Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Habit in a fen Caption Cornus sericea with bright red stems in the fens of the Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA. The posts in the background are permanent markers for a long-term study of Cornus sericea growth after cattle grazing. Copyright Beth A. Middleton	Habit in a fen	Cornus sericea with bright red stems in the fens of the Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA. The posts in the background are permanent markers for a long-term study of Cornus sericea growth after cattle grazing.	Beth A. Middleton
Title Habitat Caption Fen with tussock sedge (Carex stricta), various prairie marsh forbs and native Typha latifolia. Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA. Copyright Beth A. Middleton	Habitat	Fen with tussock sedge (Carex stricta), various prairie marsh forbs and native Typha latifolia. Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA.	Beth A. Middleton
Title Habitat Caption Eupatorium maculatum, 'Joe Pye Weed' a tall sedge meadow forb which is shaded out by shrub growth. Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA. Copyright Beth A. Middleton	Habitat	Eupatorium maculatum, 'Joe Pye Weed' a tall sedge meadow forb which is shaded out by shrub growth. Lodi Marsh, Wisconsin, USA.	Beth A. Middleton

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Cornus sericea L., 1753

Preferred Common Name

• redosier dogwood

Other Scientific Names

• Cornus stolonifera Michx., 1803
• Swida sericea (L.) Holub., 1838
• Swida stolonifera Rydb., 1931
• Thelycrania sericea (L.) Dandy

International Common Names

• English: redosier; red-osier; red-osier dogwood
• French: Cornouiller osier

Local Common Names

• Germany: Weiden-Hartriegel

EPPO code

• CRWSR (Cornus sericea)

Summary of Invasiveness

C. sericea is native to North America, and occurs in wetlands from Alaska to Labrador, southward to northern Mexico along the Rocky Mountains (Karlsson, 2009). It occurs in the once glaciated regions of North America, and occurs locally southward (Viereck and Little, 1972). The species is listed as an invasive species by the European Plant Quarantine Data Retrieval System (EPPO, 2009b), and is on the “alert list” for Switzerland and Belgium (EPPO 2009b and IAS 2009, respectively). Elsewhere in northern Europe, it is considered an emerging invasive; the species has invasive tendencies where it has been introduced (EPPO, 2009b). Kelly (1990) lists nearly 20 instances of occurrence of the species in Ireland, mostly in wetland woods, where it may threaten biodiversity. Among the listed occurrences in Ireland, one is on an island, and likely to have established from a plant fragment washed ashore. Despite searching, Kelly (1990) did not find seedlings of this species in Irish habitats.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Cornales
•                         Family: Cornaceae
•                             Genus: Cornus
•                                 Species: Cornus sericea

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Cornus sericea is the revised taxonomic name, formerly known as Cornus stolonifera or Swida stolonifera (common names: red-osier dogwood and Seidiger Hartriegel, Lohmueller, 2008). Some cultivars include ‘Allerman’s Compact’, ‘Flaviramea’, ‘Hedgerows Gold’, ‘Isanti’, ‘Kelseyi’, ‘Silver and Gold’, and ‘Variegata’ (Rook, 2002).

Description

C. sericea is a deciduous shrub with brightly coloured (often red) stems in the winter. The stems root along nodes, and spread by layering (EPPO, 2009b). The clones form large dense patches, with individual plants up to 3.7 m tall (USDA-NRCS, 2009) in both native and invasive habitats. The leaves are ovate to elliptic, green above, with 20-40 mm petioles (Karlsson, 2009). Long peduncles hold corymb-like infloresences of 20-50 flowers, each with 4 tiny white petals (1-3 mm). Fruit is a white to lead colour, subglobose pyrene (USDA, 1948) with a rounded base, wider than long (3.5 to 6 mm), with eight ridges (Karlsson, 2009).

Plant Type

Distribution

C. sericea is native to North America, from northern Canada to northern Mexico, at elevations below 2500 m. It is considered to be potentially invasive there (WBIS, 2009). In addition to the countries listed in the distribution table, this species is also present in Arizona (JT Kartesz, Biota of North America Program (BONAP), North Carolina, USA, unpublished data), Colorado (B Johnston, U.S. Forest Service, Lakewood, Colorado, unpublished data), Kansas (RL McGregor, USDA, personal communication, 2009), Kentucky (J Campbell, USDA, personal communication, 2009), Massachusetts (BA Sorrie, Massachusetts, USA, unpublished data) and Wisconsin (R Reed, Wisconsin, USA, unpublished data). The EPPO (2009b) considers the species an emerging invader in northern Europe.

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

C. sericea is a native to North America. The species was introduced in Europe (Belgium) as early as 1885 (IAS, 2009), and has been planted for ornamental purposes in Australia and Europe because of its attractive bark; some cultivars turn red in the winter season. In Europe, the distribution of the species is limited (EPPO, 2009b).

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

C. sericea may be a threat in Europe because of its invasive behaviour, and widespread usage as an ornamental species. The species is planted as an ornamental in Australia (Gardening Australia, 2009). It is listed as a black listed invasive species in Switzerland (EPPO, 2009b).

Habitat

In North America, C. sericea is found mostly in northern climates, with some occurrences as far south as northern Mexico (USDA-FS, 2009) generally at elevations below 2500 m (EPPO, 2009b). The species can tolerate extreme conditions, including cold and submergence for several months (EPPO, 2009b). It is limited by high temperature at southern limits, e.g. New Mexico (USDA-FA, 2009). In sedge meadows grazed by cattle, the species can persist as a minor component of the wetland, even though the cattle browse the seedlings, saplings and full-grown shrubs of C. sericea. This shrub species may grow profusely after cattle are removed, so that C. sericea can be somewhat invasive in sedge meadows released from cattle grazing (Middleton, 2002a, b; Middleton et al., 2006).

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

Include additional information not covered by the listing(s) above. Note any more specific information on stages of crop/plant growth most affected (e.g. to 40 days post-emergence). Cite important references here (rather than in above list).

Host Plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

Climate

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free
• impeded
• seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• saline
• sodic

Natural Enemies

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Natural dispersal by seed is mainly via animals (USDA-FS, 2009). Clones spread readily via rooting by stems (EPPO, 2009b). Intentional introduction of the species has been for horticultural purposes in Europe and Australia (EPPO, 2009b).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

Impact on Habitats

Risk and Impact Factors

Impact mechanisms

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Herbivory/grazing/browsing
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

Impact outcomes

• Altered trophic level
• Damaged ecosystem services
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of nutrient regime
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced native biodiversity

Invasiveness

• Abundant in its native range
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Gregarious
• Has a broad native range
• Has high genetic variability
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Highly mobile locally
• Invasive in its native range
• Is a habitat generalist
• Long lived
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Reproduces asexually
• Tolerant of shade
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc

Likelihood of entry/control

• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control
• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Forage

Drugs, stimulants, social uses

• Smoking

Environmental

• Agroforestry
• Revegetation
• Wildlife habitat

General

• Botanical garden/zoo

Materials

• Baskets

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical

Wood Products

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Cornus alba is from northern Asia, but looks similar to C. sericea (Kelly, 1990). C. alba does not spread by suckers, whereas C. sericea has suckers and rooting branches. The fruits are drupe-like with several seeds (pyrene) in both species. C. alba has an ellipsoid pyrene tapering to a flat base, and C. sericea has a subglobose pyrene, rounded at the base (Karlsson, 2009).

Prevention and Control

Prevention

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

As ecosystem function shifts are likely in shrub communities of C. sericea, further research would be useful in both Europe and North America.

References

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Links to Websites

Organisations

France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO), OEPP/EPPO, 1 rue Le Notre, 75016 Paris, http://www.eppo.org/

Contributors

14/09/09 Original text by:

Beth Middleton, USGS National Wetlands Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA  70506, USA

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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