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Datasheet

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 01 August 2016
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Dickeya zeae
  • Preferred Common Name
  • bacterial stalk rot of maize
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Bacteria
  •     Phylum: Proteobacteria
  •         Class: Gammaproteobacteria
  •             Order: Enterobacteriales
  •                 Family: Enterobacteriaceae

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Stalk rot.
TitleSymptoms on plant stem
CaptionStalk rot.
CopyrightISU
Stalk rot.
Symptoms on plant stemStalk rot.ISU

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Dickeya zeae Samson et al. 2005

Preferred Common Name

  • bacterial stalk rot of maize

Other Scientific Names

  • Bacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae Sabet 1954
  • Erwinia carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey et al. 1923
  • Erwinia carotovora f.sp. zeae Sabet 1954
  • Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Dye 1969
  • Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Young et al. 1978
  • Erwinia chrysanthemi corn pathotype Dye 1969
  • Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet 1954) Victoria et al. 1975
  • Erwinia maydis Kelman et al. 1957
  • Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae (Sabet) Dowson 1957
  • Pectobacterium carotovorum var. graminarum Dowson & Hayward 1960
  • Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 emend. Hauben et al. 1999
  • Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. zeae Kelman 1974

International Common Names

  • English: bacterial wilt and soft rot of pineapple, Musa sp., chrysanthemum, dieffenbachia and other ornamentals; blackleg and bacterial soft rot of potato; rice bacterial foot rot; Stalk rot of maize, rice and wheat

Local Common Names

  • Australia: bacterial top rot
  • USA: Rosen's disease; southern stalk rot

EPPO code

  • ERWIZE (Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Bacteria
  •     Phylum: Proteobacteria
  •         Class: Gammaproteobacteria
  •             Order: Enterobacteriales
  •                 Family: Enterobacteriaceae
  •                     Genus: Dickeya
  •                         Species: Dickeya zeae

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

China
-GuangdongPresentPu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014
-JiangsuPresentWang & Yang, 1991; Wang, 1987
IndiaPresentThind & Payak, 1985; Bradbury, 1977
IranPresentBanapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988
JapanPresentBradbury, 1977
-HokkaidoPresentGoto, 1979; Takeuchi & Kodama, 1992
Korea, DPRPresentBradbury, 1977
Korea, Republic ofPresentMyung et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977
MalaysiaPresentHiryati, 1982; Bradbury, 1977
PhilippinesPresentEbron et al., 1987; Bradbury, 1977
TaiwanPresentBradbury, 1977; Lin et al., 2016

AFRICA

ComorosPresentBradbury, 1977
EgyptPresentBradbury, 1977; El Helaly et al., 1978
MauritiusPresentAnon, 1972
RéunionPresentIRAT, 1983
South AfricaPresentBradbury, 1977; Pauer, 1964
SudanPresentBradbury, 1977
ZimbabwePresentBradbury, 1977; Sabet, 1957

NORTH AMERICA

MexicoPresentMartinez-Cisneros et al., 2014
USA
-ArkansasPresentBoewe, 1949
-CaliforniaPresentBradbury, 1977
-FloridaPresentSmith & Bartz, 1990; Bradbury, 1977
-GeorgiaPresentBradbury, 1977
-IllinoisPresentBoewe, 1949
-New YorkPresentBradbury, 1977
-North CarolinaPresentKelman et al., 1957; Bradbury, 1977
-PennsylvaniaPresentBradbury, 1977
-South DakotaPresentOtta & Wood, 1977; Bradbury, 1977
-WisconsinPresentWoodward et al., 1978; Bradbury, 1977

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Costa RicaPresentBradbury, 1977
CubaPresentRivera et al., 1980; Bradbury, 1977
HondurasPresentBradbury, 1977
JamaicaPresentBradbury, 1977
PanamaPresentBradbury, 1977
Puerto RicoPresentHepperly & Ramos-Davila, 1987

SOUTH AMERICA

BrazilPresentReifschneider & Lopes, 1982; Bradbury, 1977
ColombiaPresentVictoria et al., 1975; Bradbury, 1977
GuyanaPresentBradbury, 1977

EUROPE

FrancePresentSamson et al., 1974; Bradbury, 1977
GermanyPresentBradbury, 1977
GreecePresentZachos et al., 1963; Bradbury, 1977
ItalyPresentBradbury, 1977; Bazzi & Mazzucchi, 1978
NetherlandsPresentJanse & Ruissen, 1988
PortugalPresentFerreira-Pinto et al., 1994
Russian FederationPresentNikitina et al., 1976
SpainPresentNoval, 1989
SwitzerlandPresentBradbury, 1977
UKPresentStead et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977

OCEANIA

Australia
-New South WalesPresentCother & Powell, 1983; Bradbury, 1977
Cook IslandsPresentBradbury, 1977
New ZealandPresentBradbury, 1977

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

extensive mould
odour

Inflorescence

blight; necrosis
dieback
discoloration panicle
rot

Leaves

abnormal colours
necrotic areas
wilting

Roots

cortex with lesions

Seeds

rot

Stems

dieback
discoloration of bark
distortion
internal red necrosis
ooze
stunting or rosetting

Whole plant

external feeding
internal feeding
unusual odour
uprooted or toppled

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxNoYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)NoYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
LeavesNoYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
RootsYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Seedlings, Micropropagated plantsYesPest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, BranchesYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Banapoor A, Amani G, 1986. Occurrence of stalk rot of maize in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 22(1-4):46

Bazzi C, Mazzucchi U, 1978. Attacks of bacterial stalk rot of maize in sprinkler irrigated crops. Piglionica, V. (Co-ordinator): Reports on activities under the sub-project "Phytiatry of wheat, maize and sorghum".: Rapporti sull' attivita svolta nell'ambito del subprogetto "Fitoiatria del frumento, del mais e del sorgo". Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Progetto Finalizzato Fitofarmaci e Fitoregolatori. Rome Italy, 79-84

Boewe GH, 1949. Bacterial stalk rot of corn in Illinois. Plant Disease Reporter, 33:342

Bradbury JF, 1977. Erwinia chrysanthemi. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 553. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Brady CL, Cleenwerk I, Denman S, Ventner SN, Rodriguez-Palenzuela P, Coutinho TA, Vos Pde, 2011. Proposal to reclassify Brenneria quercina (Hildebrand and Schroth 1967) Hauben et al. 1999 into a nevel genus, Lonsdalea gen., as Lonsdalea quercina comb. nov., descriptions of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina comb. nov., Lonsdalea quercina subsp. iberica subsp. nov. and Lonsdalea quercina subsp. britannica subsp. nov., emendation of the description of the genus Brenneria, reclassification of Dickeya dieffenbachiae as Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae comb. nov., and emendation of the description of Dickeya dadantii. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, September 2011.

Brenner DJ, Fanning GR, Steigerwalt AG, 1977. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among Erwiniae and other enterobacteria II. Corn stalk rot bacterium and Pectobacterium chrysanthemi. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 27(3):211-221

Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE, ed., 1974. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore USA, Ed. 8:xxvi + 1246 pp.

Bull CT, Boer SHde , Denny TP, Firrao G, Fischer-Le Saux M, Saddler GS, Scortichini M, Stead DE, Takikawa Y, 2010. Comprehensive list of names of plant pathogenic bacteria, 1980-2007. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92:551-592.

Cother EJ, Powell V, 1983. Physiological and pathological characteristics of Erwinia chrysanthemi isolates from potato tubers. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 54(1):37-43

Dickey RS, 1979. Erwinia chrysanthemi: a comparative study of phenotypic properties of strains from several hosts and other Erwinia species. Phytopathology, 69(4):324-329

Dickey RS, Claflin LE, Zumoff CH, 1987. Erwinia chrysanthemi: serological comparisons of strains from Zea mays and other hosts. Phytopathology, 77(3):426-430

Divinagracia Laysa F, Exconde OR, 1981. Virulence and aggressiveness of Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi Dye isolates on maize. Philippine Agriculturist, 64(4):307-322.

Ebron LA, Tolentino MS, Lantin MM, 1987. Screening for bacterial stalk rot resistance in corn. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 12(1):31-32

El-Helaly AF, Abo-El-Dahab MK, El-Goorani MA, Gabr MRM, 1978. Identification of Erwinia sp. causing stalk rot of maize in Egypt. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, 2, 133(7/8):680-685

Ferreira-Pinto MM, Cruz ML, Oliveira H, 1994. The occurrence in Portugal of the bacterial disease of maize crops caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Pathology, 43(6):1050-1054

Gabr MRM, Moustafa AK, 1983. Bacterial stalk rot of maize, isolation, identification and some physiological studies. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 19(1):131-147

Goto M, 1979. Bacterial foot rot of rice caused by a strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Phytopathology, 69(3):213-216

Hartman JR, Kelman A, 1973. An improved method for the inoculation of corn with Erwinia spp. Phytopathology, 63(6):658-663

Hauben L, Moore ERB, Vauterin L, Steenackers M, Verdonk L, Swings J, 1998. Phylogenetic position of phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 21:384-397.

Hepperly PR, Ramos-Davila E, 1987. Erwinia chrysanthemi Burk., McFaddan & Dimock: a bacterial whorl and stalk rot pathogen of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 71(3):265-275

Hiryati A, 1982. Studies of bacterial stalk rot disease of corn. Pertanika, 5(1):84-89

IRAT, 1983. IRAT-Reunion. Annual report 1983. St. Denis, Reunion: IRAT.

Janse JD, Ruissen MA, 1988. Characterization and classification of Erwinia chrysanthemi strains from several hosts in the Netherlands. Phytopathology, 78(6):800-808

Kelman A, Person LH, Hebert TT, 1957. A bacterial stalk rot of irrigated corn in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 41:798-802.

Lal S, Saxena SC, 1978. Bacterial stalk rot of maize: loss estimation and possibility of disease control by application of calcium hypochlorite, (Abstract). Indian Phytopathology, 31:120.

Lal S, Thind BS, Payak MM, Renfro BL, 1970. Bacterial stalk rot of maize - resistance breeding and chemical control. Bulletin of the Indian Phytopathological Society, 6:24-27.

Lin ChingYi, Huang ChiaoWen, Yang HongRen, Tsai ChiaHsin, Hsu SuiLi, Ni HuiFang, 2016. Rice bacterial foot rot disease caused by Dickeya zeae in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research, 65(2):207-217. http://www.tari.gov.tw/english/

Lopes CA, Stall RE, Bartz JA, 1986. Bacterial stalk and top rot of maize in Florida caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae. Plant Disease, 70(3):259

Martinez-Cisneros BA, Juarez-Lopez G, Valencia-Torres N, Duran-Peralta E, Mezzalama M, 2014. First report of bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Dickeya zeae in Mexico. Plant Disease, 98(9):1267. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Masumi M, Izadpanah K, 1988. Occurrence of bacterial stalk rot of maize in Fars Province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 24(1-4):29-30

Mauritius, Ministry of Agriculture & Natural Resources, 1972. Annual Report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mauritius, for 1969. Annual Report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mauritius, for 1969., 113 pp.

McGee DC, 1988. Maize diseases. A reference source for seed technologists. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; APS Press, 149 pp.

Myung IS, Jeong IH, Moon SY, Kim WG, Lee SW, Lee YH, Lee YK, Shim HS, Ra DS, 2010. First report of bacterial stalk rot of sweet corn caused by Dickeya zeae in Korea. New Disease Reports, 22:Article 15. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=22015

Nikitina KV, Yakushevskii ES, Sukhotskaya NP, 1976. Bacterial diseases of sorghum and Sudan grass under conditions in Kuban'. Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii, 57(3):119-132

Noval C, 1989. Bacterial diseases of Gramineae in Spain. Bulletin OEPP, 19(1):131-135

Otta JD, Wood LS, 1977. Occurrence in South Dakota of a bacterial stalk rot of corn caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(7):536-537

Parkinson N, Stead D, Bew J, Heeney J, Tsror L, Elphinstone J, 2009. Dickeya species relatedness and clade structure determined by comparison of recA sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59(10):2388-2393. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org

Pauer GD, 1964. Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae, the bacterium causing stalk rot of maize in the Republic of South Africa. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 7:581-582.

Prasad M, Sinha SK, 1977. Application and standardization of various procedures for inoculation of maize by Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, 2, 132(1):75-80

Prasad M, Sinha SK, 1978. Serologic studies of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f.sp. zeae. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, 2, 133(1):80-85

Pu XM, Zhou JN, Lin BR, Shen HF, 2012. First report of bacterial foot rot of rice caused by a Dickeya zeae in China. Plant Disease, 96(12):1818. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Rahnema I, Djerbi M, Ghodbane A, Daaloul A, Varughese G, Conti M, Forche S, Piglionica V, Bottalico A, Siniscalco A, Gigante F, Frisullo S-Martinez, M., Branas M, Salazar J, Basile R, Signoret PA, Leclant F, Alliot B, Lapierre H, Moreau JC, Molin G, El-Sawah MY, Ziedan MI, Abdel-Rahim MF, Hassan MMR, Panic M, Ilic B, Ivanovic M, Maric A, Balaz F, Zarkovic Z, Spehar V, Vlahovic.V, Koric B, Smiljakovic H, Pencic V, 1976. Diseases of cereals in the Mediterranean region. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra, 131-244.

Rangarajan M, Chakravarti BP, 1970a. Studies on the survival of corn stalk rot bacteria. Plant and Soil, 33:140-144.

Rangarajan M, Chakravarti BP, 1970b. Bacterial stalk rot of maize in Rajasthan, effect on seed germination and varietal susceptibility. Indian Phytopathology, 23:470-477.

Reifschneider FJB, Lopes CA, 1982. Bacterial top and stalk rot of maize in Brazil. Plant Disease, 66(6):519-520

Rivera N, Garcia A, Gil CL, 1980. Pathotype characterization of Erwinia chrysanthemi isolates from banana and maize. Ciencia y Tecnia en la Agricultura, Proteccion de Plantas, 3(2/3):47-60

Sabet KA, 1954. A new bacterial disease of maize in Egypt. The Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 22(85):65-67.

Sabet KA, 1957. A note on the identity of a bacterium causing stalk rot and leaf blight of maize in Southern Rhodesia. The Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 25:165-166.

Sabet KA, Samra AS, El-Shafey HA, 1964. On the systematic position of the coliform bacteria responsible for stalk rot of maize. Annals of Applied Biology, 53:267-274.

Sah DN, 1991. Influence of environmental factors on infection of maize (Zea mays L.) by Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 12:41-45.

Samson R, Legendre JB, Christen R, Fischer-le Saux M, Achouak W, Gardan L, 2005. Transfer of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 and Brenneria paradisiaca to the genus Dickeya gen. nov. as Dickeya chrysanthemi comb. nov. and Dickeya paradisiaca comb. nov. and delineation of four novel species, Dickeya dadantii sp. nov., Dickeya dianthicola sp. nov., Dickeya dieffenbachiae sp. nov. and Dickeya zeae sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55(4):1415-1427.

Samson R, Nassan-Agha N, 1978. Biovars and serovars among 129 strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Vol. II. Sta. Path. Veg. Phytobact. Angers, France: INRA, 547-553

Samson R, Paulin JP, Lachaud G, Gay JP, Cassini R, 1974. Bacterial stalk rot of maize in France. Annales de Phytopathologie, 6(3):349-352

Saxena SC, Lal S, 1981. Effect of fertilizer application on the incidence of bacterial stalk rot of maize. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 11(2):164-168

Saxena SC, Lal S, 1984. Use of meteorological factors in prediction of Erwinia stalk rot of maize. Tropical Pest Management, 30(1):82-85

Saxena SC, Sangam Lal, 1986. Survival of Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae in soil. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 16(1):37-41

Saxena SC, Sangham Lal, 1987. A standardized isolation technique for Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology, 5(1):8-9

Sinha SK, Prasad M, 1977. Bacterial stalk rot of maize, its symptoms and host-range. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, 2, 132(1):81-88

Slawiak M, Beckhoven JRCMvan, Speksnijder AGCL, Czajkowski R, Grabe G, Wolf JMvan der, 2009. Biochemical and genetical analysis reveal a new clade of biovar 3 Dickeya spp. strains isolated from potato in Europe. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 125(2):245-261. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265

Smith C, Bartz JA, 1990. Variation in the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of strains of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora isolated from different hosts. Plant Disease, 74(7):505-509

Soni PS, Thind BS, 1985. Factors affecting absorption, translocation and persistence of antibiotics in maize plants. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 15(3):265-268

Soni PS, Thind BS, 1989. Absorption, translocation and persistence of streptocycline and agrimycin-100 in maize plants. Annals of Biology (Ludhiana), 5(1):61-67

Stead DE, Parkinson N, Bew J, Hennessy J, Wilson JK, Elphinstone JG, 2010. The first record of Dickeya zeae in the UK. Plant Pathology, 59(2):401. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa

Takeuchi T, Kodama F, 1992. Bacterial stalk rot of corn caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet) Victoria, Arboleda et Munoz occurred in Hokkaido, Japan. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan, No. 43:42-44

Thind BS, Nirmaljit Singh, 1976. Maize borer (Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)) as carrier of Erwinia carotovora var. zeae, the causal agent of bacterial stalk rot of maize. Current Science, 45(3):117-118

Thind BS, Payak MM, 1978. Epidemiological studies of bacterial stalk rot of maize (Zea mays L.) incited by Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkh. et al. corn pathotype. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 17(1):59-62

Thind BS, Payak MM, 1978. Evaluation of maize germplasm and estimation of losses to Erwinia stalk rot. Plant Disease Reporter, 62(4):319-323

Thind BS, Payak MM, 1985. A review of bacterial stalk rot of maize in India. Tropical Pest Management, 31(4):311-316

Thind BS, Randhawa PS, Soni PS, 1984. Chemical control of bacterial stalk rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae) and leaf stripe (Pseudomonas rubrilineans) of maize. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 91(4):424-430

Thind BS, Soni PS, 1983. Persistence of chlorine in maize plants and soil in relation to control of bacterial stalk rot of maize. Indian Phytopathology, 36(4):687-690

Thompson DL, 1965. Control of bacterial stalk rot of corn by chlorination of water in sprinkler irrigation. Crop Science, 5:369-370.

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Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil: Present
Reifschneider & Lopes, 1982; Bradbury, 1977Switzerland: Present
Bradbury, 1977Cook Islands: Present
Bradbury, 1977China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present
Victoria et al., 1975; Bradbury, 1977Colombia: Present
Victoria et al., 1975; Bradbury, 1977Costa Rica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Costa Rica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Cuba: Present
Rivera et al., 1980; Bradbury, 1977Cuba: Present
Rivera et al., 1980; Bradbury, 1977Germany: Present
Bradbury, 1977Egypt: Present
Bradbury, 1977Spain: Present
Noval, 1989Spain: Present
Noval, 1989France: Present
Samson et al., 1974; Bradbury, 1977UK: Present
Stead et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977Greece: Present
Zachos et al., 1963; Bradbury, 1977Greece: Present
Zachos et al., 1963; Bradbury, 1977Guyana: Present
Bradbury, 1977Guyana: Present
Bradbury, 1977Honduras: Present
Bradbury, 1977Honduras: Present
Bradbury, 1977India: Present
Thind & Payak, 1985; Bradbury, 1977Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Italy: Present
Bradbury, 1977Jamaica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Jamaica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Japan: Present
Bradbury, 1977Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryComoros: Present
Bradbury, 1977Korea, DPR: Present
Bradbury, 1977Korea, Republic of: Present
Myung et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977Mauritius: Present
Anon, 1972Mexico: Present
Martinez-Cisneros et al., 2014Mexico: Present
Martinez-Cisneros et al., 2014Malaysia: Present
Hiryati, 1982; Bradbury, 1977Netherlands: Present
Janse & Ruissen, 1988New Zealand: Present
Bradbury, 1977Panama: Present
Bradbury, 1977Panama: Present
Bradbury, 1977Philippines: Present
Ebron et al., 1987; Bradbury, 1977Philippines: Present
Ebron et al., 1987; Bradbury, 1977Puerto Rico: Present
Hepperly & Ramos-Davila, 1987Puerto Rico: Present
Hepperly & Ramos-Davila, 1987Portugal: Present
Ferreira-Pinto et al., 1994Réunion: Present
IRAT, 1983Russian Federation: Present
Nikitina et al., 1976Russian Federation: Present
Nikitina et al., 1976Sudan: Present
Bradbury, 1977Taiwan: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Lin et al., 2016Taiwan: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Lin et al., 2016USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countrySouth Africa: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Pauer, 1964Zimbabwe: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Sabet, 1957
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Guangdong: Present
Pu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014Jiangsu: Present
Wang & Yang, 1991India: Present
Thind & Payak, 1985; Bradbury, 1977Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Japan: Present
Bradbury, 1977Hokkaido: Present
Goto, 1979; Takeuchi & Kodama, 1992Korea, DPR: Present
Bradbury, 1977Korea, Republic of: Present
Myung et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977Malaysia: Present
Hiryati, 1982; Bradbury, 1977Philippines: Present
Ebron et al., 1987; Bradbury, 1977Russian Federation: Present
Nikitina et al., 1976Taiwan: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Lin et al., 2016
Distribution map (europe) Switzerland: Present
Bradbury, 1977Germany: Present
Bradbury, 1977Spain: Present
Noval, 1989France: Present
Samson et al., 1974; Bradbury, 1977UK: Present
Stead et al., 2010; Bradbury, 1977Greece: Present
Zachos et al., 1963; Bradbury, 1977Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Italy: Present
Bradbury, 1977Netherlands: Present
Janse & Ruissen, 1988Portugal: Present
Ferreira-Pinto et al., 1994Russian Federation: Present
Nikitina et al., 1976
Distribution map (africa) Egypt: Present
Bradbury, 1977Spain: Present
Noval, 1989Greece: Present
Zachos et al., 1963; Bradbury, 1977Iran: Present
Banapoor & Amani, 1986; Masumi & Izadpanah, 1988Comoros: Present
Bradbury, 1977Mauritius: Present
Anon, 1972Réunion: Present
IRAT, 1983Sudan: Present
Bradbury, 1977South Africa: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Pauer, 1964Zimbabwe: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Sabet, 1957
Distribution map (north america) Cuba: Present
Rivera et al., 1980; Bradbury, 1977Honduras: Present
Bradbury, 1977Jamaica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Mexico: Present
Martinez-Cisneros et al., 2014Puerto Rico: Present
Hepperly & Ramos-Davila, 1987Arkansas: Present
Boewe, 1949California: Present
Bradbury, 1977Florida: Present
Smith & Bartz, 1990; Bradbury, 1977Georgia: Present
Bradbury, 1977Illinois: Present
Boewe, 1949North Carolina: Present
Kelman et al., 1957; Bradbury, 1977New York: Present
Bradbury, 1977Pennsylvania: Present
Bradbury, 1977South Dakota: Present
Otta & Wood, 1977; Bradbury, 1977Wisconsin: Present
Woodward et al., 1978; Bradbury, 1977
Distribution map (central america) Colombia: Present
Victoria et al., 1975; Bradbury, 1977Costa Rica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Cuba: Present
Rivera et al., 1980; Bradbury, 1977Guyana: Present
Bradbury, 1977Honduras: Present
Bradbury, 1977Jamaica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Mexico: Present
Martinez-Cisneros et al., 2014Panama: Present
Bradbury, 1977Puerto Rico: Present
Hepperly & Ramos-Davila, 1987Florida: Present
Smith & Bartz, 1990; Bradbury, 1977
Distribution map (south america) Brazil: Present
Reifschneider & Lopes, 1982; Bradbury, 1977Colombia: Present
Victoria et al., 1975; Bradbury, 1977Costa Rica: Present
Bradbury, 1977Guyana: Present
Bradbury, 1977Panama: Present
Bradbury, 1977
Distribution map (pacific) New South Wales: Present
Cother & Powell, 1983; Bradbury, 1977Cook Islands: Present
Bradbury, 1977New Zealand: Present
Bradbury, 1977Philippines: Present
Ebron et al., 1987; Bradbury, 1977Taiwan: Present
Bradbury, 1977; Lin et al., 2016