Iva xanthiifolia

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Invasive habit Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); on a ruderal site, next to a warehouse. Galanta, Slovakia. August, 2012. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2012	Invasive habit	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); on a ruderal site, next to a warehouse. Galanta, Slovakia. August, 2012.	©Swen Follak-2012
Title Leaves Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); light greyish-green leaves, with lobed to double serrated leaf margins. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2009	Leaves	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); light greyish-green leaves, with lobed to double serrated leaf margins.	©Swen Follak-2009
Title Developing flowers Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); developing flowers. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2014	Developing flowers	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); developing flowers.	©Swen Follak-2014
Title Developing flowers Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); close-up of developing flowers. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2014	Developing flowers	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); close-up of developing flowers.	©Swen Follak-2014
Title Flowering habit Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); plant in full bloom. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2009	Flowering habit	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); plant in full bloom.	©Swen Follak-2009
Title Ripening seed-heads Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); ripening seed-heads. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2009	Ripening seed-heads	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); ripening seed-heads.	©Swen Follak-2009
Title Invasive habit Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); mature plant in maize crop. Plant >300cm in height. Surany, Slovakia. September, 2009. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2014	Invasive habit	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); mature plant in maize crop. Plant >300cm in height. Surany, Slovakia. September, 2009.	©Swen Follak-2014
Title Invasive habit Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); mature plants on edge of a harvested cereal field. Nove Samke, Slovakia. August, 2013. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2013	Invasive habit	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); mature plants on edge of a harvested cereal field. Nove Samke, Slovakia. August, 2013.	©Swen Follak-2013
Title Invasive habit Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); on wasteland, adjacent Warszawa Zachodnia railway station. Warszawa, Poland. August, 2014. Copyright ©Swen Follak	Invasive habit	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); on wasteland, adjacent Warszawa Zachodnia railway station. Warszawa, Poland. August, 2014.	©Swen Follak
Title Seedling Caption Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); small plant at six leaf stage. Copyright ©Swen Follak-2011	Seedling	Iva xanthiifolia (giant sumpweed, marsh-elder); small plant at six leaf stage.	©Swen Follak-2011

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Iva xanthiifolia Nutt.

Other Scientific Names

• Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.

International Common Names

• English: burweed marsh elder; burweed marshelder; burweed marshelder; carelessweed; false ragweed; giant marshelder; giant sumpweed; horseweed; marsh elder; marshelder; rag sumpweed

Local Common Names

• Austria: Rispenkrauts

Summary of Invasiveness

I. xanthiifolia is an annual herb native to North America. It has been introduced to Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, where it is invasive. The pollen of I. xanthiifolia can induce allergic diseases and it may become a serious source of allergens in Europe.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Asterales
•                         Family: Asteraceae
•                             Species: Iva xanthiifolia

Description

Adapted from Bayer CropScience (2013):

I. xanthiifolia is a tall, robust annual species 30-200 (-300) cm tall. It produces a taproot.

Stems are moderately branched, greyish-green, smooth, up to 1-2 m.

Leaves are broad, mostly opposite, later alternate, light grayish-green, lower surface covered with small silky, soft hairs, with toothed margins, 5-20 cm long and 3-15 cm wide; ovate to broadly ovate, margins coarsely serrate to lobed, often double serrate.

Distribution

I. xanthiifolia is a native of the North American prairies, but has now spread to large areas of southern USA and parts of southernmost Canada. It has been introduced to Central and Eastern Europe and western Asia, although it is rare in central Europe except for in big cities and in areas along the rivers Rhine and Elbe (Follak 2009; Follak et al., 2013).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

Adapted from Follak et al. (2013):

I. xanthiifolia was first introduced to Europe in the mid-19th century, although it remained rare until the middle of the 20^th century (Follak, 2009).

It was first recorded in Germany in 1858, near a botanical garden in Potsdam. The first record for Switzerland was in Basel in 1902; Slovakia in 1934; Austria (Vienna) in 1942; the Czech Republic (Prague) in 1948; southern Hungary (Mezohegyes) in 1950; Serbia (Novi Sad)  in 1966; Slovenia in 1970 and Croatia (Ðurdancima) in 1976 (Z?ivanovic et al., 2012).

Its frequency at ship ports along the rivers Rhine and Elbe indicates it was mainly introduced into central and Eastern Europe via grain and oil-seeds from North America before World War II. Later, imports of grain by railway from infested sites in its secondary range in the former USSR led to several new introductions and contributed to a scattered distribution in Slovakia, Czech Republic and eastern Germany. Short-distance spread from these invasion foci led to the substantial contemporary acceleration of the rate of spread, particularly into ruderal habitats.

Risk of Introduction

The spread of I. xanthiifolia in Eastern Europe appears to be associated with land use, with the species increasingly found in ruderal habitats associated with transport infrastructure (Follak et al., 2013). It is therefore possible that I. xanthiifolia will spread further via roadsides and along railways. In the Vojvodina region of Serbia, Radanovic et al. (2012) found roads and railways to be the primary routes for range expansion for I. xanthiifolia. It has also been frequently found along the rivers Rhine and Elbe, where ship ports provided a point of entry.

Follak et al. (2013) predicted that I. xanthiifolia is most likely to spread further in the lowland regions in the east and south of Eastern Europe, as opposed to the cool mountainous regions in the Alps and most parts of western Germany and Croatia. They listed invasion hotspots as southern and eastern Slovakia (Bratislava, Nitra and Košice districts), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), south-eastern Hungary (Csongrád and Békés counties), the easternmost part of Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria) and eastern Germany (such as the Dresden Basin).

Edler and Steinmann (2012) concluded that further establishment of I. xanthifolia in northern Germany was most likely in humus-rich soils, although they noted that under changing climatic conditions the spread of the plant in northern Germany may be hampered. Conversely, Follak et al. (2013) reported that even moderate climate warming would result in a significant distribution increase of I. xanthiifolia in Central and Eastern Europe.

Habitat

‘Iva xanthiifolia is a native of the North American prairies, where it occurs on sandy and silty river alluvials, in river and stream beds and occasionally as a weed in moist places’ (Follak et al., 2013).

In its invasive range in Europe, I. xanthiifolia often occupies disturbed land, although it is increasingly found in fields. It is also found along roads, railways, river dikes and their flood areas (Radanovic et al., 2012). It is rare or absent in mountainous regions. In Central and Eastern Europe I. xanthiifolia is found most frequently in warm continental lowlands (Follak et al., 2013).

Hosts/Species Affected

I. xanthifolia has been recorded infesting sugarbeet fields in Serbia (Marisavljevic et al., 2005). In Hungary, encroaching I. xanthifolia threatens spring-sown row crops, such as sunflower, maize and sugarbeet (Zalai and Németh, 2007). It can also cause considerable damage to sunflower plantations in Hungary (Hódi and Torma, 2000).

Biology and Ecology

Reproductive Biology

I. xanthiifolia is wind-pollinated. It produces between 35,000 and 50,000 (maximum 105,000) seeds per plant (Milanova, 2001).

Environmental Requirements

‘The optimum soil depth required for emergence of [I. xanthiifolia] seeds is 1-2 cm for the conditions of sandy loam soil’ (Milanova, 2001).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Several pathways (soil transport, seeds attached to harvesters, agricultural machines and vehicles) particularly enhance the dispersal of I. xanthiifolia (Follak et al., 2013). I. xanthiifolia can also spread via contaminated grain imports and bird seed (Follak, 2009).

In the Vojvodina region of Serbia, Radanovic et al. (2012) found roads and railways to be the primary routes for range expansion for I. xanthiifolia.

Economic Impact

I. xanthiifolia can locally invades several crops and may cause substantial yield losses. It has become an important agricultural weed in the Slovakian Danubian Lowland, Vojvodina in Serbia and the Southern Great Plain in Hungary, whereas in the other countries in Central and Eastern Europe it only occasionally colonizes fields (Follak et al., 2013). Lactating cows that ingest I. xanthiifolia leaves produce bitter-tasting milk (CBIF, 2009).

Social Impact

The pollen of I. xanthiifolia can induce allergic diseases. Along with Ambrosioa artemisiifolia it is the primary source of allergens in Romania in the summer (Hodis¸an, 2009).

Uses

Wang et al. (2007) suggested that I. xanthifolia could be used to substitute some components of young rabbit forage, as it was palatable to them and had no toxic effects.

Prevention and Control

Marisavljevic et al. (2005) reported successful treatment of I. xanthifolia in a sugarbeet field in Serbia with a split application of triflusulfuron-methyl + phenmedipham + desmedipham and metamitron. There was also a good effect with a single application of triflusulfuron-methyl, phenmedipham + desmedipham and metamitron, and a split application of triflusulfuron-methyl and phenmediphan + desmediphan.

In laboratory experiments, Hódi and Torma (2000) reported no significant difference between the germination of untreated I. xanthifolia and I. xanthifolia treated with bifenox, pendimethalin, flurochloridone, chlorbromuron, linuron, prometryn, metobromuron, lenacil, terbutryn or oxyfluorfen

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

From Follak et al. (2013):

'Because of their significant potential impact on public health, future spread of I. xanthiifolia [in Central and Eastern Europe] should be monitored and management strategies (e.g. raising awareness, early control) should urgently be implemented.'

References

Bayer CropScience, 2013. Iva xanthiifolia. http://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/Crop-Compendium/Pests-Diseases-Weeds/Weeds/Iva-xanthiifolia

CBIF, 2009. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=107&p_type=all&p_sci=sci&p_x=pp

Edler B, Steinmann HH, 2012. Study on emergence and early establishment of Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. under changing climatic conditions in Northern Germany. (Untersuchungen zu Auflauf und Etablierung von Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. unter veränderten Umweltbedingungen in Norddeutschland.) Julius-Kühn-Archiv [Proceedings, 25th German Conference on Weed Biology and Weed Control, Volume 2, Braunschweig, Germany, March 13-15, 2012.], 2(434):587-594. http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/JKA/issue/archive

Follak S, 2009. Presence and potential spread of Rispenkrauts (Iva xanthiifolia) in Osterreich. (Vorkommen und potenzielle Verbreitung des Rispenkrauts (Iva xanthiifolia) in Österreich.) Botanica Helvetica, 119(1):7-12. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x874337628567681/

Follak S, Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Moser D, Essl F, 2013. Invasion dynamics of three allergenic invasive Asteraceae (Ambrosia trifida, Artemisia annua, Iva xanthiifolia) in central and eastern Europe. Preslia, 85(1):41-61. http://www.ibot.cas.cz/preslia/P131Follak.pdf

GBIF, 2015. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org/species

Hódi L, Torma M, 2000. Efficacy of some herbicide active ingredients on Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. in laboratory trials. In: Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, Sonderh. 17 [ed. by Haas, H. U.\Hurle, K.]. 603-605.

Hodisan N, 2009. Results of the research on the allelopathic effect between the neophyte species, Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. ("ierboaia") and some agricultural crops. In: Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture, 66(1). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 362-369. http://journals.usamvcj.ro/agriculture

ITIS, 2014. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov

Marisavljevic D, Pavlovic D, Veljkovic B, Radivojevic L, 2005. Iva xanthifolia, a problematic weed in sugarbeet in Serbia. In: Plant protection and plant health in Europe: introduction and spread of invasive species, held at Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, 9-11 June 2005 [ed. by Alford, D. V.\Backhaus, G. F.]. Alton, UK: British Crop Protection Council, 251-252.

Milanova S, 2001. Some morphological and bioecological characteristics of Iva xanthifolia (Nutt.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(2):141-146.

Radanovic M, Bokic B, Radak B, Rat M, Anackov G, 2012. Model for the secondary spreading area of invasive species Iva xanthifolia Nutt. 1818 (Asteraceae, Helianthae) from antropogenic dependent on native habitats. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Current Trends in Plant Protection, Belgrade, Serbia, 25-28th September, 2012 [ed. by Marisavljevic, D.]. Belgrade, Serbia: Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 103-108.

Wang LiJuan, Zhao XiuHua, Yu JingHua, Zhang XinJuan, Zu YuanGang, 2007. Experiment study on Iva xanthiifolia to feed young rabbit. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 27(5):630-635.

Zalai M, Németh I, 2007. Presence of the Marsh Elder (Iva xanthiifolia Nutt.). New results from Békés county. (A parlagi rézgyom (Iva xanthiifolia Nutt.) bemutatása és jelenléte Békés megyében.) Növényvédelem, 43(11):539-542.

Zivanovic S, Anackov G, Bokic B, Radanovic M, Rat M, Bojcic S, Igic R, Boza P, 2012. Morphological variability of species Iva xanthifolia Nutt. 1818 (Asteraceae, Helianthae) in ruderal habitats. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Current Trends in Plant Protection, Belgrade, Serbia, 25-28th September, 2012 [ed. by Marisavljevic, D.]. Belgrade, Serbia: Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 89-98.

Principal Source

Follak et al. (2013)

Contributors

23/04/14 Original text by:

David Mountain, CABI, UK

Distribution Maps

• = Present, no further details
• = Evidence of pathogen
• = Widespread
• = Last reported
• = Localised
• = Presence unconfirmed
• = Confined and subject to quarantine
• = See regional map for distribution within the country
• = Occasional or few reports

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