Acacia mangium (brown salwood)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Mature tree Caption A natural stand in Papua New Guinea. Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Mature tree	A natural stand in Papua New Guinea.	Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Plantation Caption Kalimantan, Indonesia. Copyright Stephen Midgley/CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products	Plantation	Kalimantan, Indonesia.	Stephen Midgley/CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products
Title Young tree Caption Mission Beach, Queensland, Australia. Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Young tree	Mission Beach, Queensland, Australia.	Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Bark Caption Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Bark		Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Inflorescence Caption Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Inflorescence		Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Fruit Caption Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Fruit		Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Seed and fruit Caption Copyright Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products	Seed and fruit		Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products
Title Line artwork Caption 1. habit of young tree 2. flowering twig 3. pods Copyright PROSEA Foundation	Line artwork	1. habit of young tree 2. flowering twig 3. pods	PROSEA Foundation

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Acacia mangium Willd.

Preferred Common Name

• brown salwood

Other Scientific Names

• Racosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley

Local Common Names

• Indonesia: mangge hutan; Sabah salwood; tange hutan
• Lord Howe Is.: black wattle; hickory wattle; mangium
• Papua New Guinea: biar
• Thailand: krathin thepha

EPPO code

• ACAMG (Acacia mangium)

Trade name

• brown salwood

Summary of Invasiveness

Introduced A. mangium has been found to be associated with invasion events in Africa, Western Australia, American Samoa, Chuuk (Federated States of Micronesia), Sabah (Malaysia) and Bangladesh (Haysom and Murphy, 2003). It is also recorded as invasive in Brazil (Instituto Horus, 2011).

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Fabales
•                         Family: Fabaceae
•                             Subfamily: Mimosoideae
•                                 Genus: Acacia
•                                     Species: Acacia mangium

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Description

General

A. mangium is a large tree, to 30 m tall, with a straight bole, which may be over half the total tree height. Trees with a diameter over 50 cm are rare. It may be reduced to a small tree or large shrub of 7-10 m on adverse sites. The bark surface is rough, furrowed longitudinally, and varies in colour from pale grey-brown to brown. The lower bole is sometimes fluted.
A detailed botanical description is provided by Pedley (1975).

Foliage

Borne on very acutely angled, glabrous and stout branchlets, the mature phyllodes of A. mangium are very large, normally 11-27 cm long and 3-10 cm broad. They are dark green, glabrous on a glabrous pulvinus 0.6-1 cm long. The phyllodes are characterized by four (rarely three or five) main longitudinal nerves, basally confluent but distinct from lower margin, minor nerves strongly anastomosing to form a prominent reticulum (Maslin and McDonald, 1996).

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The whitish (or cream) flowers are in rather loose spikes 5-12 cm long on peduncles 0.6-1 cm long, singly or in pairs in the upper axils. The seed pods are linear, tightly coiled when ripe, sometimes tightly spirally coiled, slightly woody, 7-8 cm long and 0.3-0.5 cm wide. The seeds are black and shiny, longitudinal, ovate to oblong 3-5 x 2-3 mm with a yellow or bright orange (rarely red) funicle folded to form an oily, fleshy aril beneath the seed.

Phenology

A. mangium is a fast-growing, evergreen species. It is able to grow throughout the year if conditions are suitable. In Thailand, it has been observed that growth appears to slow down or cease in response to the combination of low rainfall and cool temperatures in January-February. Trees start to grow actively again in April before the start of the wet season (Atipanumpai, 1989).

Flowering phenology differs throughout its natural and planted range. In its natural habitat, flowers are present during February to May in Australia and the seed matures in October-December (Sedgley et al., 1992). Farther north the fruits mature earlier with seed available from July in Indonesia, and late September in Papua New Guinea (Skelton, 1987; Turnbull et al., 1983).

As an exotic, the normal flowering cycle may be disrupted and flowering can occur throughout the year; however, a distinct peak is usually discernible (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The peak is reported to be June-July in Peninsular Malaysia (Zakaria and Awang, 1991), January in Sabah (Sedgley et al., 1992), October-November in Taiwan (Kiang et al., 1989) and September in Thailand (Kijkar, 1992). Mature fruits occur 3-4 months after flowering.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America.

Latitude/Altitude

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rain Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free
• seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

• acid

Soil texture

• heavy
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Fodder/animal feed
• Forage

Environmental

• Agroforestry
• Boundary, barrier or support
• Revegetation
• Soil improvement

Fuels

• Charcoal
• Fuelwood

Human food and beverage

• Honey/honey flora
• Vegetable

Materials

• Carved material
• Fibre
• Miscellaneous materials
• Wood/timber

Wood Products

References

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Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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