Dociostaurus maroccanus (Moroccan locust)

Pictures

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Title

Caption

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Egg pods

D. maroccanus egg pods. The eggs are whitish to pale yellow, elongated, stick-shaped, and arranged in three to four rows in egg-pods (oothecae).

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Newly-hatched larvae

Newly-hatched larvae of D. maroccanus.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Third-instar nymph

Third-instar nymph of D. maroccanus on wild grasses. The third-instar nymphs have visible wing buds. They are olive-red with black spots on the head and body.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Fourth-instar nymph

Fourth-instar nymph of D. maroccanus on a leaf; note developing wing pads.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Male

Male D. maroccanus on vine leaf.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Male showing wings

Male D. maroccanus with stretched wings; set specimen.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Female

Female D. maroccanus; set specimen.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Similar species

Chorthippus brunneus - a similar species.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Similar species

Chorthippus brunneus with similar white "X"-mark on pronotum.

Radoslav Andreev/Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815)

Preferred Common Name

Moroccan locust

Other Scientific Names

Dociostaurus cruciatus (Charpentier)
Dociostaurus maroccanus degeneratus Baranov
Dociostaurus vastator (Fischer-Waldheim)
Oedaleus infernalis pendulus (Steinmann, 1965)
Stauronotus cruciatus (Charpentier)
Stauronotus maroccanus (Thunberg)
Stauronotus vastator (Fischer-Waldheim)

International Common Names

English: Mediterranean locust
Spanish: langosta Marroquí; langosta Mediterránea
French: criquet Maroccain
Russian: kobilka Marokskaya; sarancha Marokskaya

Local Common Names

Bulgaria: Marokanski skakaletz
Croatia: Marokanski skakavac
Germany: heuschrecke, Marokkanische wander-; Marokkanische wanderheuschrecke
Hungary: Marokkói sáska
Italy: cavalletta crociata; grillastro crociato
Romania: lacusta Marocana
Turkey: fas çekirgesi

EPPO code

DICIMA (Dociostaurus maroccanus)

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of pageThe Moroccan locust is distributed in northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, and western and central Asia. It swarms and migrates, but not over long distances (Anon., 2004a).

The scale and intensity of infestations are variable from one year to the next and outbreaks can last several years. The wingless hopper stage (lasting 27 to 36 days) can cause intense damage, but only during outbreak periods, when the eggs have been laid in or near cultivated land. However, the winged adults may migrate up to 100 km, sometimes causing damage to maturing crops late in the season, before laying eggs which will be the source of infestations in the following year (FAO, 2003).

The Moroccan locust was traditionally considered as one of the most dangerous agricultural pests in the Mediterranean zone. Its broad polyphagy, extreme voracity, enormous fecundity and capability to migrate in swarms made it a major enemy of agriculturists from the Canary Islands to Afghanistan. However, outbreaks of the Moroccan locust seem to have been more frequent in the past and, in many regions, the species has become rare. Climatic factors, in particular the amount of spring rainfall, are critical for the developmental cycle of D. maroccanus. Nevertheless, anthropogenic factors appear to have the most powerful effect on locust population dynamics. Deforestation and overgrazing create the necessary prerequisites for colonization by the Moroccan locust; however, converting grasslands into croplands makes the habitat totally unsuitable for the insect because the females can lay eggs in undisturbed soil. These two conflicting tendencies appear to govern the current evolution of Moroccan locust populations, their manifestations being different according to the geographical zone. Although in some regions (e.g. in many European countries), D. maroccanus has lost its formerly high economic importance, in others (North African and central Asian countries) the species continues to flourish and may even increase its pest status (Latchininsky, 1998).

In Western Europe, the locust problem is a result of European Union (EU) set-aside policies, turning cultivated land to uncultivated pasture, which has created greater opportunities for locust populations to breed (Harris, 2003).

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acrididae
Genus: Dociostaurus
Species: Dociostaurus maroccanus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Country	Distribution	Origin	Invasive	References
ASIA
Afghanistan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
Armenia	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Stegolev &, 1948
Azerbaijan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Stegolev &, 1948
Georgia (Republic of)	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Stegolev &, 1948
Iran	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
Iraq	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
Israel	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Kazakhstan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Gapparov, 2001; Stegolev &, 1948
Kyrgyzstan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Gapparov, 2001; Stegolev &, 1948
Syria	Present	Native	Invasive	Morony, 2000
Tajikistan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Gapparov, 2001; Stegolev &, 1948
Turkey	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
Turkmenistan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Gapparov, 2001; Stegolev &, 1948
Uzbekistan	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Gapparov, 2001; Stegolev &, 1948
AFRICA
Algeria	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
Morocco	Widespread	Native	Invasive	FAO, 2002b
EUROPE
Albania	Present	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Austria	Present	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Bosnia-Hercegovina	Present	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Bulgaria	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Croatia	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Kovacevic, 1961
Cyprus	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Louca, 1981
France	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936; Rambier, 1951
-Corsica	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Pasquier et al., 1952
Greece	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
-Crete	Present
Hungary	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Nagy, 1988; Chorbadjieff, 1936
Italy	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
-Sardinia	Present
Macedonia	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936
Romania	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936; Animalia, 2002
Russian Federation
-Southern Russia	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936; Stegolev &, 1948
Spain	Widespread	Native	Invasive	Chorbadjieff, 1936; Garcia, 1980

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context
Avena (oats)	Poaceae	Main
Beta vulgaris (beetroot)	Chenopodiaceae	Other
Bromus (bromegrasses)	Poaceae	Main
Cannabis sativa (hemp)	Cannabaceae	Other
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper)	Solanaceae	Other
Carduus (thistle)	Asteraceae	Wild host
Carum carvi (caraway)	Apiaceae	Other
Cicer arietinum (chickpea)	Fabaceae	Main
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)	Cucurbitaceae	Other
Cucumis melo (melon)	Cucurbitaceae	Other
Cucumis sativus (cucumber)	Cucurbitaceae	Other
Cucurbita (pumpkin)	Cucurbitaceae	Other
Elymus repens (quackgrass)	Poaceae	Main
Fragaria ananassa (strawberry)	Rosaceae	Other
Glycine max (soyabean)	Fabaceae	Main
Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton)	Malvaceae	Main
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)	Asteraceae	Other
Hordeum (barleys)	Poaceae	Main
Hordeum vulgare (barley)	Poaceae	Main
Humulus lupulus (hop)	Cannabaceae	Other
Lactuca (lettuce)	Asteraceae	Other
Malus (ornamental species apple)	Rosaceae	Other
Medicago (medic)	Fabaceae	Other
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)	Solanaceae	Other
Panicum miliaceum (millet)	Poaceae	Main
Poaceae (grasses)	Poaceae	Habitat/association
Prunus (stone fruit)	Rosaceae	Other
Pyrus (pears)	Rosaceae	Other
Quercus (oaks)	Fagaceae	Wild host
Rosa (roses)	Rosaceae	Other
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)	Rosaceae	Other
Secale cereale (rye)	Poaceae	Main
Solanum (nightshade)	Solanaceae	Other
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)	Solanaceae	Other
Spinacia oleracea (spinach)	Chenopodiaceae	Other
Trifolium (clovers)	Fabaceae	Other
Triticum (wheat)	Poaceae	Main
Vicia sativa (common vetch)	Fabaceae	Main
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)	Vitaceae	Other
Zea mays (maize)	Poaceae	Main

Growth Stages

Top of pageVegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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Sign	Life Stages	Type
Growing point
external feeding
Leaves
external feeding
Stems
external feeding
Whole plant
external feeding

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Biological control in	Biological control on
Acemya acuticornis	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Anastoechus nitidulus	Predator	Eggs
Aspergillus flavus	Antagonist	Adults/Nymphs
Aspergillus ochraceus	Pathogen	Adults/Nymphs
Aspergillus terreus	Antagonist	Adults/Nymphs
Beauveria bassiana	Pathogen	Adults/Nymphs
Blaesoxipha agrestis	Parasite	Adults
Blaesoxipha filipjevi	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Blaesoxipha laticornis	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Blaesoxipha lineata	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Blaesoxipha paolii	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Callostoma fascipenne	Predator	Eggs
Callostoma soror	Predator	Eggs
Cytherea infuscata	Predator	Eggs
Cytherea obscura	Predator	Eggs	Sardinia	field crops
Epicauta rufidorsum	Predator	Eggs
Hexamermis albicans	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Isodontia paludosa	Predator	Adults/Nymphs
Metacemyia calloti	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Metarhizium anisopliae	Pathogen	Adults/Nymphs
Mylabris floralis	Predator	Eggs
Mylabris variabilis	Predator	Eggs
Nosema maroccanus	Pathogen	Adults/Nymphs
Sphex subfuscatus	Predator	Adults/Nymphs
Systoechus autumnalis	Predator	Eggs
Systoechus ctenopterus	Predator	Eggs
Systoechus gradatus	Predator	Eggs
Systoechus sulphureus	Predator	Eggs	Sardinia	field crops
Trichodes ammios	Predator	Eggs
Trichodes laminatus	Predator	Eggs

Plant Trade

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Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Wood Packaging

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Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Loose wood packing material
Non-wood
Processed or treated wood
Solid wood packing material with bark
Solid wood packing material without bark

References

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