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Datasheet

Ceroplastes floridensis (soft scale)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 05 October 2015
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Host Animal
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Ceroplastes floridensis
  • Preferred Common Name
  • soft scale
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Florida wax scales on citrus leaf.
TitleWax scales
CaptionFlorida wax scales on citrus leaf.
CopyrightNOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland
Florida wax scales on citrus leaf.
Wax scalesFlorida wax scales on citrus leaf.NOVARTIS Crop Protection AG, Basel Switzerland

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881

Preferred Common Name

  • soft scale

Other Scientific Names

  • Cerostegia floridensis (Comstock) De Lotto, 1969
  • Paracerostegia floridensis (Comstock) Tang, 1991

International Common Names

  • English: Florida wax scale; wax scale, Florida
  • Spanish: cochinilla perla pociedrica; escama cerosa de la Florida; escama de cera; guagua de cera de Florida
  • French: ceroplaste de Floride; cochenille de Floride

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Florida schildlaus; Schildlaus, Florida-; Wachsschildlaus, Florida-
  • Israel: knimat hashaava hafloridit
  • Italy: Ceroplaste di Florida
  • Turkey: kanli balsira

EPPO code

  • CERPFL (Ceroplastes floridensis)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Hemiptera
  •                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
  •                             Superfamily: Coccoidea
  •                                 Family: Coccidae
  •                                     Genus: Ceroplastes
  •                                         Species: Ceroplastes floridensis

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Brunei DarussalamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
ChinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-FujianPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-GuizhouPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-HebeiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Hong KongPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-HunanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-JiangsuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-MacauPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-YunnanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-ZhejiangPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Georgia (Republic of)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
IndiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Andaman and Nicobar IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1991
-AssamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-BiharPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-KarnatakaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-KeralaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1991
-OdishaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1982
-Tamil NaduPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-West BengalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
IndonesiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Irian JayaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-JavaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, pre-1940
-SulawesiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1985
IranPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
IsraelPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
JapanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Bonin IslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-KyushuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Ryukyu ArchipelagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-ShikokuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
JordanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Korea, Republic ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
LebanonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-SabahPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-SarawakPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
OmanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1987
PakistanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Saudi ArabiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1989
Sri LankaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
SyriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
TaiwanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
TurkeyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014
VietnamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014

AFRICA

ComorosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
EgyptPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
KenyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1929
LibyaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
MadagascarPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
MauritiusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
MozambiquePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
RéunionPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
SeychellesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Sierra LeonePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
South AfricaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1954
TanzaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-ZanzibarPresentNHM, 1913
TunisiaPresentJendoubi et al., 2012
UgandaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; CIE, 1982; EPPO, 2014

NORTH AMERICA

BermudaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
USAPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-CaliforniaAbsent, unreliable recordCABI/EPPO, 2010
-FloridaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-GeorgiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-HawaiiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-LouisianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-MarylandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-MississippiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-New JerseyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-New MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-New YorkPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-North CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-South CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-TexasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-VirginiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-WashingtonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Antigua and BarbudaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
BahamasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
BarbadosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
BelizePresentEPPO, 2014
British Virgin IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Cayman IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014; NHM, 1970
Costa RicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
CubaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
CuraçaoPresentBen-Dov, 1993
DominicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Dominican RepublicPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
GrenadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
GuadeloupePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
GuatemalaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
HaitiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
HondurasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
JamaicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
MartiniquePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
MontserratPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Netherlands AntillesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
NicaraguaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
PanamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Puerto RicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Saint Kitts and NevisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Saint LuciaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Trinidad and TobagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
United States Virgin IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014

SOUTH AMERICA

BrazilPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Espirito SantoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Culik et al., 2007; EPPO, 2014
-Minas GeraisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Rio de JaneiroPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-Rio Grande do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
ColombiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
EcuadorPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
GuyanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014

EUROPE

CyprusPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
FrancePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-France (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
GreecePresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-CretePresentEPPO, 2014
ItalyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
-Italy (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2010
MaltaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
PortugalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-MadeiraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
SpainAbsent, reported but not confirmedCABI/EPPO, 2010; NHM, 1991
-Spain (mainland)Absent, reported but not confirmedCABI/EPPO, 2010

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-New South WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
GuamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Micronesia, Federated states ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Northern Mariana IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
PalauPresentCABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Acacia farnesiana (huisache)FabaceaeOther
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)AnacardiaceaeOther
AnnonaAnnonaceaeOther
Annona cherimola (cherimoya)AnnonaceaeOther
Annona muricata (soursop)AnnonaceaeOther
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart)AnnonaceaeOther
Annona squamosa (sugar apple)AnnonaceaeOther
ArbutusEricaceaeOther
Arbutus unedo (arbutus)EricaceaeOther
Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeOther
CarissaApocynaceaeOther
Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon)PinaceaeOther
Chrysanthemum indicum (chrysanthemum)AsteraceaeOther
CitrusRutaceaeMain
Citrus aurantiifolia (lime)RutaceaeMain
Citrus deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin)RutaceaeMain
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)RutaceaeMain
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)RutaceaeMain
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)RutaceaeMain
Cocos nucifera (coconut)ArecaceaeMain
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)RubiaceaeOther
Convolvulus (morning glory)ConvolvulaceaeOther
Cycas revoluta (sago cycas)CycadaceaeOther
Cydonia oblonga (quince)RosaceaeOther
Diospyros (malabar ebony)EbenaceaeOther
Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive)ElaeagnaceaeOther
ElaeodendronCelastraceaeOther
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)RosaceaeOther
EugeniaMyrtaceaeOther
Euonymus japonicus (japanese spindle)CelastraceaeOther
Feijoa sellowiana (Horn of plenty)MyrtaceaeOther
FicusMoraceaeOther
Ficus carica (fig)MoraceaeOther
Hedera (Ivy)AraliaceaeOther
HeliconiaHeliconiaceaeOther
Ilex (Holly)AquifoliaceaeOther
Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle)LythraceaeOther
Laurus (laurel)LauraceaeOther
Laurus nobilis (sweet bay)LauraceaeOther
Lindera benzoin (spicebush)LauraceaeOther
Malpighia glabra (acerola)MalpighiaceaeMain
Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree)RosaceaeOther
Mangifera indica (mango)AnacardiaceaeMain
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)SapotaceaeOther
Morus alba (mora)MoraceaeOther
Musa (banana)MusaceaeOther
Myrtus communis (myrtle)MyrtaceaeOther
Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan)SapindaceaeOther
Nerium oleander (oleander)ApocynaceaeOther
PerseaLauraceaeOther
PhilodendronAraceaeOther
Pinus (pines)PinaceaeOther
Pistacia lentiscus (mastic)AnacardiaceaeOther
PittosporumPittosporaceaeOther
Platanus (planes)PlatanaceaeOther
Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican frangipani)ApocynaceaeOther
Prunus persica (peach)RosaceaeOther
Psidium guajava (guava)MyrtaceaeOther
Punica granatum (pomegranate)PunicaceaeOther
Pyrus communis (European pear)RosaceaeOther
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)MyrtaceaeMain
Vaccinium (blueberries)EricaceaeOther
Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube)RhamnaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

honeydew or sooty mould

Growing point

external feeding

Leaves

abnormal colours
abnormal leaf fall
external feeding
honeydew or sooty mould
internal feeding
wilting

Stems

external feeding
honeydew or sooty mould

Whole plant

external feeding

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Anicetus beneficusParasiteAdults/NymphsIsraelCitrus
Anicetus ceroplastisParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Aprostocetus ceroplastaeParasiteAdults/NymphsEgyptoranges
Blastobasis lecaniellaPredatorAdults/Nymphs
CephaletaParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Cheiracanthium mildeiPredatorAdults/NymphsIsraelgrapefruits
Cheletogenes ornatusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Chilocorus renipustulatusPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Coccophagus ceroplastaeParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Coccophagus hawaiiensisParasiteAdults/NymphsIsraelCitrus
Coccophagus lycimniaParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Cryptolaemus montrouzieriPredator
Cybocephalus micansPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Diversinervus elegansParasite
Eccopsia bodkiniPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Encarsia citrinaParasiteAdults/NymphsEgyptoranges
Metaphycus eruptorParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Metaphycus flavusParasiteAdults/NymphsEgyptoranges
Metaseiulus occidentalisPredatorAdults/Nymphs
Microterys clauseniParasiteIsraelCitrus
Microterys flavusParasiteEgyptoranges
Microterys nietneriParasiteAdults/Nymphs
Microterys speciosusParasiteIsraelCitrus
Moranila californicaPredatorEggs
Scutellista caeruleaPredatorEggsIsraelCitrus
Vitula tobogaPredatorAdults/Nymphs

References

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Abbas MST, 1992. Comparative rates of infestation by four scale insects on citrus trees with special reference to rates of parasitism on the purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 70(2):477-486; 7 ref.

Argov Y, Schneider B, Rosen D, 1992. Parasitism of Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, on citrus in Israel. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 55(1):21-31

Argyriou LC, Kourmadas AL, 1980. Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock an important pest of citrus trees in pgean islands. Fruits, 35(11):705-708

Balachowsky AS, 1933. Sur la biologie de 'Ceroplastes floridensis' Comst. et sur la repartition géographique des Ceroplastes dans la region palearctique (Hem. Coccidae). Proceedings 5e Congres International d'Entomologie (Paris 1932), 5:79-87.

Ben-Dov Y, 1970. The wax scales of the genus Ceroplastes Gray (Homoptera: Coccidae) and their parasites in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 5:83-92.

Ben-Dov Y, 1976. Phenology of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae), on citrus in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 4(1):3-7

Ben-Dov Y, 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Gainesville, USA: Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., 536 pp.

Browning HW, 1994. Classical biological control of citrus scale insects. In Rosen D, Bennett FD, Capinera JL, eds. Pest management in the subtropics: biological control - a Florida perspective. Andover, UK: Intercept Limited, 49-78.

CABI/EPPO, 2010. Ceroplastes floridensis. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 440 (1st revision).

CIE, 1982. Distribution Maps of Pests. No. 440. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Culik MP, Martins Ddos S, Ventura JA, Peronti ALBG, Gullan PJ, Kondo T, 2007. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 7(3):61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Gimpel WF, Miller DR, Davidson JA, 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). Maryland, USA: University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication 841, 1-85.

Hamon AB, Williams ML, 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, 11:1-94.

Helmy EI, Abdel-Megeed MI, El-Immry SM, 1991. Comparative potency of certain insecticides against Ceroplastes floridensis (Comst.). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 69(1):155-162; 15 ref.

Huang J, Huang BK, 1988. Bionomics of Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Hom. Coccidae) and its hymenopterous parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Journal of Fujian Agricultural College, 17(1):31-37

Jendoubi H, Suma P, Russo A, 2012. First records of Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Tunisia. Entomological News, 122(3):247-249. http://www.bioone.org/loi/entn

Kawai S, 1980. Scale Insects of Japan in Colours. Tokyo, Japan: National Agriculture Education Association, 455 pp.

Kosztarab M, 1996. Scale Insects of North Eastern North America: identification, biology, and distribution. Martinsville, USA: Virginia Museum of Natural History, 650 pp.

Krombein KV, Hurd PD Jr., Smith DR, Burks BD, 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Mansour F, Whitecomb WH, 1986. The spiders of a citrus grove in Israel and their role as biocontrol agents of Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae). Entomophaga, 31(3):269-276

Peleg BA, Bar Zakay I, Ascher KRS, Ben-Dov Y, 1995. The pest status of citrus scale insects in Israel (1984-1994). Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, held in Bet Dagan, Israel, June 12-17 1994. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:261-264.

Pellizzari G, Camporese P, 1994. The Ceroplastes species (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Mediterranean Basin with emphasis on C. japonicus Green. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 30(2):175-192

Podoler H, Dreishpoun Y, Rosen D, 1981. Population dynamics of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Israel. 1. A partial life-table. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 2(1):81-91

Salem SA, Zaki FN, 1984. Economic threshold level of the citrus wax scale Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock on citrus, Egypt. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, No. 65:333-344

Schneider B, Podoler H, Rosen D, 1987. Population dynamics of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae), on citrus in Israel. 2. Spatial distribution. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 8(1):67-78

Sun JZ, Qian ZG, Liu FL, Song HW, Wen TH, Ma PY, Wang YC, Li YL, 1989. Study on the techniques for integrated control of the major diseases and insects of Zizyphus jujuba. Forest Science and Technology, No. 4:1-4

Swailem SM, Ismail II, Ahmed NMAS, 1976. Population studies on the citrus wax scale insect, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, in different regions in Egypt (Homoptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, No. 60:229-237

Tang FT, 1991. The Coccidae of China. Taiyuan, China: Shanxi United Universities Press.

Ülgentürk S, Sahin Ö, Ayhan B, Saribasak H, Kaydan MB, 2012. Coccoidea (Hemiptera) species of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani) in Turkey. (Türkiye'de Toros sedirinin (Cedrus libani) Coccoidea (Hemiptera) türleri.) Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 36(1):113-121. http://entomoloji.ege.edu.tr/files/Arsiv/2012_36_1/2012_36_1_113-121.pdf

Vidyasagar PSPV, Koya KMA, Devasahayam S, Premkumar T, 1989. Record of wax scale Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Homoptera: Coccidae) infesting clove seedlings in Kerala, India. Entomon, 14(3-4):359-360

Williams DJ, Watson GW, 1990. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 267 pp.

Williams ML, Kosztarab M, 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Research Division Bulletin of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 74:1-215.

Yardeni A, 1987. Evaluation of wind dispersed soft scale crawlers (Homoptera: Coccidae), in the infestation of a citrus grove in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 21:25-31.

Yardeni A, Rosen D, 1990. Wind dispersal and pattern of colonization of Ceroplastes floridensis on citrus in Israel. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, Part II. Cracow, Poland, August 6-12, 1990. Cracow, Poland: Agricultural University Press, 125-128.

Yardeni A, Shapira E, Ascher KRS, Ben-Dov Y, 1995. Thinning populations of the Florida wax scale, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Coccidae), by use of potassium nitrate and spray oil, as an option in IPM of citrus groves in Israel. Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, held in Bet Dagan, Israel, June 12-17 1994. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:271-276.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map Antigua and Barbuda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Netherlands Antilles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBarbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bermuda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Curaçao: Present
Ben-Dov, 1993Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Dominica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ecuador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014France
See regional map for distribution within the countryGrenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guadeloupe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Greece
See regional map for distribution within the countryGreece
See regional map for distribution within the countryGuatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIsrael: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Comoros: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saint Kitts and Nevis: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Cayman Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saint Lucia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Northern Mariana Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Martinique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Montserrat: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMozambique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPalau: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Seychelles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Jendoubi et al., 2012Tunisia: Present
Jendoubi et al., 2012Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Tanzania
See regional map for distribution within the countryUganda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; CIE, 1982; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countrySaint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014British Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014United States Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT

Distribution map (asia) Bangladesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Fujian: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guizhou: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Hebei: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Hong Kong: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Hunan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jiangsu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Macau: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Yunnan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Zhejiang: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Java: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Sulawesi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014India: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Assam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bihar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Kerala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Karnataka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Odisha: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Tamil Nadu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Uttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014West Bengal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Japan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bonin Island: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Kyushu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ryukyu Archipelago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Shikoku: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Korea, Republic of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Sri Lanka: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Peninsular Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Sabah: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Sarawak: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Pakistan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Vietnam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (europe) Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014France: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014France (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Crete: Present
EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Italy: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Italy (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Portugal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Jendoubi et al., 2012Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (africa) Cyprus: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Egypt: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Greece: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Crete: Present
EPPO, 2014Israel: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Iran: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jordan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Kenya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Comoros: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Lebanon: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Libya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Madagascar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Malta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Mauritius: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Mozambique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Oman: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Madeira: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Réunion: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saudi Arabia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Seychelles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Sierra Leone: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Syria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Tunisia: Present
Jendoubi et al., 2012Turkey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; Ülgentürk et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014Tanzania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Zanzibar: PresentUganda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; CIE, 1982; EPPO, 2014South Africa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (north america) Bermuda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Georgia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Hawaii: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Louisiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Maryland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Mississippi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014North Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014New Jersey: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014New Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014New York: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014South Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Texas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Virginia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Washington: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (central america) Antigua and Barbuda: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Netherlands Antilles: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Bahamas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Belize: Present
EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Curaçao: Present
Ben-Dov, 1993Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Cuba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Dominica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Dominican Republic: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Grenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guadeloupe: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guatemala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Haiti: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Jamaica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Saint Kitts and Nevis: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Cayman Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Saint Lucia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Martinique: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Montserrat: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Puerto Rico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014USA: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Florida: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014British Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014United States Virgin Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (south america) Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Brazil: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Espirito Santo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Culik et al., 2007; EPPO, 2014Minas Gerais: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Rio de Janeiro: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Rio Grande do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Colombia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Ecuador: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Guyana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Nicaragua: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Panama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Trinidad and Tobago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014New South Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014China: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Guam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Indonesia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Irian Jaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Sulawesi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; EPPO, 2014Northern Mariana Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Palau: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014Taiwan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2010; Ben-Dov, 1993; EPPO, 2014