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Datasheet

Fomitopsis pinicola (brown crumbly rot)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 25 July 2013
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Fomitopsis pinicola
  • Preferred Common Name
  • brown crumbly rot
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
  •                 Class: Agaricomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Basidiocarp of F. pinicola.
TitleBasidiocarp
CaptionBasidiocarp of F. pinicola.
CopyrightRimvydas Vasiliauskas
Basidiocarp of F. pinicola.
BasidiocarpBasidiocarp of F. pinicola.Rimvydas Vasiliauskas

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. 1881

Preferred Common Name

  • brown crumbly rot

Other Scientific Names

  • Boletus marginatus Pers. 1794
  • Boletus pinicola Sw. 1810
  • Boletus ungulatus Schaeff. 1774
  • Fomes marginatus (Pers.) Fr. 1849
  • Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Fr. 1849
  • Fomes ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc. 1879
  • Polyporus marginatus (Pers.) Fr. 1821
  • Polyporus pinicola (Sw.) Fr. 1821
  • Ungulina marginata (Pers.) Pat. 1900

International Common Names

  • English: brown cubical heart rot of fir; brown rot of conifers; pinicola conk; red belt fungus; root rot conifers
  • Spanish: podredumbre de las raices del pino
  • French: pourridie des racines du pin
  • Russian: okaymlennyi trutovik

Local Common Names

  • Czech Republic: troudnatec pasovany
  • Finland: kantokaapa
  • Germany: Braunfäule: Buche; Rotrandiger Baumschwamm
  • Japan: tsugasarunokoshikake
  • Lithuania: raudonkraste pintaine
  • Norway: rodrandkjuke
  • Poland: pniarek obrzezony
  • Slovakia: troudnatec pasovany
  • Sweden: klibbticka

EPPO code

  • FOMEPI (Fomitopsis pinicola)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Basidiomycota
  •             Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
  •                 Class: Agaricomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
  •                         Order: Polyporales
  •                             Family: Fomitopsidaceae
  •                                 Genus: Fomitopsis
  •                                     Species: Fomitopsis pinicola

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

ArmeniaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveTeterevnikova-Babayan, 1971
AzerbaijanWidespreadNativeNot invasiveHüseyin & Selcuk, 2001
ChinaPresentNativeNot invasiveDai, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-GansuPresentNativeNot invasiveTeng, 1939
-HainanPresentNativeNot invasiveTeng, 1939
-JilinWidespreadNativeNot invasiveDai, 1996
-LiaoningWidespreadNativeNot invasiveDai, 1996
-SichuanPresentNativeNot invasiveTeng, 1939
-YunnanPresentNativeNot invasiveLiu et al., 2000; Teng, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2002
IndiaPresentNativeNot invasiveBakshi, 1971
-Jammu and KashmirPresentSanjeev & Sharma, 2008
IranPresentNativeNot invasiveSoleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972
IsraelPresentNativeNot invasiveAvizohar-Hershenzon & Jaquenoud, 1983
JapanPresentNativeNot invasiveCABI/EPPO, 2002; Ito, 1955
-HokkaidoPresentNativeNot invasiveYamaguchi et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002
KazakhstanWidespreadNativeNot invasiveSchwarzman, 1964
NepalPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
PakistanPresentNativeNot invasiveAhmad, 1972
PhilippinesPresentNativeNot invasiveQuiniones, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002
TaiwanPresentNativeNot invasiveShih, 1987
ThailandPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
TurkeyPresentNativeNot invasivePilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957; Niemelõ & Uotila, 1977
UzbekistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002

AFRICA

EgyptWidespreadNativeNot invasiveMourad, 1986
MoroccoWidespreadNativeNot invasiveMalencon, 1955

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2002
-AlbertaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-British ColumbiaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-ManitobaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-New BrunswickWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-Newfoundland and LabradorWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-Northwest TerritoriesWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-Nova ScotiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-OntarioWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-Prince Edward IslandWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-QuebecPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-SaskatchewanWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-Yukon TerritoryWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
MexicoPresentNativeNot invasiveRuiz & Rodriguez Pinzón Picaseno, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2002
USAPresentNativeNot invasiveCABI/EPPO, 2002
-AlaskaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-ArizonaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-CaliforniaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-ColoradoPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-ConnecticutPresentNativeNot invasiveFarr et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-IdahoPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-IllinoisPresentNativeNot invasiveWest, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-MainePresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-MassachusettsWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-MichiganPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-MinnesotaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-MissouriWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-MontanaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-NevadaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-New HampshirePresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-New MexicoPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-New YorkPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-North CarolinaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-OhioWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
-OregonPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-PennsylvaniaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-South DakotaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-TennesseePresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-UtahPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-VermontPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-VirginiaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-WashingtonPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-West VirginiaPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-WisconsinPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-WyomingPresentNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

GuatemalaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil
-AcreWidespreadNativeNot invasiveDai, 1996

EUROPE

AustriaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
BelarusPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
BulgariaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
Czech RepublicPresentNativeNot invasiveKotlaba, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002
DenmarkWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
EstoniaPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
FinlandPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
FranceWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
GermanyPresentNativeNot invasiveJahn, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2002
GreecePresentNativeNot invasiveZervakis et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002
HungaryWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
ItalyWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGovi, 1969; Bernicchia, 1990
LatviaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
LithuaniaPresentNativeNot invasiveGricius & Matelis, 1996; Mazelaitis, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2002
NetherlandsWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
NorwayPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
PolandPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
RomaniaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
Russian FederationPresentNativeCABI/EPPO, 2002
-Central RussiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveStorozhenko, 2000
-Northern RussiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveStepanova-Kartavenko, 1967
-Russian Far EastWidespreadNativeNot invasiveLyubarskyi & Vasilyeva, 1975
-SiberiaPresentNativeCABI/EPPO, 2002
-Southern RussiaPresentNativeNot invasiveNechaev, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002
-Western SiberiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveMukhin, 1993
SerbiaPresentLazarev et al., 2005
SlovakiaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveKotlaba, 1984
SpainWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
SwedenPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
SwitzerlandPresentNativeNot invasiveBreitenbach & Kranzlin, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
UKPresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002
UkraineWidespreadNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
Yugoslavia (former)PresentNativeNot invasiveRyvarden & Gilbertson, 1993

OCEANIA

AustraliaWidespreadNativeNot invasiveGilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986
Micronesia, Federated states ofPresentMiyazaki et al., 2007

Habitat List

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CategoryHabitatPresenceStatus
Freshwater
FreshwaterPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral
Coastal areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Marine
MarinePresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial-managed
Cultivated / agricultural landPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Disturbed areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Managed forests, plantations and orchardsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Managed grasslands (grazing systems)Present, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production)Present, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Rail / roadsidesPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Urban / peri-urban areasPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural
Cold lands / tundraPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
DesertsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Natural forestsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
Natural grasslandsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
RiverbanksPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)
WetlandsPresent, no further detailsHarmful (pest or invasive)

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Abies alba (silver fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies balsamea (balsam fir)PinaceaeOther
Abies borisii-regis (king Boris fir)PinaceaeWild host
Abies cephalonica (Greek fir)PinaceaeWild host
Abies concolor (Rocky Mountain white fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies grandis (grand fir)PinaceaeOther
Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies lasiocarpa (rocky mountain fir)PinaceaeOther
Abies magnifica (red fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies nephrolepis (Khingan fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir)PinaceaeOther
Abies procera (noble fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies religiosa (sacred fir)PinaceaeMain
Abies sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir)PinaceaeWild host
Abies sibirica (Siberian fir)PinaceaeWild host
Acer barbinerveAceraceaeWild host
Acer macrophyllum (broadleaf maple)AceraceaeMain
Acer mandshuricum (manchurian maple)AceraceaeWild host
Acer negundo (box elder)AceraceaeWild host
Acer pictum (painted maple)AceraceaeOther
Acer platanoides (Norway maple)AceraceaeWild host
Acer pseudosieboldianumAceraceaeWild host
Acer tegmentosumAceraceaeWild host
Acer ukurunduenseAceraceaeWild host
Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut)HippocastanaceaeWild host
AgathisAraucariaceaeMain
Alnus fruticosaBetulaceaeWild host
Alnus glutinosa (European alder)BetulaceaeOther
Alnus hirsuta (Siberian alder)BetulaceaeWild host
Alnus incana (grey alder)BetulaceaeOther
Alnus japonica (Japanese alder)BetulaceaeWild host
Alnus maximowicziiBetulaceaeWild host
Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch)BetulaceaeOther
Betula cajanderiBetulaceaeWild host
Betula costataBetulaceaeWild host
Betula davurica (mongolian birch)BetulaceaeWild host
Betula ermanii (Erman's birch)BetulaceaeWild host
Betula lanataBetulaceaeWild host
Betula papyrifera (paper birch)BetulaceaeMain
Betula pendula (common silver birch)BetulaceaeOther
Betula platyphylla (Manchurian birch)BetulaceaeOther
Betula populifolia (gray birch)BetulaceaeOther
Betula pubescens (Downy birch)BetulaceaeWild host
Betula schmidtii (iron birch)BetulaceaeWild host
Calocedrus decurrens (bastard cedar)CupressaceaeOther
Calocedrus formosanaCupressaceaeWild host
Carpinus betulus (hornbeam)BetulaceaeOther
Carpinus cordata (heart-leaved hornbeam)BetulaceaeOther
Carya (hickories)JuglandaceaeOther
Castanea (chestnuts)FagaceaeOther
Castanea sativa (chestnut)FagaceaeWild host
Catalpa bignonioides (Southern catalpa)BignoniaceaeWild host
Cedrus atlantica (Atlas cedar)PinaceaeWild host
Chamaecyparis formosensis (Formosan cypress)CupressaceaeWild host
Corylus avellana (hazel)BetulaceaeOther
Crataegus (hawthorns)RosaceaeWild host
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)TaxodiaceaeWild host
Cunninghamia konishiiTaxodiaceaeWild host
Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese fir)TaxodiaceaeWild host
Fagus crenata (Japanese beech)FagaceaeWild host
Fagus grandifolia (American beech)FagaceaeOther
Fagus sylvatica (common beech)FagaceaeOther
Fraxinus commemoralisOleaceaeWild host
Fraxinus excelsior (ash)OleaceaeWild host
Larix gmelinii (Dahurian larch)PinaceaeMain
Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch)PinaceaeOther
Larix komaroviiPinaceaeOther
Larix laricina (American larch)PinaceaeOther
Larix lubarskiiPinaceaeWild host
Larix occidentalis (western larch)PinaceaeWild host
Larix sibirica (Siberian larch)PinaceaeWild host
MagnoliaMagnoliaceaeOther
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeOther
Malus sieversiiRosaceaeWild host
Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree)RosaceaeWild host
Parrotia persica (persian ironwood)HamamelidaceaeWild host
Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia)ScrophulariaceaeWild host
Picea abies (common spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)PinaceaeOther
Picea glauca (white spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea glehnii (Sakhalin spruce)PinaceaeWild host
Picea jezoensis (Yeddo spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea mariana (black spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea obovata (Siberian spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea pungens (blue spruce)PinaceaeOther
Picea rubens (red spruce)PinaceaeMain
Picea schrenkiana (schrenk's spruce)PinaceaeWild host
Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)PinaceaeMain
Pinus banksiana (jack pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)PinaceaeMain
Pinus edulis (pinyon)PinaceaeMain
Pinus flexilis (limber pine)PinaceaeMain
Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine)PinaceaeMain
Pinus lambertiana (big pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus luchuensis (luchu pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus monophylla (single-leaf pinyon pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus mugo (mountain pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus nigra (black pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)PinaceaeMain
Pinus tabuliformis (chinese pine)PinaceaeOther
Pinus taiwanensis (Taiwan pine)PinaceaeWild host
Pinus uncinata (mountain pine)PinaceaeWild host
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)PlatanaceaeOther
Platanus orientalis (plane)PlatanaceaeOther
Populus balsamifera (balm of Gilead)SalicaceaeWild host
Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen)SalicaceaeOther
Populus koreanaSalicaceaeWild host
Populus maximowiczii (Japanese poplar)SalicaceaeOther
Populus nigra (black poplar)SalicaceaeOther
Populus suaveolens (mongolian poplar)SalicaceaeWild host
Populus tremula (aspen (European))SalicaceaeOther
Populus tremula var. davidianaSalicaceaeWild host
Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen)SalicaceaeOther
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus avium (sweet cherry)RosaceaeOther
Prunus cerasus (sour cherry)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus domestica (plum)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus dulcis (almond)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus maximowiczii (miyana cherry)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus padus (bird cherry)RosaceaeWild host
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeMain
Prunus sachalinensisRosaceaeWild host
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)RosaceaeOther
Prunus sargentii (sargent's cherry)RosaceaeMain
Prunus serotina (black cherry)RosaceaeMain
Prunus triloba (Rose tree of China)RosaceaeWild host
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)PinaceaeMain
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeWild host
Quercus robur (common oak)FagaceaeWild host
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)FagaceaeWild host
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)FabaceaeWild host
Salix alba (white willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix caprea (pussy willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix fragilis (crack willow)SalicaceaeOther
Salix hulteniiSalicaceaeWild host
Salix roridaSalicaceaeWild host
Salix sachalinensisSalicaceaeWild host
Salix urbanianaSalicaceaeWild host
Salix viminalis (osier)SalicaceaeWild host
Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)TaxodiaceaeOther
Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash)RosaceaeOther
Sorbus intermedia (swedish whitebeam)RosaceaeWild host
Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar)CupressaceaeOther
Thuja plicata (western redcedar)CupressaceaeOther
Tilia cordata (small-leaf lime)TiliaceaeOther
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)PinaceaeOther
Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)PinaceaeMain
Tsuga mertensiana (Patton's hemlock)PinaceaeMain
Ulmus glabra (mountain elm)UlmaceaeWild host
Vitis (grape)VitaceaeMain
Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (Alaska cedar)CupressaceaeOther

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Stems

dead heart
dead heart
discoloration
discoloration
internal discoloration
internal discoloration
lodging; broken stems
lodging; broken stems
mycelium present
mycelium present
rot
rot

Whole plant

dead heart
dead heart
discoloration
discoloration
plant dead; dieback
plant dead; dieback
uprooted or toppled
uprooted or toppled

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BrancheshyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
WoodhyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
True seeds (inc. grain)

Wood Packaging

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Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Loose wood packing material
Non-wood
Processed or treated wood
Solid wood packing material with bark
Solid wood packing material without bark

References

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Ahmad S, 1972. Basidiomycetes of West Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: Biological Society of Pakistan.

Anselmi N, Nicolotti G, 1998. Biological control of Heterobasidion annosum in the forest by non-pathogenic wood-destroying fungi. Root and butt rots of forest trees: 9th International Conference on Root and Butt Rots, Carcans-Maubuisson, (France), 1-7 September, 1997., 421-428; [^italic~Les Colloques^roman~ No. 89]; 17 ref.

Aref'ev SP, 1991. Xylotrophic fungi the causal agents of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) rot in the central taiga region of the Irtysh river basin. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 25(5):419-425

Avizohar-Hershenzon Z, Jaquenoud M, 1983. Polypores in Israel. II. Polyporaceae. Israel Journal of Botany, 32:161-171.

Bakshi BK, 1971. Indian Polyporaceae (on trees and timber). Indian Polyporaceae (on trees and timber). New Delhin Council of Agricultural Research. India, 246 pp.

Bernicchia A, 1990. Poliporaceae s.l. in Italia. Ist. Patologia Vegetale. Università degli Studi di Bologna Ed.

Blanchette RA, Shaw CG, 1978. Associations among bacteria, yeasts, and basidiomycetes during wood decay. Phytopathology, 68(4):631-637

Bondartsev AS, 1953. The Polyporaceae of the European USSR and Caucasia. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel.

Brandeis TJ, Newton M, Filip GM, Cole EC, 2002. Cavity-nester habitat development in artificially made Douglas-fir snags. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66(3):625-633; 32 ref.

Breitenbach J, Kranzlin F, 1986. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol. 2. Non gilled fungi Heterobasidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Gasteromycetes. Lucerne, Switzerland; Verlag Mykologia, 412 pp.

Butin H, 1995. Tree diseases and disorders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

CABI/EPPO, 2002. Fomitopsis pinicola. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 868. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Carranza J, Spnz JA, 1984. Wood decay fungi of Costa Rica. Mycotaxon, 19:151-166

Castello JD, Shaw CG, Furniss MM, 1976. Isolation of Cryptoporus volvatus and Fomes pinicola from Dendroctonus pseudotsugp. Phytopathology, 66(12):1431-1434

Cerny A, 1989. Parasitic Wood-Decay Fungi. Prague, Czech Republic: Statne Zemedelske Nakladetelstvo.

Cooke RC, Rayner ADM, 1984. Ecology of saprotrophic fungi. New York, USA; Longman, xiv + 415 pp.

Corner EJH, 1989. Ad Polyporaceae VI. The genus Trametes. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, No. 97:197 pp.

Cunningham GH, 1950. Australian Polyporaceae in herbaria of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and British Museum of Natural History. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75:214-249.

Dai YC, 1996. Changbai wood-rotting fungi 7. A checklist of the polypores. Fungal Science, 11: 79-105.

David A, Rajchenberg M, 1985. Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana. Mycotaxon, 22:285-325.

Davidson RW, Campbell WA, 1943. Decay in merchantable Black Cherry on the Allegheny National Forest. Phytopathology 33 (965-85). [Allegheny Forest Exp. Sta.].

Demidova ZA, 1963. Basidiomycetes on wood in Ural Mountains. Trudy Instituta Biologii AN SSSR, 32:1-49.

Dilley MA, Covey RP Jr, 1980. Survey of wood decay and associated hymenomycetes in central Washington apple orchards. Plant disease, 64(6):560-561

Englerth GH, 1942. Decay of Western Hemlock in western Oregon and Washington. Bull. Yale Univ. Sch. For. No. 50 1942. pp. 53 + plates. [Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A.].

Englerth GH, Isaac LA, 1944. Decay of western hemlock following logging injury. Timberman, 45:34-35, 56.

Erkkila R, Niemelä T, 1986. Polypores in the parks and forests of the City of Helsinki. Karstenia, 26:1-40.

Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY, 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: APS Press, 1252 pp.

Farr WA, LaBau VJ, Laurent TH, 1976. Estimation of decay in old-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce in southeast Alaska. USDA Forest Service Research Paper, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, No. PNW-204, 24 pp. + sum; 2 tab.; 25 ref.

Fedorov NI, Bobko IN, 1989. Armillaria root rot in Byelorussian forests. In: Morrison DJ, ed. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Root and Butt Rots, 1988 August 9-16, Vernon and Victoria BC. Victoria, Canada: Forestry Canada, 469-476.

Fedorov NI, Poleshchuk YM, 1981. Conifer root rot studies in the USSR for the years 1976-1978. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 11:44-50.

Fedorov NI, Poleshchuk YuM, 1978. Biological protection of Norway spruce stumps from infection by root fungus basidiospores. Biologicheskie Nauki, No.9:117-121

Filip GM, Parks CA, Seidel KW, Lombard FF, 1987. Incidence of decay fungi in stumps of two thinned western larch stands in northeastern Oregon. Research Note - Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Portland, Oregon, USA; USDA Forest Service, No. PNW-RN-468:5 pp.

Gabriel J, Vosahlo J, Baldrian P, 1996. Biosorption of cadmium to mycelial pellets of wood-rotting fungi. Biotechnology Techniques, 10:345-348.

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Govi G, 1969. Italian Polyporaceae. Part V. Monti e Boschi 20 (4), (55-64 + 2 plates).

Gricius A, Matelis A, 1996. Fungi of Lithuania VI: Aphyllophoraceae 2 (Aphyllophorales): Hymenochaetaceae, Fistulinaceae, Ganodermataceae, Polyporaceae. Lietuvos VI: Afiloforiec^hacek~iai 2 (Aphyllophorales): Hymenochaetaceae, Fistulinaceae, Ganodermataceae, Polyporaceae., 232 pp.; [(Mycota Lithuaniae VI)]; Many ref.

H÷gberg N, Holdenrieder O, Stenlid J, 1999. Population structure of the wood decay fungus Fomitopsis pinicola. Heredity, 83(3):354-360; 27 ref.

Hagle SK, Shaw CG, 1991. Avoiding and reducing losses from Armillaria root disease. In: Shaw CG, Kile GA, eds. Armillaria Root Disease. Agriculture Handbook No. 691. Washington, USA: USDA, Forest Service, 157-173

Harrington TC, Furniss MM, Shaw CG, 1981. Dissemination of hymenomycetes by Dendroctonus pseudotsugp (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Phytopathology, 71(5):551-554

Helton AW, Johnson JB, Dilbeck RD, 1988. Arthropods as carriers of fungal wood-rotting pathogens in pome and stone fruit orchards. Plant Disease, 72(12):1077

Hennon PE, DeMars DJ, 1997. Development of wood decay in wounded western hemlock and Sitka spruce in southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27(12):1971-1978; 35 ref.

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Ito S, 1938. Mycological flora of Japan. Vol. 2. Basidiomycetes. No. 2. Uredinales - Melampsoraceae. Tokyo, Japan: Yokendo (in Japanese).

Jahn H, 1979. Pilze die an Holz wachsen. Herford, Germany.

Jankovsky L, Vßgner A, Apltauer J, 2002. The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonose Mountains. Journal of Forest Science, 48(2):70-79; 9 ref.

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Kallio T, 1970. Aerial distribution of the root-rot fungus Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke in Finland. Acta. For. fenn. No. 107 pp. 55 [131 refs.].

Kapich AN, Geling NG, Kartelishev AV, Lobanok AG, 1992. Prostaglandin biosynthesis catalysed by enzymes of wood-decomposing basidiomycetes. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 322:604-606.

Kawai M, 1970. Studies on milk-clotting enzymes produced by Basidiomycetes. II. Some properties of Basidiomycete milk-clotting enzymes. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 34:164-169.

Kawai M, Mukai N, 1970. Studies on milk-clotting enzymes produced by Basidiomycetes. I. Screening tests of Basidiomycetes for the production of milk-clotting enzymes. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 34:159-163.

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Miyazaki Y, Hiraide M, Shibuya H, 2007. Molecular cloning of functional genes for high growth-temperature and salt tolerance of the basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola isolated in a mangrove forest in Micronesia. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71(1):273-278. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/bbb/-char/en

Mizuno T, Hayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Shitano A, Arakawa M, Shinkai K, Shimizu M, Tanaka M, 1981. Studies on the host-mediated antitumor polysaccharides. IV. Fractionation, structural investigation and antitumor activity of heterogalactans isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis pinicola. Bull. Shizuoka Univ. Fac. Agric., 31:65-82.

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Orlos H, 1957. Investigations on the biological control of A. mellea. [Badania nad zwalczaniem opienki miodowej (Armillaria mella Vahl) metoda biologicna.] Roczn. Nauk lesn. No. 15, (195-236). 50 refs.

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Pechmann H von, Aufsess H von, Rehfuess KE, 1973. The causes and extent of stem rot in Spruce stands on different sites. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 92(2):68-69; 15 ref.

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Quiniones SS, 1980. Notes on the diseases of forest trees in the Philippines. Sylvatrop, 5(4):263-271; 4 ref.

Rajchenberg M, 1983. Cultural studies of resupinate polypores. Mycotaxon, 17:275-293.

Renvall P, Renvall T, Niemelä T, 1991. Basidiomycetes at the timberline in Lapland 2. An annotated checklist of the Polypores of northeastern Finland. Karstenia, 31:13-28.

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Rösecke J, König WA, 1999. Steroids from the fungus Fomitopsis pinicola. Phytochemistry (Oxford), 52:1621-1627.

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Armenia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Teterevnikova-Babayan, 1971Armenia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Teterevnikova-Babayan, 1971Austria: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Australia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Azerbaijan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Hüseyin & Selcuk, 2001Azerbaijan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Hüseyin & Selcuk, 2001Bulgaria: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBelarus: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countrySwitzerland: Present, native, not invasive
Breitenbach & Kranzlin, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002China: Present, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002China: Present, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryCzech Republic: Present, native, not invasive
Kotlaba, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002Germany: Present, native, not invasive
Jahn, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2002Denmark: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Estonia: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Egypt: Widespread, native, not invasive
Mourad, 1986Spain: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Spain: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Finland: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
Miyazaki et al., 2007France: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993UK: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Greece: Present, native, not invasive
Zervakis et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002Greece: Present, native, not invasive
Zervakis et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002Guatemala: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Guatemala: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Hungary: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Israel: Present, native, not invasive
Avizohar-Hershenzon & Jaquenoud, 1983Israel: Present, native, not invasive
Avizohar-Hershenzon & Jaquenoud, 1983India: Present, native, not invasive
Bakshi, 1971India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Iran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Iran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Italy: Widespread, native, not invasive
Govi, 1969; Bernicchia, 1990Japan: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKazakhstan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Schwarzman, 1964Kazakhstan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Schwarzman, 1964Lithuania: Present, native, not invasive
Gricius & Matelis, 1996; Mazelaitis, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2002Latvia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Morocco: Widespread, native, not invasive
Malencon, 1955Morocco: Widespread, native, not invasive
Malencon, 1955Mexico: Present, native, not invasive
Ruiz & Rodriguez Pinzón Picaseno, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2002Mexico: Present, native, not invasive
Ruiz & Rodriguez Pinzón Picaseno, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2002Netherlands: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Norway: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Nepal: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002Pakistan: Present, native, not invasive
Ahmad, 1972Poland: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Romania: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Serbia: Present
Lazarev et al., 2005Russian Federation: Present, native
CABI/EPPO, 2002Russian Federation: Present, native
CABI/EPPO, 2002Russian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countryRussian Federation
See regional map for distribution within the countrySweden: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Slovakia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Kotlaba, 1984Thailand: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957Taiwan: Present, native, not invasive
Shih, 1987Taiwan: Present, native, not invasive
Shih, 1987Ukraine: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Ukraine: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993USA: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002USA: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUzbekistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002Yugoslavia (former): Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Armenia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Teterevnikova-Babayan, 1971Azerbaijan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Hüseyin & Selcuk, 2001China: Present, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002Gansu: Present, native, not invasive
Teng, 1939Hainan: Present, native, not invasive
Teng, 1939Jilin: Widespread, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996Liaoning: Widespread, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996Sichuan: Present, native, not invasive
Teng, 1939Yunnan: Present, native, not invasive
Liu et al., 2000; Teng, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2002Israel: Present, native, not invasive
Avizohar-Hershenzon & Jaquenoud, 1983India: Present, native, not invasive
Bakshi, 1971Jammu and Kashmir: Present
Sanjeev & Sharma, 2008Iran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Japan: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002Hokkaido: Present, native, not invasive
Yamaguchi et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2002Kazakhstan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Schwarzman, 1964Nepal: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002Pakistan: Present, native, not invasive
Ahmad, 1972Russian Federation: Present, native
CABI/EPPO, 2002Thailand: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957Taiwan: Present, native, not invasive
Shih, 1987Ukraine: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Uzbekistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002
Distribution map (europe) Armenia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Teterevnikova-Babayan, 1971Austria: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Azerbaijan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Hüseyin & Selcuk, 2001Bulgaria: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Belarus: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Switzerland: Present, native, not invasive
Breitenbach & Kranzlin, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Czech Republic: Present, native, not invasive
Kotlaba, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2002Germany: Present, native, not invasive
Jahn, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 2002Denmark: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Estonia: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Spain: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Finland: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002France: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993UK: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Greece: Present, native, not invasive
Zervakis et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002Hungary: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Iran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Italy: Widespread, native, not invasive
Govi, 1969; Bernicchia, 1990Kazakhstan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Schwarzman, 1964Lithuania: Present, native, not invasive
Gricius & Matelis, 1996; Mazelaitis, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2002Latvia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Morocco: Widespread, native, not invasive
Malencon, 1955Netherlands: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Norway: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Poland: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Romania: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Serbia: Present
Lazarev et al., 2005Russian Federation: Present, native
CABI/EPPO, 2002Central Russia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Storozhenko, 2000Russian Far East: Widespread, native, not invasiveNorthern Russia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Stepanova-Kartavenko, 1967Siberia: Present, native
CABI/EPPO, 2002Southern Russia: Present, native, not invasive
Nechaev, 1972; CABI/EPPO, 2002Western Siberia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Mukhin, 1993Sweden: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 2002Slovakia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Kotlaba, 1984Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957Ukraine: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Yugoslavia (former): Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993
Distribution map (africa) Egypt: Widespread, native, not invasive
Mourad, 1986Spain: Widespread, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Greece: Present, native, not invasive
Zervakis et al., 1998; CABI/EPPO, 2002Israel: Present, native, not invasive
Avizohar-Hershenzon & Jaquenoud, 1983Iran: Present, native, not invasive
Soleimani, 1976; Saber, 1972Morocco: Widespread, native, not invasive
Malencon, 1955Turkey: Present, native, not invasive
Pilat, 1932; Lohwag, 1957
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2002Alberta: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986British Columbia: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Manitoba: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986New Brunswick: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Newfoundland and Labrador: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Nova Scotia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Northwest Territories: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Ontario: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Prince Edward Island: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Quebec: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Saskatchewan: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Yukon Territory: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Guatemala: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Mexico: Present, native, not invasive
Ruiz & Rodriguez Pinzón Picaseno, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2002USA: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002Alaska: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Arizona: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002California: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Colorado: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Connecticut: Present, native, not invasive
Farr et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2002Idaho: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Illinois: Present, native, not invasive
West, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 2002Massachusetts: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Maine: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Michigan: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Minnesota: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Missouri: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Montana: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002North Carolina: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002New Hampshire: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002New Mexico: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Nevada: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986New York: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Ohio: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986Oregon: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Pennsylvania: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002South Dakota: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Tennessee: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Utah: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Virginia: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Vermont: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Washington: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Wisconsin: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002West Virginia: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002Wyoming: Present, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2002
Distribution map (central america) Guatemala: Present, native, not invasive
Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1993Mexico: Present, native, not invasive
Ruiz & Rodriguez Pinzón Picaseno, 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2002USA: Present, native, not invasive
CABI/EPPO, 2002
Distribution map (south america) Acre: Widespread, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Widespread, native, not invasive
Gilbertson & Ryvarden, 1986China: Present, native, not invasive
Dai, 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2002Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
Miyazaki et al., 2007Philippines: Present, native, not invasive
Quiniones, 1980; CABI/EPPO, 2002Taiwan: Present, native, not invasive
Shih, 1987