Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Preferred Common Name

• Madagascar periwinkle

Other Scientific Names

• Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small
• Catharanthus roseus var. albus G. Don
• Catharanthus roseus var. roseus
• Hottonia littoralis Lour.
• Lachnea rosea (L.) Rchb.
• Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb.
• Lochnera rosea var. alba (G. Don) Hubbard
• Lochnera rosea var. flava Tsiang
• Pervinca rosea (L.) Moench
• Pervinca rosea (L.) Gaterau
• Vinca gulielmi-waldemarii Klotzsch
• Vinca rosea L.
• Vinca rosea var. alba (G. Don) Sweet
• Vinca rosea var. albiflora (G. Don) Sweet
• Vinca rosea var. albiflora Bertol.

International Common Names

• English: bright-eyes; Cape periwinkle; old-maid; old-maid-flower; periwinkle; pink periwinkle; rose periwinkle; rosy periwinkle; white flower
• Spanish: adorna patio; cangrejera; catalana; coneja; flor boba; flor de todo el año; jazmín de la mar; rosa catalana
• French: fleurs des meres; fleurs des roches; pervenche; pervenche de Madagascar; pervenche du pays
• Chinese: chang chun hua
• Portuguese: avadeira; boa-noite; boa-tarde; lavadeira; pervinca-rosa; vinca-de-gato; vinca-de-madagascar; vinca-rosea

Local Common Names

• Australia: pink periwinkle
• Bahamas: old maid; red periwinkle
• Cuba: vicaria
• Dominican Republic: buenas tardes; cangrejera; libertine; mujer vegana; todo el año; vagabunda vegana
• Germany: Immergrün, Madagaskar-
• Haiti: pervenche blanche; pervenche rose; petit perbenche rose; san cesse; sans cesse blanche; sans cesse rose
• Indonesia: bunga serdadu; kembang tembaga; tapak dara
• Jamaica: ram-goat rose
• Lesser Antilles: churchyard blosson; doctor dyette; every day flower; pervanche de Madagascar; twelve o'clock
• Malaysia: kemunting china; rumput jalang; tahi ayam
• Philippines: amnias; chichirica; kantotai
• Puerto Rico: cangrejera; desbarata casamiento; flor de todo el año; jazmín del mar; playera
• Sweden: Oegonklara
• Thailand: nom in; phaengphuai bok; phakpot bok
• USA: Madagascar periwinkle; rose periwinkle

EPPO code

• CTURO (Catharanthus roseus)

Summary of Invasiveness

C. roseus has been widely commercialized as an ornamental plant. Endangered in the wild, it is a fast-growing plant that is easy to cultivate. It is grown in gardens and parks worldwide and it has escaped from cultivation and naturalized near houses, in disturbed sites, and in natural habitats in seasonal dry and humid habitats. The species produces numerous small seeds that can be easily dispersed by ants, wind and water, but it can be also propagated vegetatively by cuttings (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999). C. roseus is listed as invasive in numerous countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania. 

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Gentianales
•                         Family: Apocynaceae
•                             Genus: Catharanthus
•                                 Species: Catharanthus roseus

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The family Apocynaceae includes about 415 genera and about 4555 species widely distributed around the world (Stevens, 2012). Members of this family are characterized by the presence of “milky latex” and include trees, shrubs, and vines and rarely subshrubs and herbs (Jussieu, 2011). The genus Catharanthus comprises 8 species, all originating from Madagascar except for the species Catharanthus pusillus, which is restricted to India and Sri Lanka (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015). The genus Catharanthus is closely related to the genus Vinca and the species C. roseus was formerly known as Vinca rosea. This species is a main source of vinca alkaloids, now sometimes called catharanthus alkaloids. The plant produces about 130 of these compounds, including vinblastine and vincristine, two drugs used to treat cancer (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015). 

Description

Perennial subshrub, woody at base, up to 1 m tall, usually with white latex and an unpleasant smell; roots up to 70 cm long; stems narrowly winged, green or red, shortly hairy to glabrous, often woody at base. Leaves decussately opposite, simple and entire; stipules 2–4 at each side of the leaf base; petiole 3–11 mm long, green or red; blade elliptical to obovate or narrowly obovate, 2.5–8.5 cm × 1–4 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute with a mucronate tip, herbaceous to thinly leathery, glossy green above and pale green below, sparsely shortly hairy to glabrous on both sides. Inflorescence terminal, but apparently lateral, 1–2-flowered. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, regular, almost sessile; sepals slightly fused at base, (2–)3–5 mm long, erect, green; corolla tube cylindrical, 2–3 cm long, widening near the top at the insertion of the stamens, laxly shortly hairy to glabrous outside, with a ring of hairs in the throat and another lower down the tube, greenish, lobes broadly obovate, 1–2(–3) cm long, apex mucronate, glabrous, spreading, pink, rose-purple or white with a purple, red, pink, pale yellow or white centre; stamens inserted just below the corolla throat, included, filaments very short; ovary superior, consisting of 2 very narrowly oblong carpels, style slender, 15–23 mm long, with a cylindrical pistil head provided at base with a reflexed transparent frill and with rings of woolly hairs at base and apex, stigma glabrous. Fruit composed of 2 free cylindrical follicles 2–4.5 cm long, striate, laxly shortly hairy to glabrous, green, dehiscent, 10–20-seeded. Seeds oblong, 2–3 mm long, grooved at one side, black (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015; PROTA, 2015). 

Plant Type

Distribution

C. roseus is native to Madagascar, where it is now endangered due to habitat destruction. It has been cultivated as an ornamental throughout tropical and subtropical regions and thus it has become naturalized in many regions in Asia, Africa, America, southern Europe and Oceania (see distribution table for details; Govaerts, 2015; PIER, 2015; PROTA, 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

C. roseus has been introduced into new habitats worldwide mostly to be used as an ornamental and a medicinal plant. It was brought into cultivation in the first half of the 18^th century in Paris from seeds collected in Madagascar, and was later distributed from European botanical gardens to the tropics as an ornamental. In the West Indies, it appears in herbarium collections made in 1882 in the Virgin Islands, in 1885 in Puerto Rico, and in 1910 in the Dominican Republic (US National Herbarium). 

Risk of Introduction

The risk of introduction of C. roseus is very high. Because this species has been widely introduced as ornamental and because it spreads by seeds and cuttings, there is a high probability for this species to escape from cultivation and become naturalized into natural areas, principally in areas near cultivation (Webb et al., 1988). 

Habitat

C. roseus is commonly associated with coastal habitats and sandy locations along the coast, but is also found inland on riverbanks, savanna vegetation, dry waste places, roadsides, open forest and scrubland, usually on sandy soils, but sometimes also on rocky soils. It is a common garden plant and frequently escapes to near roadsides, disturbed sites, abandoned gardens, and farmland (Weeds of Australia, 2015; BioNET-EAFRINET, 2015; PROTA, 2015). In the Galápagos Islands, it grows in arid lowlands (McMullen, 1999).

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for C. roseus is 2n = 16 (Chen et al., 2003). About 50 cultivars have been developed. Although hybrids are only occasionally found in nature, in cultivation many usually fertile hybrids can be made between the different Catharanthus species, which have the same chromosome numbers (PROTA, 2015).

Reproductive Biology

C. roseus is usually self-compatible, and intra-flower self-pollination is common, because the stigma may come into contact with the anthers, even after anthesis. The degree of outcrossing may vary with environmental conditions and the presence of seasonal pollinating butterflies. Self-incompatible strains of C. roseus exist and can be locally common (PROTA, 2015).

Physiology and Phenology

C. roseus is a fast-growing perennial plant that spreads principally by seed. Seed may remain dormant for several weeks after maturity. The optimum temperature for germination is 20–25°C, and the germination rate is in general over 95%. The seeds remain viable for 3–5 years (PROTA, 2015).

In warmer climates, C. roseus will flower and fruit the whole year round. Within 6–8 weeks after germination the first flowers will appear. In China, it has been recorded flowering in spring-autumn (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015).

Environmental Requirements

C. roseus grows naturally on sandy locations in coastal areas, but occasionally grows in sites up to 1500 m altitude. It is very salt-tolerant and it can tolerate drought well, but not severe heat (PROTA, 2015). Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred.

Climate

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• light
• medium

Notes on Natural Enemies

In Malaysia, C. roseus has been reported to be infected with “Malaysian periwinkle yellow”. Symptoms of this infection include excessive yellowing of foliage, bunchy top and stunted flowers and leaves, suggesting infection by a mycoplasma-like organism. Similar diseases have been reported from China, Taiwan, North America and Europe. Mycoplasma-like organisms can be transferred to C. roseus by parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta, and perhaps also by leafhoppers. In the USA, C. roseus plants cultivated as ornamentals have been reported susceptible to Phytophthora parasitica that causes root- and stem rot. When plants grow in glasshouses they are susceptible to red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (PROTA, 2015). 

Means of Movement and Dispersal

C. roseus spreads sexually by seed and vegetatively by greenwood or semi-ripe cuttings (PROTA, 2015). Seeds usually fall close to the mother plant, but they can also be dispersed longer distances by ants, wind and water (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999). 

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

C. roseus has repeatedly escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in natural areas where it grows creating monospecific stands and displacing native vegetation. It is regarded as an environmental weed and as an invasive plant species impacting principally coastal habitats and habitats on sandy soils (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015). It is listed among the 100 most invasive plants in south-eastern Queensland (Weeds of Australia, 2015). 

Risk and Impact Factors

Impact mechanisms

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - smothering
• Hybridization
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

Impact outcomes

• Conflict
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Loss of medicinal resources
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

Invasiveness

• Abundant in its native range
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Gregarious
• Has a broad native range
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Highly mobile locally
• Is a habitat generalist
• Long lived
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Reproduces asexually
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc

Likelihood of entry/control

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

C. roseus is widely cultivated as an ornamental, but it is also grown for medicinal purposes. The aerial parts of the plant are used for the extraction of the medicinal alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine. The alkaloids are prescribed in anticancer therapy, usually as part of complex chemotherapy protocols.

The dried root is an industrial source of ajmalicine, which increases the blood flow in the brain and peripheral parts of the body. Preparations of ajmalicine are used to treat the psychological and behavioural problems of senility, sensory problems (dizziness, tinnitus), cranial traumas and their neurological complications (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015).

Economic Value

The world market consumed 5–10 kg of vincristine and vinblastine in the early 1990s, with a total value of US$25-50 million. In 2005 the market was estimated at US$150-300 million. In 1991 the world market consumed 3–5 t of ajmalicine, with a total value of US$4.5–7.5 million. Two anticancer medicines, Oncovin® and Velban®, derived from C. roseus, are sold for a total of US$100 million per year (PROTA, 2015).

Uses List

General

• Ornamental

Genetic importance

• Gene source
• Test organisms (for pests and diseases)

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
• Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

• Potted plant
• Seed trade

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Contributors

30/04/15 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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