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Datasheet

Coccus viridis (soft green scale)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 08 February 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Coccus viridis
  • Preferred Common Name
  • soft green scale
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
C. viridis, sooty mould due to scale infestation.
TitleScale infestation
CaptionC. viridis, sooty mould due to scale infestation.
Copyright©S.D. Sawant
C. viridis, sooty mould due to scale infestation.
Scale infestationC. viridis, sooty mould due to scale infestation.©S.D. Sawant
C. viridis infected by entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on citrus.|Coccus viridis infected by V. lecanii on citrus.
TitleCoccus viridis infected by V. lecanii|Natural enemy
CaptionC. viridis infected by entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on citrus.|Coccus viridis infected by V. lecanii on citrus.
Copyright©S.D. Sawant
C. viridis infected by entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on citrus.|Coccus viridis infected by V. lecanii on citrus.
Coccus viridis infected by V. lecanii|Natural enemyC. viridis infected by entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on citrus.|Coccus viridis infected by V. lecanii on citrus.©S.D. Sawant

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

  • Coccus viridis (Green)

Preferred Common Name

  • soft green scale

Other Scientific Names

  • Eulecanium viridis
  • Lecanium viride
  • Lecanium viridis

International Common Names

  • English: coffee, scale, green; green coffee scale; green scale; green shield scale; soft scale, green
  • Spanish: cochinilla verde del caffe; escama verde; escama verde blanda; escama verde de los cítricos; escama verde del cafeto; escamas del cafe
  • French: cochenille verte du cafeier; cochenille verte du caféier
  • Portuguese: cochonilha verde; escama verde

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Schildlaus, Gruene Kaffee-
  • Netherlands: Dopluis, groene; Koffieluis, groene

EPPO code

  • COCCVI (Coccus viridis)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Hemiptera
  •                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
  •                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
  •                                 Family: Coccidae
  •                                     Genus: Coccus
  •                                         Species: Coccus viridis

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentEPPO, 2014
Brunei DarussalamPresentWaterhouse, 1993
CambodiaAbsent, invalid recordWaterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014
IndiaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-AssamPresentEPPO, 2014
-BiharPresentEPPO, 2014
-Himachal PradeshPresentReddy & Ruchi, 2015
-KarnatakaPresentEPPO, 2014
-KeralaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Tamil NaduPresentEPPO, 2014
-Uttar PradeshUnconfirmed record
IndonesiaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-Irian JayaPresentEPPO, 2014
-JavaPresentEPPO, 2014
-SumatraPresentEPPO, 2014
LaosAbsent, invalid recordWaterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014
MalaysiaWidespreadEPPO, 2014
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-SabahPresentEPPO, 2014
-SarawakPresentEPPO, 2014
MyanmarPresentWaterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014
PakistanPresentEPPO, 2014
PhilippinesPresentEPPO, 2014
SingaporePresentWaterhouse, 1993
Sri LankaPresentEPPO, 2014
TaiwanPresentEPPO, 2014
ThailandPresentWaterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014
VietnamPresentWaterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

AngolaPresentEPPO, 2014
BeninPresentEPPO, 2014
Burkina FasoPresentEPPO, 2014
CameroonPresentEPPO, 2014
Cape VerdePresentEPPO, 2014
ComorosPresentEPPO, 2014
Congo Democratic RepublicPresentEPPO, 2014
Côte d'IvoirePresentEPPO, 2014
East AfricaPresent
EthiopiaPresentEPPO, 2014
GhanaPresentEPPO, 2014
GuineaPresentEPPO, 2014
KenyaPresentEPPO, 2014
MadagascarPresentEPPO, 2014
MaliPresentEPPO, 2014
MauritiusPresentEPPO, 2014
NigerPresentEPPO, 2014
NigeriaPresentEPPO, 2014
RéunionPresentEPPO, 2014
Sao Tome and PrincipePresentEPPO, 2014
SenegalPresentEPPO, 2014
SeychellesPresentEPPO, 2014
Sierra LeonePresentEPPO, 2014
South AfricaPresentEPPO, 2014
TanzaniaPresentBohlen, 1973; EPPO, 2014
TogoPresentEPPO, 2014
UgandaPresentEPPO, 2014
ZambiaPresentEPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

BermudaPresentEPPO, 2014
MexicoPresentEPPO, 2014; Arriola et al., 2016
USARestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-FloridaPresentEPPO, 2014
-HawaiiPresentEPPO, 2014

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Antigua and BarbudaPresentEPPO, 2014
BahamasPresentEPPO, 2014
BarbadosPresentEPPO, 2014
British Virgin IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014
Cayman IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014
Costa RicaPresentMinisterio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del Estad
CubaPresentEPPO, 2014
DominicaPresentEPPO, 2014
Dominican RepublicPresentEPPO, 2014
El SalvadorPresentEPPO, 2014
GrenadaWidespreadEPPO, 2014
GuadeloupePresentEPPO, 2014
GuatemalaPresentEPPO, 2014
HaitiPresentEPPO, 2014
JamaicaPresentEPPO, 2014
MartiniquePresentEPPO, 2014
MontserratPresentEPPO, 2014
NicaraguaPresentEPPO, 2014
PanamaPresentEPPO, 2014
Puerto RicoPresentEPPO, 2014
Saint Kitts and NevisPresentEPPO, 2014
Saint LuciaPresentEPPO, 2014
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesPresentEPPO, 2014
Trinidad and TobagoPresentEPPO, 2014
United States Virgin IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

BoliviaPresentEPPO, 2014
BrazilRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-BahiaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Espirito SantoPresentCulik et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014
-Minas GeraisPresentEPPO, 2014
-ParaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Rio de JaneiroPresentEPPO, 2014
-Rio Grande do NortePresentEPPO, 2014
-Santa CatarinaPresentEPPO, 2014
-Sao PauloPresentEPPO, 2014
ColombiaPresentEPPO, 2014
French GuianaPresentEPPO, 2014
GuyanaPresentEPPO, 2014
PeruPresentEPPO, 2014
SurinamePresentEPPO, 2014
VenezuelaPresentEPPO, 2014

EUROPE

PortugalRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-MadeiraPresentEPPO, 2014
UKPresent only under cover/indoorsMalumphy & Treseder, 2012

OCEANIA

American SamoaPresentEPPO, 2014
AustraliaRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
-QueenslandRestricted distributionEPPO, 2014
FijiPresentEPPO, 2014
French PolynesiaPresentEPPO, 2014
GuamPresentAPPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014
KiribatiPresentEPPO, 2014
Micronesia, Federated states ofPresentEPPO, 2014
NauruUnconfirmed recordCAB Abstracts
New CaledoniaPresentEPPO, 2014
NiuePresentAPPPC, 1987
Northern Mariana IslandsPresentEPPO, 2014
PalauPresentEPPO, 2014
Papua New GuineaPresentEPPO, 2014
SamoaPresentEPPO, 2014
TongaPresentEPPO, 2014
VanuatuPresentAPPPC, 1987

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Alpinia purpurata (red ginger)ZingiberaceaeUnknown
Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood)ApocynaceaeOther
Artocarpus (breadfruit trees)MoraceaeMain
Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeMain
Chrysanthemum (daisy)AsteraceaeUnknown
CitrusRutaceaeMain
Citrus deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin)RutaceaeUnknown
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeUnknown
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeOther
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeOther
Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeMain
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)RubiaceaeMain
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)ClusiaceaeOther
IxoraRubiaceaeUnknown
Jasminum (jasmine)OleaceaeOther
Mangifera indica (mango)AnacardiaceaeMain
ManicariaArecaceaeOther
Manihot esculenta (cassava)EuphorbiaceaeMain
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)SapotaceaeUnknown
Nerium oleander (oleander)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican frangipani)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Psidium guajava (guava)MyrtaceaeMain
RothmanniaRubiaceaeOther
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)SterculiaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

external feeding

Leaves

honeydew or sooty mould
honeydew or sooty mould

Stems

external feeding

Natural Enemies

Top of page
Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Anicetus annulatusParasiteIndia; Karnataka; India; Tamil Naducoffee; Vallaris solanacea
Aschersonia aleyrodesPathogenNymphs
Aschersonia placentaPathogenAdults/Nymphs
Azya luteipesPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Azya orbigeraPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Camponotus rufipesPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Cerapteroceroides similisParasite
Chilocorus cactiPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Chilocorus melanophthalmusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Chilocorus nigritaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Chilocorus politusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Coccophagus bogoriensisParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Coccophagus carideiParasiteAdults/NymphsPuerto Rico
Coccophagus ceroplastaeParasiteAdults/NymphsIndia; KarnatakaManilkara zapota; Vallaris solanacea
Coccophagus cowperiParasiteAdults/NymphsIndia; KarnatakaManilkara zapota; Vallaris solanacea
Coccophagus fallaxParasiteAdults/NymphsPuerto Rico
Coelophora atrolineataPredatorAdults/NymphsHawaii
Coelophora quadrivittataPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Creobota proleucellaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Cryptolaemus montrouzieriPredatorAdults/NymphsAustralia; Queensland; India; Tamil NaduCitrus; Plumeria rubra
Decadiomus hughesiPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Diversinervus stramineusParasite
Dorymyrmex insanusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Encyrtus lecaniorumParasiteIndia; Karnatakacoffee
Entomophthora lecaniiPathogenAdults/Nymphs
Eublemma costimaculaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Eublemma vacillansPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Exochomus quadripustulatusPredatorAdults/NymphsCape VerdeCitrus
Halmus chalybeusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Hypocrella javanicaPathogenAdults/Nymphs
Hypocrella raciborskiiPathogenAdults/Nymphs
Hypocrella reieckianaPathogenAdults/Nymphs
Jauravia pallidulaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Lecanicillium lecaniiPathogenAdults/NymphsIndia
Marietta leopardinaParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Metaphycus baruensisParasitePapua New Guineacoffee
Metaphycus helvolusParasiteIndia; Karnatakacoffee
Metaphycus lichtensiaeParasiteIndia; KarnatakaNerium oleander
Metaphycus luteolusParasiteHawaii
Metaphycus maculatusParasiteIndia; KarnatakaCitrus; Nerium oleander
Metaphycus stanleyiParasite
Microterys flavusParasiteIndia; Karnatakacoffee
Miletus boisduvaliPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Praleurocerus viridisParasite
Pseudoazya luteipesPredatorAdults/NymphsHawaii
Rhyzobius forestieriPredatorAdults/NymphsCape VerdeCitrus

References

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APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Arriola Padilla VJ, Estrada Martínez E, Romero Nápoles J, González Hernández H, Pérez Miranda R, 2016. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on ornamental plants in greenhouses from the central zone of the Morelos state, Mexico. (Insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) en plantas ornamentales en viveros de la zona centro del estado de Morelos, México.) Interciencia, 41(8):552-560. http://www.interciencia.org/v41_08/indexe.html

Bohlen E, 1973. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey.

Culik MP, Ventura JA, Martins Ddos S, 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) of pineapple in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the Sixth International Pineapple Symposium, Joao Pessoa, Brazil, 18-23 November 2007.], No.822:215-218. http://www.actahort.org

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Kohler G, 1976. Contribution to knowledge of the male of the green coffee coccid, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). (Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Mannchens der Grunen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae).) Beitrage zur Entomologie, 26(2):471-477.

Malumphy C, Treseder K, 2012. Green coffee scale Coccus viridis (Hemiptera: Coccidae), new to Britain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 25(4):217-223. http://www.benhs.org.uk

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado (Costa Rica), 2009. Listado de Plagas (insectos y ácaros) en cultivos de importancia económica en Costa Rica (C). http://www.protecnet.go.cr/laboratorios/plagcul/cultivoc.htm

Reddy SGE, Ruchi Sharma, 2015. First report of scale insects as pests of Kangra tea in Himachal Pradesh, India. Current Biotica, 9(3):289-292. http://www.currentbiotica.com/CB/Journals9-Issue-III/CB-9-3-Short-notes-4.pdf

Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.

Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map East Africa: PresentAntigua and Barbuda: Present
EPPO, 2014Angola: Present
EPPO, 2014American Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014Australia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBarbados: Present
EPPO, 2014Barbados: Present
EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Burkina Faso: Present
EPPO, 2014Benin: Present
EPPO, 2014Bermuda: Present
EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
Waterhouse, 1993Bolivia: Present
EPPO, 2014Brazil: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBahamas: Present
EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Present
Costa Rica: Present
Cuba: Present
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
EPPO, 2014Cape Verde: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominica: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Ethiopia: Present
EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
EPPO, 2014Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
EPPO, 2014UK: Present only under cover/indoors
Malumphy & Treseder, 2012Grenada: Widespread
EPPO, 2014French Guiana: Present
EPPO, 2014Ghana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Guadeloupe: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Guam: Present
APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
EPPO, 2014Kiribati: Present
EPPO, 2014Comoros: Present
EPPO, 2014Saint Kitts and Nevis: Present
EPPO, 2014Cayman Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Saint Lucia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
EPPO, 2014Mali: Present
EPPO, 2014Myanmar: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014Northern Mariana Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Martinique: Present
EPPO, 2014Montserrat: Present
EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
EPPO, 2014; Arriola et al., 2016Mexico: Present
EPPO, 2014; Arriola et al., 2016Malaysia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryNew Caledonia: Present
EPPO, 2014Niger: Present
EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Nauru: Unconfirmed recordNiue: Present
APPPC, 1987Panama: Present
EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
EPPO, 2014French Polynesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
EPPO, 2014Portugal: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPalau: Present
EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
EPPO, 2014Seychelles: Present
EPPO, 2014Singapore: Present
Waterhouse, 1993Sierra Leone: Present
EPPO, 2014Senegal: Present
EPPO, 2014Suriname: Present
EPPO, 2014Suriname: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Tome and Principe: Present
EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
EPPO, 2014Togo: Present
EPPO, 2014Thailand: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014Tonga: Present
EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
Bohlen, 1973; EPPO, 2014Uganda: Present
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
EPPO, 2014British Virgin Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014United States Virgin Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014Vanuatu: Present
APPPC, 1987Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
EPPO, 2014Zambia: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo Democratic Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Bangladesh: Present
EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
Waterhouse, 1993Indonesia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
EPPO, 2014Java: Present
EPPO, 2014Sumatra: Present
EPPO, 2014India: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Assam: Present
EPPO, 2014Bihar: Present
EPPO, 2014Himachal Pradesh: Present
Reddy & Ruchi, 2015Kerala: Present
EPPO, 2014Karnataka: Present
EPPO, 2014Tamil Nadu: Present
EPPO, 2014Uttar Pradesh: Unconfirmed recordSri Lanka: Present
EPPO, 2014Myanmar: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Peninsular Malaysia: Present
EPPO, 2014Sabah: Present
EPPO, 2014Sarawak: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
EPPO, 2014Singapore: Present
Waterhouse, 1993Thailand: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
Waterhouse, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) UK: Present only under cover/indoors
Malumphy & Treseder, 2012Portugal: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (africa) East Africa: PresentAngola: Present
EPPO, 2014Burkina Faso: Present
EPPO, 2014Benin: Present
EPPO, 2014Côte d'Ivoire: Present
EPPO, 2014Cameroon: Present
EPPO, 2014Cape Verde: Present
EPPO, 2014Ethiopia: Present
EPPO, 2014Ghana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
EPPO, 2014Comoros: Present
EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
EPPO, 2014Mali: Present
EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
EPPO, 2014Niger: Present
EPPO, 2014Nigeria: Present
EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
EPPO, 2014Seychelles: Present
EPPO, 2014Sierra Leone: Present
EPPO, 2014Senegal: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Tome and Principe: Present
EPPO, 2014Togo: Present
EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
Bohlen, 1973; EPPO, 2014Uganda: Present
EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
EPPO, 2014Zambia: Present
EPPO, 2014Congo Democratic Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Bermuda: Present
EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
EPPO, 2014; Arriola et al., 2016Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
EPPO, 2014Hawaii: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Antigua and Barbuda: Present
EPPO, 2014Barbados: Present
EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Present
Cuba: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominica: Present
EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
EPPO, 2014Grenada: Widespread
EPPO, 2014Guadeloupe: Present
EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
EPPO, 2014Saint Kitts and Nevis: Present
EPPO, 2014Cayman Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014Saint Lucia: Present
EPPO, 2014Martinique: Present
EPPO, 2014Montserrat: Present
EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
EPPO, 2014; Arriola et al., 2016Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
EPPO, 2014Suriname: Present
EPPO, 2014El Salvador: Present
EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
EPPO, 2014USA: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
EPPO, 2014Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
EPPO, 2014British Virgin Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014United States Virgin Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Barbados: Present
EPPO, 2014Bolivia: Present
EPPO, 2014Brazil: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Bahia: Present
EPPO, 2014Espirito Santo: Present
Culik et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014Minas Gerais: Present
EPPO, 2014Para: Present
EPPO, 2014Rio de Janeiro: Present
EPPO, 2014Rio Grande do Norte: Present
EPPO, 2014Santa Catarina: Present
EPPO, 2014Sao Paulo: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Present
French Guiana: Present
EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
EPPO, 2014Peru: Present
EPPO, 2014Suriname: Present
EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) American Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014Australia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Queensland: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Fiji: Present
EPPO, 2014Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
EPPO, 2014Guam: Present
APPPC, 1987; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Restricted distribution
EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
EPPO, 2014Kiribati: Present
EPPO, 2014Northern Mariana Islands: Present
EPPO, 2014New Caledonia: Present
EPPO, 2014Nauru: Unconfirmed recordNiue: Present
APPPC, 1987French Polynesia: Present
EPPO, 2014Papua New Guinea: Present
EPPO, 2014Philippines: Present
EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
EPPO, 2014Tonga: Present
EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
EPPO, 2014Vanuatu: Present
APPPC, 1987Samoa: Present
EPPO, 2014