This chapter considers the relationship between transaction costs of small farmers in developing countries and their potential for trading in both domestic and international markets. Section 1 examines the key issues facing small farmers in the commercialization process. Section 2 identifies the...

This chapter explores the ramifications of mandatory intellectual property protection (IPP) in both developed and developing countries, especially as it promotes or inhibits agricultural innovation. It further examines how IPP in developed countries has led to the dominance of private over public...

The key concern expressed about free inputs programmes is that they 'crowd out' the private sector. The concept of crowding out in this context implies that something that would have been bought from the private sector (seed and/or fertilizer) is no longer purchased because of the intervention....

This chapter explains the difficulties encountered in developing more extensive and intimate patterns of public-private sector interaction in the Indian agricultural research system, and draws implications for reform. An innovation systems framework is used to explore this problem from a wider...

This chapter questions the continued need for public plant breeding programmes in developing countries and discusses their future role. The following factors driving the changes taking place in the plant breeding industry are identified: the commercialization of agriculture; the privatization of...

This chapter examines tourism in South Africa, more specifically in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Interviews conducted with the major stakeholders between 1994 and 1999 set out to consider whether, within the context of the province's political economy, ecotourism allowed the authors to identify a ...