton industry. Australian Cottongrower, 21(2):4-9.

Santos FH, 1969. Wilt disease of cotton, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen. Agronomia Angolana, 29:145-157.

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.

Shanmugam N, Vinayagamurthy A, Rajendran G, Muthukrishnan TS, Kandaswamy TK, 1977. Occurrence of nematode-fungus interactions on cotton around Coimbatore. Science and Culture, 43(8):346-348

Sharma YR, Sandhu BS, 1989. Efficacy of seed treatment to control fusarial wilt on arboreum cotton. Pesticides, 23(9):50-51; 3 ref.

Shen CY, 1985. Integrated management of Fusarium and Verticillium wilts of cotton in China. Crop Protection, 4(3):337-345; [5 tab.]; 33 ref.

Shepherd RL, 1982. Registration of eight germplasm lines of frego-bract cotton (Reg. Nos. GP167 to GP174). Crop Science, 22(3):692-693

Sidorova SF, Akmuradov B, 1981. Virulence of Turkmenian strains of the pathogen of Fusarium wilt of cotton to foreign differential varieties. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 15(4):314-317

Smith SN, Dick JB, 1960. Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium wilt in Upland and Sea Island cottons as complicated by nematodes under field conditions. Phytopathology, 67:476-481.

Smith SN, Snyder WC, 1975. Persistence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in fields in the absence of cotton. Phytopathology, 65(2):190-196

Snyder WC, Hansen HN, 1940. The species concept in Fusarium. American Journal of Botany, 27:64-67.

Song FM, Zheng Z, 1995. Effect of presowing application of trifluralin on cotton seedling diseases and Fusarium wilt. Acta Phytophylactica Sinica, 4:361-366.

Sun W, Jian G, Chen Q, 1999. Study on monitoring of physiologiocal races of cotton Fusarium wilt in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 32:51-57.

Tian F, 1981. Studies on specialized biotypes of cotton Fusarium wilt fungus in Xinjiang. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 11(1):27-30

Tursanov T, Aliev SH, 1995. Fusariose of the medium-staple cotton cultivars. Zachchita Rastenii Moskva, 8:15.

UK CAB International, 1982. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (Edition 4). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 362.

Wang B, Dale ML, Kochman JK, 1999. Studies on a pathogenicity assay for screening cotton germplasms for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in the glasshouse. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 39(8):967-974; 25 ref.

Wilhelm S, 1981. Sources and genetics of host resistance in field and fruit crops. In: Mace ME, Bell AA, Beckman CH, eds. Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants. New York and London: Academic Press, 300-376.

Wood CM, Ebbels DL, 1972. Host range and survival of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp, vasinfectum in N. W. Tanzania. Cotton Growing Review, 49:79-82.

Yang ZW, Wang RX, Gao YW, 1995. Effect of root effusion of different cotton varieties on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 28:87-88.

Yarovenko GI, ed., 1972. Agrotechnical measures against cotton wilt. Agrotekhnicheskie mery bor'by s viltom khlopchatnika. Minist. Agric. USSR. Tashkent USSR, 135 pp.

Yassin AM, Daffalla GA, 1982. A preliminary note on the present status of cotton wilt syndrome in the Sudan. Cotton et Fibres Tropicales, 4:379-383.

Yassin AM, Khalifa H, Abbas IM, 1986. A quick method for effective screening of cotton cultivars against pathogenic wilt: a useful tool for the breeder. Tropical Pest Management, 32(2):115-117; 11 ref.

Yuan HX, Li HL, Wang ZY, Wang SZ, Wang Y, 1998. Studies on the control of cotton fusarium wilt by soil antagonists. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 14(4):156-158.

Zhang JF, Lu FB, Nie YC, Guo JH, Sun JZ, Liu JL, 1995. Analysis of Fusarium wilt resistance in F1 hybrids of Upland cotton. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 14:15-20.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Afghanistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Angola: Restricted distribution
Ragazzi et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1982Argentina: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBangladesh: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Bolivia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Brazil: Restricted distribution
Cia, 1977; UK CAB International, 1982Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCentral African Republic: Present
UK CAB International, 1982; IRCT, 1977Chile: Present
UK CAB International, 1982China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Colombia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Cuba: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Cuba: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Egypt: Restricted distribution
Nirenberg et al., 1994; UK CAB International, 1982Ethiopia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Fiji: Present
UK CAB International, 1982France: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Greece: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Greece: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guyana: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guyana: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Haiti: Present
Schotman, 1989Haiti: Present
Schotman, 1989Indonesia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Indonesia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Israel: PresentIsrael: PresentIndia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Italy: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Japan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaint Kitts and Nevis: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Korea, DPR: Present
Chung & Ser, 1992Korea, Republic of: Present
Chung & Ser, 1992Saint Lucia: Present
Schotman, 1989Morocco: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Morocco: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Myanmar: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Mexico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Mexico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Peru: Restricted distribution
Delgado & Agurto, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982Pakistan: Present
Anwar & Khan, 1973; UK CAB International, 1982Puerto Rico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Puerto Rico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Paraguay: Present
Mathieson & Follin, 1981Romania: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Saudi Arabia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Saudi Arabia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Sudan: Restricted distribution
UK CAB International, 1982; Yassin & Daffalla, 1982Somalia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Former USSR: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Former USSR: Present
UK CAB International, 1982El Salvador: Present
UK CAB International, 1982El Salvador: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Togo: Present
Goebel & Vassayre, 1986Turkmenistan: Present
Sidorova & Akmuradov, 1981; UK CAB International, 1982Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Schotman, 1989Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Schotman, 1989Tanzania: Widespread
Hillocks, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982Uganda: Present
UK CAB International, 1982USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Uzbekistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982; Tursanov & Aliev, 1995Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Venezuela: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Venezuela: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Vietnam: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yemen: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yemen: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yugoslavia (former): Present
UK CAB International, 1982South Africa: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Congo Democratic Republic: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Zimbabwe: Present
Hillocks, 1992; UK CAB International, 1982
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Afghanistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Bangladesh: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Anhui: Present
Guo et al., 1993Hebei: Present
Guo et al., 1993Henan: Present
Yang et al., 1995Jiangsu: Present
Guo et al., 1993Sichuan: Widespread
He et al., 1994Shandong: Present
Yang et al., 1995Shaanxi: Present
Yang et al., 1995Xinjiang: Present
Tian, 1981Indonesia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Israel: PresentIndia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Haryana: Present
Chopra & Chauhan, 1993Maharashtra: Present
Khetmalas et al., 1989Indian Punjab: Present
Chopra & Chauhan, 1993Tamil Nadu: Restricted distribution
Shanmugam et al., 1977Iraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Japan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Honshu: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Korea, DPR: Present
Chung & Ser, 1992Korea, Republic of: Present
Chung & Ser, 1992Myanmar: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Pakistan: Present
Anwar & Khan, 1973; UK CAB International, 1982Saudi Arabia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Former USSR: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Turkmenistan: Present
Sidorova & Akmuradov, 1981; UK CAB International, 1982Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Uzbekistan: Present
UK CAB International, 1982; Tursanov & Aliev, 1995Vietnam: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yemen: Present
UK CAB International, 1982
Distribution map (europe) France: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Greece: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Italy: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Morocco: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Romania: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Former USSR: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yugoslavia (former): Present
UK CAB International, 1982
Distribution map (africa) Angola: Restricted distribution
Ragazzi et al., 1995; UK CAB International, 1982Central African Republic: Present
UK CAB International, 1982; IRCT, 1977Egypt: Restricted distribution
Nirenberg et al., 1994; UK CAB International, 1982Ethiopia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Greece: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Israel: PresentIraq: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Iran: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Morocco: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Saudi Arabia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Sudan: Restricted distribution
UK CAB International, 1982; Yassin & Daffalla, 1982Somalia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Togo: Present
Goebel & Vassayre, 1986Turkey: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Tanzania: Widespread
Hillocks, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982Uganda: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Yemen: Present
UK CAB International, 1982South Africa: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Congo Democratic Republic: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Zimbabwe: Present
Hillocks, 1992; UK CAB International, 1982
Distribution map (north america) Cuba: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Haiti: Present
Schotman, 1989Mexico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Puerto Rico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982El Salvador: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Alabama: Widespread
Blasingame, 1990Arizona: Present
UK CAB International, 1982; Blasingame, 1990California: Widespread
Blasingame, 1990Georgia: Restricted distribution
Blasingame, 1990Louisiana: Restricted distribution
Blasingame, 1990Missouri: Widespread
Blasingame, 1990North Carolina: Present
Blasingame, 1990Oklahoma: Present
Blasingame, 1990South Carolina: Widespread
Blasingame, 1990Texas: Restricted distribution
Blasingame, 1990
Distribution map (central america) Colombia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Cuba: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guatemala: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guyana: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Haiti: Present
Schotman, 1989Saint Kitts and Nevis: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Saint Lucia: Present
Schotman, 1989Mexico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Puerto Rico: Present
UK CAB International, 1982El Salvador: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Schotman, 1989Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Venezuela: Present
UK CAB International, 1982
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Bolivia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Brazil: Restricted distribution
Cia, 1977; UK CAB International, 1982Minas Gerais: Present
Chalfoun, 1979Sao Paulo: Widespread
Gridi-Papp et al., 1984Chile: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Colombia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Guyana: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Nicaragua: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Peru: Restricted distribution
Delgado & Agurto, 1984; UK CAB International, 1982Paraguay: Present
Mathieson & Follin, 1981Trinidad and Tobago: Present
Schotman, 1989Uruguay: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Venezuela: Present
UK CAB International, 1982
Distribution map (pacific) Queensland: Present
Kochman, 1995Fiji: Present
UK CAB International, 1982Indonesia: Present
UK CAB International, 1982