Colletotrichum kahawae (coffee berry disease)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Sporulation on coffee berries (detail) Caption Under humid conditions, pink spore masses become visible on the surface of the lesions. Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	Sporulation on coffee berries (detail)	Under humid conditions, pink spore masses become visible on the surface of the lesions.	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title Symptoms on coffee berries Caption Coffee berry disease symptoms: young diseased berries on branch. A progressive anthracnose causes the rot of the whole berry. Berries are often shed from the branch Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	Symptoms on coffee berries	Coffee berry disease symptoms: young diseased berries on branch. A progressive anthracnose causes the rot of the whole berry. Berries are often shed from the branch	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title Acervuli development Caption Old scab lesion developing acervuli. (Scab lesions are pale, corky lesions that appear on young and mature berries and are resistant reactions to infection. They may completely heal, or remain dormant until the berry begins to ripen when they may develop into active anthracnose lesions as seen here.) Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	Acervuli development	Old scab lesion developing acervuli. (Scab lesions are pale, corky lesions that appear on young and mature berries and are resistant reactions to infection. They may completely heal, or remain dormant until the berry begins to ripen when they may develop into active anthracnose lesions as seen here.)	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title Symptoms Caption Coffee Berry Disease symptoms on coffee. Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	Symptoms	Coffee Berry Disease symptoms on coffee.	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title C. kahawae colony (& C. gloeosporioides) Caption In culture, C. kahawae produces dark, slower-growing colony compared to pale, faster-growing colony of C. gloeosporioides. Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	C. kahawae colony (& C. gloeosporioides)	In culture, C. kahawae produces dark, slower-growing colony compared to pale, faster-growing colony of C. gloeosporioides.	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title Conidia and appressoria Caption Conidia are generally 12.5-19 x 4 µm, but some larger conidia exceeding 20 x 6 µm may often occur in culture. Simple, dark-brown, ovate appressoria are commonly produced in mature cultures. Copyright J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience	Conidia and appressoria	Conidia are generally 12.5-19 x 4 µm, but some larger conidia exceeding 20 x 6 µm may often occur in culture. Simple, dark-brown, ovate appressoria are commonly produced in mature cultures.	J.M. Waller/CABI BioScience
Title Conidia and appressoria Caption Coffee berry disease - conidia and appressoria x 40. Copyright CABI BioScience	Conidia and appressoria	Coffee berry disease - conidia and appressoria x 40.	CABI BioScience

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Colletotrichum kahawae J.M. Waller & Bridge

Preferred Common Name

• coffee berry disease

Other Scientific Names

• Colletotrichum coffeanum F. Noack (sensu Hindorf, 1970)
• Colletotrichum coffeanum 'var. virulans' (Rayner, 1952)

International Common Names

• English: anthracnose of coffee; brown blight of coffee
• Spanish: antracnosis del cafeto
• French: anthracnose de baies du cafeier d'arabie

Local Common Names

• Germany: krankheiten das kaffeebaumes

EPPO code

• COLLCO (Colletotrichum coffeanum)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Fungi
•         Phylum: Ascomycota
•             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
•                 Class: Sordariomycetes
•                     Subclass: Sordariomycetidae
•                         Family: Glomerellaceae
•                             Genus: Colletotrichum
•                                 Species: Colletotrichum kahawae

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

Plant Trade

References

Agwanda CO, Lashermes P, Trouslot P, Combes MC, Charrier A, 1997. Identification of RAPD markers for resistance to coffee berry disease, Colletotrichum kahawae, in Arabica coffee. Euphytica, 97(2):241-248; 34 ref.

Beynon SM, Coddington A, Lewis BG, Varzea V, 1995. Genetic variation in the coffee berry disease pathogen, Colletotrichum kahawae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 46(6):457-470; 22 ref.

Bock KR, 1956. Investigations of coffee berry disease - laboratory studies. East African Agricultural Journal, 29:97-103.

Boisson C, 1960. L'anthracnose du Caféier. Revue de Mycologie 25: 263-292

Da Ponte AM, 1966. Spraying arabica coffee with calcium superphosphate for the control of coffee berry disease usually attributed to Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack. Kenya Coffee, 31:21-22.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Firman ID, Waller JM, 1977. Coffee berry disease and other Colletotrichum diseases of coffee. Phytopathological Papers Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew UK, No. 20:53 pp.

Gibbs JN, 1969. Inoculum sources for coffee berry disease. Annals of Applied Biology, 64:515-522.

Griffiths E, 1972. `Negative' effects of fungicides on coffee. Tropical Science, 14:79-89.

Griffiths E, Gibbs JN, Waller JM, 1971. Control of coffee berry disease. Annals of Applied Biology, 67: 45-74.

Griffiths E, Waller JM, 1971. Rainfall and cropping patterns in relation to coffee berry disease. Annals of Applied Biology, 67:75-91.

Grifiths E, 1969. CBD: Kenya's biggest coffee problem. SPAN, 12:92-95.

Hendrickx FL, 1939. Observations sur la maladie verruqueuse des fruits du caféier. Institut National pour l'Etude Agronmique du Congo Belge, INEAC. Serie Scientifique No. 19.

Hindorf H, 1970. Colletrichum species isolated from Coffea arabica in Kenya. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 77:328-331.

IPPC-Secretariat, 2005. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 22-26 September 2003. xii + 301 pp.

Masaba DM, 1991. The role of saprophytic surface micrflora in the development of coffee berry disease, Colletotrichum coffeanum, in Kenya. PhD thesis, University of Reading.

Masaba DM, King'ori PN, Muthangya PM, 1990. Control of coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum) using tank mixtures of copper and organic fungicides. Kenya Coffee, 55(648):949-954

Masaba DM, King'ori PN, Opilo VL, 1993. Effectiveness of new fungicides against coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum) in Kenya. Kenya Coffee, 58(678):1517-1524

Masaba DM, Vossen HAMVan der, 1982. Evidence of cork barrier formation as a resistance mechanism to berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum) in arabica coffee. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 88(1):19-32

Masaba DM, Waller JM, 1992. Coffee berry disease: the current status. Ch. 12 in Colletotrichum : Biology, Pathology and Control. Eds JA Bailey and MJ Edge. Wallingford: CAB International.

McDonald J, 1926. A preliminary account of a disease of green coffee berries in Kenya. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 11:145-154.

Mulinge SK, 1973. Outbreaks and new records in Ethiopia coffee berry disease. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 21:85-86.

Muller RA, 1964. L'anthracnose de baies du café d'arabie, Coffea arabica. due á une fille forme virulente du Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack. I. Variations de la sensibilité des fruits au cours de leur development. II. L'irrigation méthôde preventive de la contrôle de la maladie. Café - Cacao - Thé, 17:281-312.

Muller RA, 1973. L'anthracnose de baies du caféier d'arabie, Coffea arabica. due à une forme virulente du Colletrichum coffeanum Noack. I. Variations de la sensibilité des fruits au cours de leur développement. II. L'irrigation, méthode préventive de contrôle de la maladie. Café - Cacao-Thé 17:218-31

Nutman FJ, Roberts FM, 1960. Investigations on a disease of Coffea arabica cuased by a form of Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack II. Some factors affecting germination and infection and their relation to disease distribution. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 43:643-659.

Nutman FJ, Roberts FM, 1961. Investigations on a disease of Coffea arabica caused by a form of Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack. III. The relation between infection of bearing wood and disease incidence. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 44:511-521.

Nyange NE, Williamson B, Lyon GD, McNicol RJ, Connolly T, 1997. Responses of cells and protoplasts of Coffea arabica genotypes to partially purified culture filtrates produced by Colletotrichum kahawae. Plant Cell Reports, 16(11):763-769; 45 ref.

Nyange NE, Williamson B, McNicol RJ, Hackett CA, 1995. In vitro screening of coffee genotypes for resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae). Annals of Applied Biology, 127(2):251-261; 33 ref.

Okioga DM, 1976. Occurrence of strains of Colletotrichum coffeanum resistant to methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (carbendazim) and chemically-similar compounds. Annals of Applied Biology, 84(1):21-30

Okioga DM, 1978. The role of copper fungicides in the control of coffee diseases. Kenya Coffee, 43(509):221-230

RAYNER RW, 1952. Coffee berry disease-a survey of investigations carried out up to 1950. East African Agricultural Journal, 17(3):130-158 pp.

Saccas AM, Charpentier J, 1969a. L'anthracnose des caféiers robusta et excelsa due á Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack en République Centrafricaine. Café-Cacao-Thé, 13:131-150.

Saccas AM, Charpentier J, 1969b. L'anthracnose des caféiers robusta et excelsa due á Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack en République Centrafricaine. Cafe-Cacao-Thé, 13:221-230.

Small W, 1926. On the occurrence of a species of Colletotrichum. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 11:112-137.

Sreenivasaprasad S, Brown AE, Mills PR, 1993. Coffee berry disease pathogen in Africa: genetic structure and relationship to the group species Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Mycological Research, 97(8):995-1000

Tapley RG, 1964. Coffee berry disease in Tanganyika. Tanganyika Coffee News, 38:45.

Tenckhoff V, 1982. Studies on the biology of the agents causing anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) and eye spot disease (Cercospora coffeicola Berk. & Cke.) in the Republic of Cuba. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 20(1):75-84

UK CAB International, 1996. Colletotrichum kahawae. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, December (Edition 1). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 716.

van der Graaff NA, 1983. Resistance to coffee berry disease in Ethiopia. In: Pieters R, Lamberti F, Waller JM, van derGraaff NA, eds. Durable Resistance in Crops. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 317-334.

Van der Vossen, HAM, Walyaro DJ, 1981. The coffee breeding programme in Kenya: A review of progress made since 1971 and plan of action for the coming years. Kenya Coffee, 46:541,113-130.

Vossen HAMVan der, Cook RTA, Murakaru GNW, 1976. Breeding for resistance to coffee berry disease caused by Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack (sensu Hindorf) in Coffea arabica L. I. Methods of preselection for resistance. Euphytica, 25(3):733-745

Waller JM, 1972. Water-borne spore dispersal in coffee berry disease and its relation to control. Annals of Applied Biology, 71:1-18.

Waller JM, 1987. Coffee diseases: current status and recent developments. Review of Tropical Plant Pathology, 4:1-33.

Waller JM, Bridge PD, Black R, Hakiza G, 1993. Characterization of the coffee berry disease pathogen, Colletotrichum kahawae sp. nov. Mycological Research, 97(8):989-994

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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