Datasheet
Raffaelea lauricola (laurel wilt)
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Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva
Preferred Common Name
Summary of Invasiveness
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Since the introduction of R. lauricola and the vector Xyleborus glabratus into the USA from Asia, laurel wilt has caused extensive mortality of trees of the Lauraceae in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina and has now been recorded in Mississippi (Riggins et al., 2010). The invasive potential of ambrosia beetles poses a significant threat to the avocado industry in Florida.
Taxonomic Tree
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- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Fungi
- Phylum: Ascomycota
- Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
- Class: Sordariomycetes
- Subclass: Sordariomycetidae
- Order: Ophiostomatales
- Family: Ophiostomataceae
- Genus: Raffaelea
- Species: Raffaelea lauricola
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
| Country | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | References | Notes | ASIA |
| Japan | Present | | | | | EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 2015 | |
| -Kyushu | Present | | | | | EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 2015 | |
| Myanmar | Present | | | | | Ploetz et al., 2016 | |
| Taiwan | Present | | | | | EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 2015 | |
NORTH AMERICA |
| USA | Restricted distribution | | | | | EPPO, 2014; CABI/EPPO, 2015 | |
| -Alabama | Present, few occurrences | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; EPPO, 2014; Bates et al., 2013 | |
| -Florida | Restricted distribution | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; Hughes et al., 2011; Hughes et al., 2012; EPPO, 2014; Hughes et al., 2014 | |
| -Georgia | Restricted distribution | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; Smith et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014 | |
| -Mississippi | Restricted distribution | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; Riggins et al., 2010; EPPO, 2014 | |
| -North Carolina | Restricted distribution | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; EPPO, 2014 | |
| -South Carolina | Restricted distribution | | | | | CABI/EPPO, 2015; Smith et al., 2009; EPPO, 2014 | |
References
Top of pageBates CA, Fraedrich SW, Harrington TC, Cameron RS, Menard RD, Best GS, 2013. First report of laurel wilt, caused by Raffaelea lauricola, on sassafras (Sassafras albidum) in Alabama. Plant Disease, 97(5):688. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
CABI/EPPO, 2015. Raffaelea lauricola. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 1170 (Edition 1).
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Evans EA, Crane J, Hodges A, Osborne JL, 2010. Potential economic impact of laurel wilt disease on the Florida avocado industry. HortTechnology, 20(1):234-238. http://horttech.ashspublications.org/
Fraedrich SW, 2008. California laurel is susceptible to laurel wilt caused by Raffaelea lauricola. Plant Disease, 92(10):1469. HTTP://www.apsnet.org
Fraedrich SW, Harrington TC, Bates CA, Johnson J, Reid LS, Best GS, Leininger TD, Hawkins TS, 2011. Susceptibility to laurel wilt and disease incidence in two rare plant species, pondberry and pondspice. Plant Disease, 95(9):1056-1062. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Gramling JM, 2010. Potential effects of Laurel Wilt on the flora of North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 9(4):827-836. http://www.eaglehill.us/jsgeninf.html
Harrington TC, Fraedrich SW, 2010. Quantification of propagules of the laurel wilt fungus and other mycangial fungi from the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Phytopathology, 100(10):1118-1123. http://www.apsnet.org/phyto/
Harrington TC, Fraedrich SW, Aghayeva DN, 2008. Raffaelea lauricola, a new ambrosia beetle symbiont and pathogen on the Lauraceae. Mycotaxon, 104:399-404. http://www.mycotaxon.com
Harrington TC, Yun HY, Lu ShengShan, Goto H, Aghayeva DN, Fraedrich SW, 2011. Isolations from the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, originated in Asia. Mycologia, 103(5):1028-1036. http://msafungi.org
Hughes M, Smith JA, Mayfield AE III, Minno MC, Shin K, 2011. First report of Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on pondspice in Florida. Plant Disease, 95(12):1588. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Hughes MA, Black A, Smith JA, 2014. First report of laurel wilt caused by Raffaelea lauricola on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) in the United States. Plant Disease, 98(8):1159. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Hughes MA, Shin K, Eickwort J, Smith JA, 2012. First report of laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on silk bay in Florida. Plant Disease, 96(6):910-911. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Peña JE, Crane JH, Capinera JL, Duncan RE, Kendra PE, Ploetz RC, McLean S, Brar G, Thomas MC, Cave RD, 2011. Chemical control of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, and other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist, 94(4):882-896. http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/
Ploetz RC, Pérez-Martínez JM, Evans EA, Inch SA, 2011. Toward fungicidal management of Laurel wilt of avocado. Plant Disease, 95(8):977-982. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Ploetz RC, Thant YY, Hughes MA, Dreaden TJ, Konkol JL, Kyaw AT, Smith JA, Harmon CL, 2016. Laurel wilt, caused by Raffaelea lauricola, is detected for the first time outside the southeastern United States. Plant Disease, 100(11):2166-2167. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Riggins JJ, Hughes M, Smith JA, Mayfield AE III, Layton B, Balbalian C, Campbell R, 2010. First occurrence of laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on redbay trees in Mississippi. Plant Disease, 94(5):634-635. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Shields J, Jose S, Freeman J, Bunyan M, Celis G, Hagan D, Morgan M, Pieterson EC, Zak J, 2011. Short-term impacts of laurel wilt on redbay (Persea borbonia [L.] Spreng.) in a mixed evergreen-deciduous forest in Northern Florida. Journal of Forestry, 109(2):82-88. http://www.ingenta.com/journals/browse/saf/jof
Smith JA, Dreaden TJ, Mayfield AE III, Boone A, Fraedrich SW, Bates C, 2009. First report of laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on sassafras in Florida and South Carolina. Plant Disease, 93(10):1079. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Smith JA, Mount L, Mayfield AE III, Bates CA, Lamborn WA, Fraedrich SW, 2009. First report of laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on camphor in Florida and Georgia. Plant Disease, 93(2):198. HTTP://www.apsnet.org
Distribution Maps
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- = Present, no further details
- = Evidence of pathogen
- = Widespread
- = Last reported
- = Localised
- = Presence unconfirmed
- = Confined and subject to quarantine
- = See regional map for distribution within the country
- = Occasional or few reports