Ceroplastes rubens (red wax scale)

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893

Preferred Common Name

• red wax scale

Other Scientific Names

• Ceroplastes myricae Green, 1900
• Ceroplastes rubens var. minor Maskell, 1897

International Common Names

• English: pink wax scale; ruby wax scale; wax scale, pink; wax scale, red; wax scale, ruby
• Spanish: cochinilla cerosa roja
• French: ceroplaste rubi; cochenille cireuse rouge

Local Common Names

• Germany: Rote Wachsschildlaus; Schildlaus, Rote Wachs-
• Japan: rubi-romusi

EPPO code

• CERPRB (Ceroplastes rubens)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Arthropoda
•             Subphylum: Uniramia
•                 Class: Insecta
•                     Order: Hemiptera
•                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
•                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
•                                 Family: Coccidae
•                                     Genus: Ceroplastes
•                                         Species: Ceroplastes rubens

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Host plants/Plants Affected

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms

Natural Enemies

References

Ali SM, 1971. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea (Part V) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Museum Bulletin, 6:7-82.

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Bellis GA, Donaldson JF, Carver M, Hancock DL, Fletcher MJ, 2004. Records of insect pests on Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Australian Entomologist, 31(3):93-102.

Ben-Dov Y, 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Gainesville, USA: Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., 536 pp.

CABI, 1990. Institute of Entomology. Distribution Maps of Pests. Series A (Agricultural). Map No. 118. First revision, December 1990. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Chen DM, Chen WM, Li XB, Chen LX, Zhang CZ, Jing LF, 1992. Systematic screening of selective pesticides and analysis of the benefits of various pesticide combinations against major citrus pests. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 19(4):351-357; 6 ref.

CIE, 1960. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. Distribution Maps of Pests. Series A (Agricultural). Map No. 118. December 1960. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Daneel M, Merwe Svan der, Jager Kde, 1994. Sporadic scales affecting mango. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association, 14:72-74; 7 ref.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Gausman HW, Hart WG, 1974. Reflectance of sooty mold fungus on citrus leaves over the 2.5 to 40-micrometer wavelength interval. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67(4):479-480

Gimpel WF, Miller DR, Davidson JA, 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). Maryland, USA: University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841, 1-85.

Green EE, 1909. The Coccidae of Ceylon. London: Dulauc Company.

Hamon AB, Williams ML, 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, 11:1-94.

Hodgson CJ, 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 639 pp.

Itioka T, Inoue T, 1991. Settling-site selection and survival of two scale insects, Ceroplastes rubens and C. ceriferus, on citrus trees. Researches on Population Ecology, 33(1):69-85

Itioka T, Inoue T, 1996. The consequences of ant-attendance to the biological control of the red wax scale insect Ceroplastes rubens by Anicetus beneficus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(3):609-618; 32 ref.

Jiang H, Gu HG, 1983. An investigation on parasitoids of red wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell. Natural Enemies of Insects, 5(4):249-250

Kim HongSun, Moon DuckYoung, Kwon HyeogMo, 1994. Studies on integrated control of citrus pests. 3. Suppressive effects of the red wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens) density by a parasitic natural enemy, Anicetus beneficus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). RDA Journal of Agricultural Science, Crop Protection, 36(2):373-377

Kondo T, 2008. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), a new coccid record for Colombia. Boletín del Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle (BHEUV), 9(1):66-68. http://entomologia.univalle.edu.co/boletin/boletin.htm

Kondo T, Muñoz JA, 2016. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi, No.0465:1-24. http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/default.asp?action=insectamundi&id=insecta_new&year=2016

Kuwana SI, 1923. Studies on the genus Leucaspis in Japan. Journal of the Zoological Society of Japan, 35:321-324.

Loch AD, 1997. Natural enemies of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in southeastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology, 36(3):303-306; 30 ref.

Loch AD, Zalucki MP, 1997. Variation in length, fecundity and survival of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45(4):399-407; 30 ref.

Medina Gaud S, Garcia Tuduri J, 1977. New arthropod records for Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 61(3):409-412

Merrifield LE, Howcroft NS, 1975. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell damage of Pinus caribpa Morelet with notes on the scale's preference of certain clones as host material (Hemiptera : Coccidae). Silvp Genetica, 24(4):110-113

Nakaha S, 1981. List of Hawaiian Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 23:387-424.

Noda T, Kitamura C, Takahashi S, Takagi K, Kashio T, Tanaka M, 1982. Host selection behaviour of Anicetus beneficus Ishii et Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) I. Ovipositional behavior for the natural host Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17(3):350-357

Parida BB, Moharana S, 1982. Studies on the chromosome constitution of 42 species of scale insect (Coccoidea: Homoptera) from India. Chromosome Information Service, Tokyo, 32:18-20.

Qin TK, Gullan PJ, 1994. Taxonomy of the wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) in Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 8(4):923-959

Sabine BNE, 1969. Insecticidal control of citrus pests in coastal central Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science, 26:83-88.

Sands DPA, 1984. Dissolving wax from scale insects: a method for assessing parasitism and determining instars of Ceroplastes spp. and Gascardia destructor (Newstead) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 23(4):295-296

Schönfeld U, 2015. Coccoidea species in Brandenburg. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.) Journal für Kulturpflanzen, 67(10):337-341. http://www.journal-kulturpflanzen.de

Smith D, 1976. The seasonal history and control of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell on citrus in south-east Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 33(1):23-30

Smith D, 1986. Biological control of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, by the introduced parasitoid Anicetus beneficus Ishii and Yasumatsu. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 43(2):101-105

Takahashi R, Tachikawa T, 1956. Scale insects of Shikoku (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 5:1-17.

Tao CC, Wong C, Chang Y, 1983. Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum, 36(1):57-107

Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.

Williams DJ, Watson GW, 1990. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 267 pp.

Xia CaiYun, Zhang Wei, Sun XingQuan, Li HuiPing, Dai GuangHui, 2005. Observations on biological habits of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell in Shanghai. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University - Agricultural Science, 23(4):439-442.

Zheng SP, Wang GC, Chen HK, 1990. Studies on the pathogenicity of Fusarium species occurring on the red wax scale Ceroplastes rubens Maskll and the tortoise wax scale Ceroplastes japonicus Grenn. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis, 1(Suppl. 2):4-9; 9 ref.

Zimmerman EC, 1948. Insects of Hawaii. Vol 4. Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

Download KML file Download CSV file

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

OK Cancel

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

OK Cancel