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Datasheet

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fusarium wilt of tomato)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 14 November 2014
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
  • Preferred Common Name
  • Fusarium wilt of tomato
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Sordariomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
TitleSymptoms on leaves
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
Symptoms on leavesF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
TitleSymptoms on leaves
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.
Symptoms on leavesF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato leaf.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato plant in field crop.
TitleSymptoms in field crop
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato plant in field crop.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato plant in field crop.
Symptoms in field cropF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms on tomato plant in field crop.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
TitleSymptoms in stem
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Symptoms in stemF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
TitleSymptoms in stem
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Symptoms in stemF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
TitleSymptoms in stem
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.
Symptoms in stemF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato stem.Jim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato field crop.
TitleSymptoms in field crop
CaptionF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato field crop.
CopyrightJim Correll
F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato field crop.
Symptoms in field cropF. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici symptoms in tomato field crop.Jim Correll

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen

Preferred Common Name

  • Fusarium wilt of tomato

Other Scientific Names

  • Fusarium bulbigenum Cooke & Massee
  • Fusarium bulbigenum var. lycopersici (Brushi) Wollenw. & Reinking
  • Fusarium lycopersici (Thaxter, 1890)

International Common Names

  • English: vascular tomato wilt; wilt of tomato
  • Spanish: fusariosis del tomate; marchitez fusariana del tomate
  • French: fletrissement fusarien de la tomate; flétrissement vasculaire de la tomate; fusariose de la tomate

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Welke: Melone; Welke: Tomate

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Sordariomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae
  •                         Order: Hypocreales
  •                             Family: Nectriaceae
  •                                 Genus: Fusarium
  •                                     Species: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

AzerbaijanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ShaanxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IndiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OdishaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Tamil NaduPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IraqPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IsraelPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
JapanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011; Choi et al., 2013
MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
NepalPresentIPPC, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011
PakistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
TaiwanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
TurkeyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

AFRICA

Côte d'IvoirePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
EgyptPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
KenyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
LibyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
MauritiusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
MoroccoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
NigeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SenegalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
South AfricaWidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2011; Jacobs et al., 2013
TanzaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
TunisiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ZimbabwePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-AlbertaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-British ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ManitobaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Nova ScotiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OntarioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Prince Edward IslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-QuebecPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-SaskatchewanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
USAPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ArkansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-CaliforniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ColoradoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ConnecticutPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-FloridaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-GeorgiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-HawaiiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-IdahoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-IowaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KentuckyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MassachusettsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MontanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-New YorkPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-North CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OhioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OregonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-WashingtonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-West VirginiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

CubaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Dominican RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
JamaicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
PanamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Puerto RicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Espirito SantoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-PernambucoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Rio de JaneiroPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Rio Grande do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ChilePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011; Sepúlveda-Chavera et al., 2014
French GuianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

EUROPE

AlbaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
BelgiumPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
BulgariaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
CyprusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
FrancePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-France (mainland)WidespreadCABI/EPPO, 2011
GermanyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IrelandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ItalyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Italy (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-SardiniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
NetherlandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
PolandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Russian FederationPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Central RussiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SerbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SpainPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Spain (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SwedenPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SwitzerlandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
UKPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-England and WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

OCEANIA

American SamoaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Western AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Cook IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
FijiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
New CaledoniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
New ZealandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Papua New GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)SolanaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Leaves

abnormal colours

Stems

internal discoloration

Whole plant

wilt

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Fusarium oxysporumPathogen
Haematonectria haematococcaPathogen
Hypocrea rufaMycoparasite
Ralstonia solanacearumPathogen
Trichoderma harzianumAntagonist
Trichoderma koningiiAntagonist

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Growing medium accompanying plantssporesNoPest or symptoms usually invisible
Leaveshyphae; sporesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Rootshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Brancheshyphae; sporesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
True seeds (inc. grain)hyphae; sporesYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
Wood

References

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Alabouvette C, Couteaudier Y, 1992. Biological control of Fusarium wilts with nonpathogenic fusaria. In: Biological Control of Plant Diseases: Progress and Challenges for the Future. Tjamos EC, Papavizas GC, Cook RJ, (eds). New York, USA: Plenum Press, 415-426.

Alabouvette C, Lemanceau P, Steinberg C, 1993. Recent advances in the biological control of Fusarium wilts. Pesticide Science, 37(4):365-373; 27 ref.

Alexander LJ, Hoover MM, 1955. Disease resistance in wild species of tomato. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 752:35-41.

Alexander LJ, Tucker CM, 1945. Physiological specialization in the tomato wilt fungus. Journal of Agricultural Research, 70:303-313.

Anon., 1994. UNEP Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer: 1994 report of the MBTOC. Environmental Protection Agency 430/K94/029.

Asha BB, Nayaka SC, Shankar ACU, Srinivas C, Niranjana SR, 2011. Biological control of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causing wilt of tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens. International Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(2):79-84. http://www.bioinfo.in/uploadfiles/13154998663_2_2_IJMR.pdf

Beckman CH, 1987. The Nature of Wilt Diseases of Plants. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society.

Benhamou N, Charest PM, Jarvis WR, 1989. Biology and host parasite relationships of Fusarium oxysporum. In: Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants. Basic Studies and Control. Tjamos EC, Beckman CH, (eds). NATO ASI Series, volume H28. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 95-105.

Bohn GW, Tucker CM, 1939. Immunity to Fusarium wilt in the tomato. Science, 89:603-604.

Bohn GW, Tucker CM, 1940. Studies on Fusarium wilt of the tomato. I. Immunity in Lycopersicon pimpinelifolium and its inheritance in hybrids. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin.

Booth C, 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Boswell VR, 1937. Improvement and genetics of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplant. United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook, 176-206.

Bournival BL, Scott JW, Vallejos CE, 1989. An isozyme marker for resistance to race 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 78(4):489-494; 26 ref.

Bournival BL, Vallejos CE, 1991. New sources of genetic resistance to race 3 of Fusarium wilt tomato. Plant Disease, 75:281-284.

Bournival BL, Vallejos CE, Scott JW, 1990. Genetic analysis of resistances to races 1 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici from the wild tomato Lycopersicon pennellii.. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 79(5):641-645; 19 ref.

Bowman P, Bloom JR, 1966. Breaking the resistance of tomato varieties to Fusarium wilt by Meloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology, 56:871.

CABI/EPPO, 2011. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 1111 (Edition 1).

Cai G, Rosewich UL, Pettway RE, Schneider RW, 1999. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici based on physiological and molecular markers. (Abstract) Phytopathology, 89:S11.

Chellemi DO, Dankers HA, Crosier B, 1992. First report of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in Northwest Florida and Georgia. Plant Disease, 76(8):861.

Choi HW, Hong SK, Lee YK, Shim HS, 2013. First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 causing Fusarium wilt on tomato in Korea. Plant Disease, 97(10):1377. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Cirulli M, Alexander LJ, 1966. A comparison of pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp., lycopersici and different sources of resistance in tomato. Phytopathology, 56:1301-1304.

Correll JC, 1991. The relationship between formae speciales, races, and vegetative compatibility groups in Fusarium oxysporum.. Phytopathology, 81(9):1061-1064; 39 ref.

Correll JC, Gordon TR, 1999. Population structure in ascomycete/deuteromycete fungi: what we have learned from case studies. In: Structure and Dynamics of Fungal Populations. Worrall JJ, (ed). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluvar Academic Press, 225-250.

Correll JC, Klittich CJR, Leslie JF, 1987. Nitrate nonutilizing mutants of Fusarium oxysporum and their use in vegetative compatibility tests. Phytopathology, 77(12):1640-1646; 49 ref.

Crill P, Jones JP, Burgis DS, 1973. Failure of "horizontal resistance" to control fusarium wilt of tomato. Plant Disease Reporter, 57(2):119-121

Davis RM, Kimble KA, Farrar JJ, 1988. A third race of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici identified in California. Plant Disease, 72(5):453; 1 ref.

Duijff BJ, Pouhair D, Olivain C, Alabouvette C, Lemanceau P, 1998. Implication of systemic induced resistance in the suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r and by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104(9):903-910; 35 ref.

Elias KS, Schneider RW, 1991. Vegetative compatibility groups in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici.. Phytopathology, 81(2):159-162; 37 ref.

Elias KS, Schneider RW, 1992. Genetic diversity within and among races and vegetative compatibility groups of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici as determined by isozyme analysis. Phytopathology, 82(12):1421-1427; 42 ref.

Elias KS, Zamir D, Lichtman-Pleban T, Katan T, 1993. Population structure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici: restriction fragment length polymorphisms provide genetic evidence that vegetative compatibility group is an indicator of evolutionary origin. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 6(5):565-572; 36 ref.

Elliott JA, Crawford RF, 1922. The spread of tomato wilt by infected seed. Phytopathology, 12:428-434.

Essary SH, 1920. Report of the botanist. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Report 1919-1920, 15-16.

Fuchs JG, Moënne-Loccoz Y, Défago G, 1997. Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 induces resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato. Plant Disease, 81(5):492-496; 42 ref.

Gerdemann JW, Finley AM, 1951. The pathogenicity of races 1 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phytopathology, 41:238-244.

Goode MJ, 1966. New race of tomato Fusarium wilt fungus. Arkansas Farm. Research, 15:12.

Goode MJ, McGuire JM, 1967. Relationship of root-knot nematode to pathogenic variability in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phytopathology, 57:812.

Gordon TR, Martyn RD, 1997. The evolutionary biology of Fusarium oxysporum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 35:111-128; 90 ref.

Gothoskar SS, Schiffer RP, Stahmanm, MA, Walker JC, 1955. Further studies on the nature of Fusarium resistance in tomato. Phytopathology, 45:303-307.

Grattidge R, O'Brien RG, 1982. Occurrence of a third race of Fusarium wilt of tomatoes in Queensland. Plant Disease, 66(2):165-166

Harrison AL, Young PA, 1941. Effect of root-knot nematode on tomato wilt. Phytopathology, 31:749-752.

Huang CaiCheng, Lindhout P, 1997. Screening for resistance in wild Lycopersicon species to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 and race 2. Euphytica, 93(2):145-153; 38 ref.

Ignjatov M, Milosevic D, Nikolic Z, Gvozdanovic-Varga J, Jovicic D, Zdjelar G, 2012. Fusarium oxysporum as causal agent of tomato wilt and fruit rot. Pesticidi i Fitomedicina, 27(1):25-31.

IPPC, 2005. Disease of Crops. IPPC Official Pest Report. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp

Jacobs A, Govender R, Heerden SWvan, 2013. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 causing tomato wilt in South Africa. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 8(1):145-147. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-013-0118-6/fulltext.html

Jones JB, Jones JP, Stall RE, Zitter TA, eds., 1991. Compendium of tomato diseases. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 73 pp.

Jones JP, 1966. Distribution of race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Florida. Plant Disease Reporter, 50:707-708.

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Jones JP, Overman AJ, Crill P, 1976. Failure of root-knot nematode to affect Fusarium wilt resistance of tomato. Phytopathology, 66(11):1339-1341

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Komada H, 1975. Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from natural soil. Review of Plant Protection Research, 8:114-124

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Mes JJ, Weststeijn EA, Herlaar F, Lambalk JJM, Wijbrandi J, Haring MA, Cornelissen BJC, 1999. Biological and molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici divides race 1 isolates into separate virulence groups. Phytopathology, 89(2):156-160; 31 ref.

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Ori N, Eshed Y, Paran I, Presting G, Aviv D, Tanksley S, Zamir D, Fluhr R, 1997. The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes. Plant Cell, 9(4):521-532; 46 ref.

Ori N, Paran I, Aviv D, Eshed Y, Tanksley S, Zamir D, Fluhr R, 1994. A genomic search for the gene conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato. Euphytica, 79(3):201-204; 20 ref.

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Pritchard FJ, 1927. Marglobe tomato. Market Grower Journal, 40:104-108.

Ramsey MD, O'Brien RG, Pegg KG, 1992. Fusarium oxysporum associated with wilt and root rot of tomato in Queensland; races and vegetative compatibility groups. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 32(5):651-655; 16 ref.

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Sarfatti M, Abu-Abied M, Katan J, Zamir D, 1991. RFLP mapping of I1, a new locus in tomato conferring resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 82(1):22-26; 32 ref.

Sarfatti M, Abu-Abied M, Zamir D, 1990. Fusarium resistance genes in tomato. Proceedings of the XIth Eucarpia meeting on tomato genetics and breeding, 15-18; 16 ref.

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.

Scott JW, Jones JP, 1989. Monogenic resistance in tomato to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 3. Euphytica, 40(1-2):49-53; 12 ref.

Scott JW, Jones JP, 1995. Fla. 7547 and Fla. 7481 tomato breeding lines resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici races 1, 2 and 3. HortScience, 30(3):645-646; 5 ref.

Sepúlveda-Chavera G, Huanca W, Salvatierra-Martínez R, Latorre BA, 2014. First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in tomatoes in the Azapa Valley of Chile. Plant Disease, 98(10):1432-1433. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Stall RE, 1961. Development of Fusarium wilt resistant varieties of tomato caused by a strain different from race 1 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Plant Disease Reporter, 45:12-15.

Stall RE, Walter JM, 1965. Selection and inheritance of resistance in tomato to isolates of races 1 and 2 of the Fusarium wilt organism. Phytopathology, 55:1213-1215.

Stevens MA, Rick CM, 1986. Genetics and Breeding. In: The Tomato Crop: A Scientific Basis for Improvement. Atherton JG, Rudich J, (eds). London, UK: Chapman & Hall.

Strobel JW, 1969. Walter: A determinate tomato resistant to Races 1 and 2 of the Fusarium wilt pathogen. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. S. 202:9.

Sutherland ML, Pegg GF, 1995. Purification of a toxin from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 46(3):243-254; 32 ref.

Thaxter R, 1890. Report of Mycologist. In: Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rpt., 1889, 127-177.

Tokeshi H, Galli F, Kurozawa C, 1966. A new race of tomato Fusarium in Sao Paulo (translated title). Anais. Esc. sup. Agr. "Luiz Queiroz", 23:217-227.

Valenzuela-Ureta JG, Lawn DA, Heisey RF, Zamudio-Guzman V, 1996. First report of Fusarium wilt race 3, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, of tomato in Mexico. Plant Disease, 80:105.

Volin RB, Jones JP, 1982. A new race of Fusarium wilt of tomato in Florida and sources of resistance. Proceedings Florida State Horticultural Society, 95:268-270.

Walker JC, 1971. Fusarium wilt of tomato. Monograph No. 6. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society.

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Wollenweber HW, Reinking AO, 1935. Die Fusarien, ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Bekampfung. Berlin, Germany: Paul Parey.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Albania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011American Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAzerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Belgium: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bulgaria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cook Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Sepúlveda-Chavera et al., 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011China
See regional map for distribution within the countryCuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain
See regional map for distribution within the countryFiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011UK
See regional map for distribution within the countryFrench Guiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ireland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Choi et al., 2013Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryNew Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nepal: Present
IPPC, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011New Zealand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Poland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Serbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryVenezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Jacobs et al., 2013Zimbabwe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Shaanxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Odisha: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tamil Nadu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Uttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Choi et al., 2013Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Peninsular Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nepal: Present
IPPC, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (europe) Albania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Azerbaijan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Belgium: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bulgaria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Switzerland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Germany: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France (mainland): Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2011UK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011England and Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ireland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sardinia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Poland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Serbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Russian Federation: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Central Russia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sweden: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (africa) Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iraq: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Morocco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Senegal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011South Africa: Widespread
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Jacobs et al., 2013Zimbabwe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Alberta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011British Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Manitoba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nova Scotia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ontario: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Prince Edward Island: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Quebec: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Saskatchewan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Arkansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011California: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Colorado: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Connecticut: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Hawaii: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iowa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Idaho: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kentucky: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Massachusetts: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Montana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011North Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New York: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ohio: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Oregon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Washington: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011West Virginia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (central america) Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Espirito Santo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pernambuco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Rio de Janeiro: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Rio Grande do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Chile: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011; Sepúlveda-Chavera et al., 2014French Guiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (pacific) American Samoa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Western Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cook Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Fiji: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New Caledonia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New Zealand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011