Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Inflorescence Caption Inflorescence of F. littoralis, Kalimantan. Copyright ©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK	Inflorescence	Inflorescence of F. littoralis, Kalimantan.	©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK
Title Infestation Caption Infestation of F. littoralis in rice in Kalimantan. Copyright ©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK	Infestation	Infestation of F. littoralis in rice in Kalimantan.	©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK
Title Flattened shoot bases Caption Young plants showing flattened shoot base. Copyright ©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK	Flattened shoot bases	Young plants showing flattened shoot base.	©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK
Title Inflorescence - line drawing Caption Inflorescence a lax, diffuse compound umbel, 6-10 cm long. Copyright NOVARTIS	Inflorescence - line drawing	Inflorescence a lax, diffuse compound umbel, 6-10 cm long.	NOVARTIS
Title Glumes - line drawing Caption Glumes ovate, brown, ca 1 mm long, membraneous, obtuse or acute, the green midvein or keel broad. Copyright NOVARTIS	Glumes - line drawing	Glumes ovate, brown, ca 1 mm long, membraneous, obtuse or acute, the green midvein or keel broad.	NOVARTIS
Title Leaf - line drawing Caption Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm wide, up to 40 cm long. Copyright NOVARTIS	Leaf - line drawing	Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm wide, up to 40 cm long.	NOVARTIS
Title Nut - line drawing Caption F. littoralis nut. Copyright NOVARTIS	Nut - line drawing	F. littoralis nut.	NOVARTIS

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Fimbristylis littoralis Gaud. (1826)

Preferred Common Name

• lesser fimbristylis

Other Scientific Names

• Fimbristylis flaccida Steud.
• Fimbristylis hatsusimae Ohwi
• Fimbristylis littoralis var. koidzumiana (Ohwi) T.Koyama
• Fimbristylis littoralis var. macrostachya (J.Kern) J.Kern
• Fimbristylis miliacea sensu authors, non (L.) Vahl
• Fimbristylis quadrangularis A.Dietr. ex Steud.
• Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth (1837)
• Fimbristylis tetragona A.Dietr.
• Scirpus miliaceus L. (1759)

International Common Names

• English: fimbry; grass-like fimbristylis; grasslike fimbry
• Spanish: barba de fraile; barba de ndio; pajarillo; pajon de agua (Dominican Republic); pelo mico; tussia

Local Common Names

• Brazil: cabelo-de-negro; cominho; pelunco
• Central America: pelo de chino
• Indonesia: adas-adasan; babawangan; bulu mata munding; panon munding; riwit; sunduk welnt; tumbaran
• Japan: hideriko
• Korea, DPR: barambaneulgiji
• Malaysia: janggut keli; rumput bukit; rumput keladi; rumput tahi kerbau
• Philippines: bungot-bungot; gumi; sirau-sirau; sirisibuyas; taulat; ubod-ubod
• Taiwan: mu-shih-tsau
• Thailand: yah nuad maew; yah nuad pladouk

EPPO code

• FIMLI (Fimbristylis littoralis)

Summary of Invasiveness

F. littoralis is a tufted leafy annual or short-lived herb (sedge) included in the Global Compendium of Weeds where it is listed as an agricultural and environmental weed (Randall, 2012). It has escaped from cultivation and become established along waterways and wetlands (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014). The species is of particular concern in rice plantations around the world (Holm et al., 1977). It shows allelopathic activity and once established it can change features of ecosystem functions including hydrological cycles, biophysical dynamics, nutrient cycles, and community composition (Holm et al., 1977; Holou et al., 2013).

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Monocotyledonae
•                     Order: Cyperales
•                         Family: Cyperaceae
•                             Genus: Fimbristylis
•                                 Species: Fimbristylis littoralis

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Fimbristylis is a large genus of at least 100 species and a number can occur as weeds (20 species are listed by Holm et al., 1979). The most common of these species is F. littoralis.

The name Fimbristylis miliacea (listed as a synonym of F. littoralis), has been used in two different senses based on two specimens of type material side by side in the Linnaean herbarium (LINN) which are different taxa. The first sheet, 71:40 is the species with ovoid spikelets, otherwise known as Fimbristylis quinquangularis and the second, 71:41, is the species with globose spikelets circumscribed by Vahl as F. miliacea. Rejection of the name Scirpus miliaceus (Fimbristylis miliacea) was necessary to stabilize the nomenclature and eliminate the name as a source of confusion (Acevedo and Strong, 2012).

Description

Annual or perennial tufted, erect sedge with fibrous root system; culms slender, 40-60 cm tall, four- or five-angled and often somewhat flattened; leaves 1.5-2.5 mm wide, up to 40 cm long, basal leaves half as long as culm, linear, threadlike and stiff, two-ranked, with sheaths; leaf bract shorter than inflorescence; inflorescence a rather lax and diffuse compound umbel, 6-10 cm long, spikelets globose or ovate, 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, round or acute at apex, reddish brown, the lower scales fall early; stigmas three-branched, rarely in a few flowers two-branched; anthers yellow; glumes ovate, brown, about 1 mm long, spirally arranged, membraneous, obtuse or acute, the green midvein or keel broad.

Achenes obovoid, trigonous, biconvex, and apiculate at apex, 0.6-1 ×0.75 mm, pale ivory to brown, reticulate, and verrucose.

Seedlings

The leaf-sheath is closed at the base and the plant is often, though not always, laterally compressed (flat in cross-section) and smooth without hairs throughout (glabrous). Young leaves are triangular and no more than 0.5 mm wide. Two nearly equal angles form a short side and the third acute angle maintains an overall flat cross-section. There is about 0.5 mm of a jagged, almost toothed edge at the hyaline top of a membrane that extends down the leaf sheath. The first two leaves are narrower than later leaves and are 5-10 mm long. These recurve toward the soil and atrophy quickly. Each succeeding leaf that grows is stronger (after Zimdahl et al., 1989).

Plant Type

Distribution

There is lack of agreement on the origin of this species complex. According to Haines and Lye (1983), F. miliacea (sensu stricto) has an Asian origin. Other authors such as Waterhouse (1993a) and Holm et al. (1979) indicate that the complex originates in tropical America. What is clear is that the F. littoralis/miliacea complex as a whole is now common throughout the tropics, occurring wherever rice is grown in Asia, Africa, the Americas, the Pacific and the Caribbean area (Holm et al., 1977).

The species has been listed as either native or introduced by different authorities for a number of countries and regions. For example, USDA-ARS (2014) lists it as introduced in Brazil, while Alves et al. (2014) list the species as a synonym of Fimbristylis miliaceae which they consider native to Brazil.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

The origin of F. littoralis is still uncertain and it is therefore difficult to establish its history of introduction. In the West Indies, it was probably introduced as a contaminant during the last part of the nineteenth century. In Puerto Rico it was first collected in 1886 in Yabucoa (US National Herbarium).

Risk of Introduction

F. littoralis is not a pest of quarantine importance.

Habitat

F. littoralis occurs in damp, open waste places where it may not establish itself well in submerged conditions but may compete heavily following germination during dry periods or during low water conditions (Holm et al., 1991). F. littoralis has posed serious problems in paddy rice in recent years, and is recorded as dominant in the coastal and inland transplanted ricefields around the river Muda in Malaysia (Holm et al., 1991). It is also common on wetlands in the Philippines.

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

F. littoralis is one of the most important weeds affecting rice plantations in practically every location in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world where this crop is cultivated (Holm et al., 1977). It is also found in bananas and maize in Taiwan, abaca [Musa textilis] in the Philippines, sugarcane and maize in Indonesia, and taro [Colocasia esculenta] in Hawaii. It is reported to be one of the prevalent weeds in sorghum in Malaysia.

Host Plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reposted for F. littoralis is n = 10 (Nijalingappa, 1975).

Reproductive Biology

F. littoralis is a prolific seed producer, and thus soon becomes widespread when it enters a new area of rice production. In the Philippines, it flowers all year round and, in one experiment, produced 10,000 seeds per plant (Holm et al., 1991). In many places the seeds seem to have no dormancy period and thus when ripe will germinate very quickly if moisture is present. In the Philippines, the experimental germination of weed seeds over a 3-year period from a quantity of soil obtained from a ricefield revealed that F. littoralis emerged in all periods and constituted 70% of all the seedlings which appeared (Vega and Sierra, 1970: quoted in Holm et al., 1991). In Trinidad, the seeds have been found to have a dormant period; the dormancy could be broken only by desiccation in laboratory experiments. Germination has also been studied by Horng and Leu (1978). Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta (1991) indicate that the seeds require light for germination.

In Malaysia, F. littoralis is reported to be the first sedge to emerge after the rice has been transplanted and the first sedge to recover after ploughing. Because F. littoralis seeds in the soil germinate throughout the growing season, plants may escape even the best weed control programmes. The greatest numbers of F. littoralis seedlings emerged in early planting of rice: emergence declined for normal and later plantings. In all plantings, this species had the unique ability to maintain seedling emergence in the field throughout the entire culture period; there were few peaks of emergence during a given culture period. A single control treatment will affect only the seedlings that are present; the many plants which appear later can escape control treatments, thus enabling complete growth and seed production (Holm et al., 1991). 

Climate

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

• acid
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Means of Movement and Dispersal

F. littoralis spreads by seeds. Seeds are dispersed by water, wind, and human-related activities, or they can be eaten by cattle and germinate near droppings (Holm et al., 1977).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

F. littoralis is a principal weed of rice in the Philippines, Thailand and Trinidad and is also reported to be one of the three most serious weeds in rice in Guyana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Suriname and Taiwan. It is also found in rice in Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea and the USA. Apart from rice it is also found in bananas and maize in Taiwan, abaca [Musa textilis] in the Philippines, sugarcane and maize in Indonesia, and taro [Colocasia esculenta] in Hawaii. It is reported to be one of the prevalent weeds in sorghum in Malaysia. 

Surveys conducted between 1989 and 1990 in the major granary areas in Peninsular Malaysia ranked F. littoralis among the top ten ubiquitous dominant weeds in direct-seeded rice-growing areas (Azmi et al., 1992). 

In India, rice yield losses due to F. littoralis (together with Cyperus difformis and Scirpus supinus) were estimated at 9% in transplanted rice in the dry season (Moorthy and Manna, 1982) and 24-32% in direct-sown rice in puddled conditions (Moorthy and Manna, 1984). Its roots are fibrous and grow more rapidly than rice roots, competing heavily between the rice roots and eventually surrounding them. It is thus very competitive in rice. Sobhana et al. (1990) found that this weed is allelopathic to rice germination. 

F. littoralis has been recorded as a host for several organisms, including the fungus Corticium sasakii [Thanatephorus cucumeris] (Roy, 1973), and the nematodes Rotylenchulus reniformis (e.g. in Trinidad) (Singh, 1974), Meloidogyne graminicola (Rao et al., 1970) and M. oryzae (e.g. in Suriname) (Segeren and Sanchit, 1984).

Environmental Impact

F. littoralis is a common and often abundant weed in rice plantations throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It competes with crops for light and nutrients and interferes with management. It has the capacity to escape from cultivation and establish into disturbed wet and muddy areas where it can outcompete native vegetation (Holm et al., 1977).

Risk and Impact Factors

Impact mechanisms

• Allelopathic
• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - smothering
• Hybridization
• Pest and disease transmission
• Rapid growth

Impact outcomes

• Altered trophic level
• Damaged ecosystem services
• Damages animal/plant products
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of hydrology
• Modification of nutrient regime
• Monoculture formation
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

Invasiveness

• Abundant in its native range
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Has a broad native range
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Highly mobile locally
• Invasive in its native range
• Is a habitat generalist
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc

Likelihood of entry/control

• Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
• Difficult/costly to control
• Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally

Uses

Fimbristylis species have been regarded as useful in turf. These plants are also ploughed in as green manures in rice fallows. Cattle readily eat their foliage. Two species are used medicinally in Malaysia. The roots are given for dysentery by santals [local doctors] in India. These sedges are also used for making matting and baskets (Burkill, 1966).
 

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Forage

Materials

• Fibre

Detection and Inspection

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

F. miliacea is distinguished from F. littoralis by its slightly elongated, ovate spikelets, ovate, acute glumes, and relatively un-flattened stem base, whereas F. littoralis has shorter, almost globose spikelets, obtuse glumes and a very markedly flattened stem base. Haines and Lye (1983) also note that the leaves of F. littoralis have a less prominent midrib. Intraspecific variation has been noted among F. miliacea in India (Bir et al., 1992).

A number of other species can occur as weeds, but the commonest of these is F. dichotoma (listed by Waterhouse (1993a) among the 21 most serious weeds in South-East Asia). This differs in generally behaving as a perennial with a short woody rhizome system, in having much leaves in three ranks (versus two in F. littoralis), larger, ovate spikelets up to 10 mm long, and the florets with only two styles/stigmas and a flattened biconvex nutlet (versus three-branched style and triangular nutlet in F. littoralis).

Prevention and Control

Introduction

Various methods are used to control F. littoralis, depending on the crop system. Handweeding may be useful when F. littoralis is growing in between rows of cultivated crops such as maize, sorghum or vegetables. Integrated methods are important: for example, F. littoralis found in wet and dry direct-seeded rice can be controlled by combining good land preparation and water management, possibly with herbicides (see, for example, Ghosh and Ganguly, 1993).

Land Preparation

A stale seedbed technique is used to reduce weeds in dry-seeded rice. During land preparation when the soil is dry, weed seeds will not germinate until the soil becomes moist. After land preparation, water from rainfall or irrigation canals will stimulate the emergence of weed seedlings from seeds in the soil. These seedlings can then be destroyed by either chemical or manual methods. Chemical methods have the advantage of not bringing more weed seeds to the soil surface where conditions are more favourable for germination. Herbicides should be applied to the weed seedlings particularly at the two-leaf to five-leaf stages. If mechanical or manual methods are to be used, soil disturbance should be restricted to only the top layer of soil (Mukhopadhyay, 1983; Sarkar and Moody, 1983; Farjado and Moody, 1990).

Wet-seeded rice culture under puddled fields provides comparatively better weed control than dry-seeded culture. Puddling is considered to be an essential technique for weed control. Most of the buried young weed seedlings and stems of the perennial weeds do not establish after two or three sessions of rotavation and good puddling.

Water Management

In broadcast-seeded, flooded rice, water is needed for land levelling, fertilizer incorporation and for suppressing weed growth.

Chemical Control

In Malaysia, herbicides such as 2,4-D could be used to control F. littoralis growing in direct-seeded rice where land preparation had been poor. However, tolerance of F. littoralis to 2,4-D has been reported (Itoh, 1994; Watanabe et al., 1997). Other herbicides that have been used include: bensulfuron, butachlor, cinosulfuron, metsulfuron, pretilachlor, propanil, pyrazosulfuron and thiobencarb (see, for example, de Datta and Llagas, 1984; Moorthy and Manna, 1984; Raju and Reddy, 1986; Pradhan and Chetti, 1987; Rao, 1995). However, Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta (1991) indicate resistance to fenoxaprop and piperophos, moderate resistance to quinclorac, and only moderate susceptibility to molinate. Herbicides used for controlling rice weeds, including F. littoralis, have a narrow window of application and the instructions on the labels should be followed strictly.

Biological Control

Waterhouse (1993b) has reviewed the prospects for biological control for paddy weeds in South-East Asia, including F. littoralis. Waterhouse (1994) lists records of natural enemies of the weed, but all are polyphagous species, many of them pests of rice. No species likely to be host specific is reported and Waterhouse recommends a survey in tropical America to assess the possibilities.

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Contributors

22/04/14 Updated by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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