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Datasheet

Seed trade (pathway cause)

Summary

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    Compendia
    CAB International
    Wallingford
    Oxfordshire
    OX10 8DE
    UK
    compend@cabi.org

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Seed trade (pathway cause)

Species Transported by Cause

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SpeciesNotesLong DistanceLocalReferences
Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow)Seeds available on the internet for conservation and restoration purposes.YesYes
Abutilon indicum (country mallow)YesYes
Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia)Seeds available to be shipped locally and internationally.YesYes
Acacia longifolia (golden wattle)Seeds for sale over the internet.YesYes
Achillea millefolium (yarrow)Seeds available locally and internationally for forage use, ornamental use.YesYesRumball, 2005
Aegilops cylindricaYesYes
Ageratum houstonianum (blue billygoat weed)YesYes
Agrostis capillaris (common bent)Yes
Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass)Contamination of grass seeds. No introduction informationYesMackay, 1964
Alternaria japonica (pod spot of radish)infected seedYesYesNeergaard, 1945; Petrie, 1978; Tahvonen, 1979; Tohyama & Tsuda, 1990; Tohyama & Tsuda, 1995
Alternaria triticina (leaf blight of wheat)YesLogrieco et al., 1990
Amaranthus dubius (leafy amaranth)YesYes
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)YesYes
Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed)YesYes
Anethum graveolens (dill)YesYesJana & Shekhawat, 2010
Antigonon leptopus (coral vine)Seeds sold onlineYesYesBurke & DiTommaso, 2011
Aronia x prunifoliaYesYes
Artemisia biennis (biennial wormwood)In flaxseed or grainYesJehlík, 1984; Suominen, 1979
Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass)YesYes
Avena barbata (slender oat)Is a common contaminant in seed mixturesYes
Axonopus fissifoliusYesYes
Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome)Not documented but possibleYesYes
Brassica nigra (black mustard)deliberateYes
Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome)Common forage grass contaminateYesYesSmith, 1968
Bromus secalinus (rye brome)Principally spread as a contaminant of cereal seedYesHubbard, 1954
Buddleja asiatica (dog tail)Especially since the species is an ornamental and a medicinal plantYesYesPlants for a Future, 2013
Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage)YesJehlik & Slavik, 1968
Cenchrus biflorus (Indian sandbur)YesYes
Centaurea macrocephalaYes
Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy)Seeds sold online (http://davesgarden.com)YesYes
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)As a seed contaminantYesYesChevalier, 1949
Ciborinia allii (neck rot of onion)YesYesLacy & Lorbeer, 1995
Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle)Contaminant in crop seedsYesYesHolm et al., 1997
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Potato ring rot)YesYesBoer et al., 2005; Boer SHde, 1987
Claviceps africana (ergot)presumed means of reaching AmericasYesBandyopadhyay et al., 1998; Pazoutová & Frederickson, 2005
Claviceps fusiformis (pearl millet ergot)YesYesPathak et al., 1984
Claviceps sorghi (sorghum ergot)YesYesBandyopadhyay et al., 1996
Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (cadang cadang disease)Unrestricted movement of coconut germplasm from affected areas in the Philippines.YesYes
Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos)popular garden plantYesYes
Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virusCABMV is seedborne in cowpea seedsYesYes
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster)YesYes
Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla)Seeds of C. fulgida are easily found in online-shops to be shipped all over the worldYes
Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear)Seeds of C. fulgida are easily found in online-shops to be shipped all over the worldYes
Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass)Seeds are widely commercializedYesYesCook et al., 2005
Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot)YesYes
Daucus carota (carrot)Wild carrot occurs as seed or grain contaminantYesYes
Desmodium incanum (creeping beggerweed)Forage of hydro-mulch seeds sold for planting could contain this species either as the main forage oYesYes
Didymella fabae (leaf and pod spot)Infected seedYesYesHewett, 1966; Kaiser, 1997
Digitaria insularis (sourgrass)Yes
Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot)AssumedYesYes
Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass)Used as a forage grassYesYesUchytil, 1992
Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane)Widely available on the Internet and in many dedicated shops and nurseries (F Barthelat, pers. obs)YesYes
Erodium botrys (long-beaked stork's bill)In grass or other seedYesYes
Erodium cicutarium (common storksbill)YesYes
Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy)YesYes
Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode)Netherlands to CanadaYesYesFranco et al., 1998
Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)Netherlands to South AmericaYesDAO et al., 1971
Glyceria declinata (small sweet grass)YesYes
Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass)Seed sold in Victoria in the 1940sYesYesGippsland and Northern Co-operative CoLtd, 1940
Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath)YesYesDarwent, 1975
Harpophora maydis (late wilt of maize)on imported seedYesPécsi & Németh, 1998
Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily)YesYesBranney, 2005; Dave's Garden, 2014
Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily)Yes
Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger)Yes
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger)Yes
Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)YesYesTiley et al., 1996
Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass)Has been found to make up as much as 10% of the seed base in forage seed mixtures sold in BritainYesYes
Hymenula cerealis (Cephalosporium stripe)The potential for seed transmission exists, but data are not available to document its significance.YesYesMurray, 2006
Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane)a potential source of invasion, as seed is available onlineYesYes
Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine)Plants and seeds are sold onlineYesYes
Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush)Seed sold for native plant restorationYesNZPCN (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network), 2015
Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop)YesYes
Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy)YesYes
Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head)Yes
Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax)As contaminant in crop seedYesYes
Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Commonly sown speciesYesYes
Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin)AccidentalYes
Melinis repens (natal redtop)Seeds available onlineYesCalifornia Native Plant Link Exchange, 2012
Microlaena stipoides (meadow rice grass, meadow ricegrass)as pasture seed contaminant (?)Yes
Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant)YesAnon., 2001b; Parsons & Cuthbertson, 1992
Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot)For cocoa productionYes
Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite)Accidental introduction, common pathwayYesYes
Nandina domestica (Nandina)Seeds available via internetYes
Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape)Potential introduction on contaminated crop seedYesYes
Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape)YesYes
Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape)YesYes
Oryza barthiiPotentialYesYes
Parentucellia viscosa (yellow glandweed)Difficult to detect among grass seedYesYes
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed)YesYesPAG, 2000
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass)YesB & T World Seeds, 2012
Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum)YesYes
Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass)YesWestbrooks, 1989
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass)Listed by at least two online seed sellers and on E-BayYesHazzard's Greenhouse, 2012; World Seeds, 2012
Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid)Seeds are readily available from several outlets, inc. Amazon.comYesYes
Phleum pratense (timothy grass)Yes
Phomopsis vexans (Phomopsis blight of eggplant)infected seedYesEdgerton & Moreland, 1921; Porter, 1943; Vishunavat & Kumar, 1993
Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry)YesYes
Plantago coronopus (Buck's-horn plantain)YesYes
Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus)YesYesMissouri Botanical Garden, 2014b; Wagner et al., 1999
Raoiella indica (red palm mite)Coconut seed found to carry R. indica when transported between regionsYesYes
Rhamphicarpa fistulosaSeeds of invader can stick to (much) larger crop seeds. In theory this could disperse seeds over lonYes
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass)Contaminated rice seed source of introduction in Campeche, MexicoYesYesValverde et al., 1999; Valverde et al., 2001
Sesamia cretica (greater sugarcane borer)YesYes
Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail)AccidentalYesMilovic et al., 2010; NOBANIS, 2013; Ryves et al., 1996; Seed Regulatory Testing Branch, 2011
Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtail)YesYes
Sida acuta (sida)YesSmith, 2002; Waterhouse & Norris, 1987
Silene gallica (common catchfly)Seed found in imported clover seedYesYes
Silene latifolia subsp. alba (white campion)Seed contaminantYesYesAlberta Weed Monitoring Network, 2014
Sisymbrium irioYesYes
Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry)Seeds sold onlineYesYes
Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade)Intentionally cultivated as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwideYesYesPBI Solanum Project, 2014
Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod)HypotheticalYesYes
Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass)can occur as a seed contaminantYesYes
Stachys arvensis (staggerweed)Potential seed contaminantYesYesUSDA-ARS, 2014
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (blue snakeweed)Yes
Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil)YesYes
Strawberry necrotic shock virus (Strawberry necrotic shock virus)YesYes
Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand spinach)Common garden plant worldwide, and long available in gardening cataloguesYesYesGrubben & Denton, 2004; Roskruge, 2011; Sturtevant, 1919
Thekopsora areolata (cherry spruce rust)With or without conesYesRichardson, 1990
Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily)YesYes
Trichoconiella padwickii (stackburn disease)YesYesAgarwal et al., 2006; Lau & Sheridan, 1975
Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover)YesYesClark & Malte, 1913; Minnesota Wildflowers, 2015; Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016
Triphasia trifolia (limeberry)Seeds sold onlineYesYes
Urochloa distachya (signal grass)Commerce of forage seedsYesYesNew Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, 2015
Urochloa platyphylla (broadleaf signalgrass)Introduced as a contaminant in grass and crop-seedsYesYesUSDA-ARS, 2014
Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat)wheat and grass seedYesYesAsaad & Abang, 2009; Richardson, 1990
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)occurs as a contaminant of grass seed lotsYesYesGooch, 1963
Verbena litoralis (blue vervain)Possible formerly carried as a contaminant in seed samplesYes
Verbena rigida (stiff verbena)YesRoyal Horticultural Society, 2015
Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria)Web search results in numerous sites selling wisteria seedsYes
Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr)YesYesPIER, 2013