Damage based identification key for endophagous herbivores on Common Reed (Phragmites australis)

Author: Patrick Häfliger ©
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Species description

			"The Yellow-Haired Gall Fly" Lipara pullitarsis Doskocil&Chvála (Dipt.: Chloropidae)
									Archanara dissoluta Archanara geminipuncta Archanara neurica Arenostola phragmitidis Chilo phragmitellus Giraudiella inclusa Lasioptera arundinis Lasioptera hungarica Lipara lucens Lipara pullitarsis Lipara rufitarsis Lipara similis Microlasioptera flexuosa Phragmataecia castaneae Platycephala planifrons Rhizedra lutosa Schoenobius gigantellus Steneotarsonemus phragmitis Tetramesa phragmitis Thrypticus smaragdinus
	Biology: Larvae hatch in April/May, enter shoots from the tip, and mine down to the growing point, but never feed farther down. Only one larva is found per shoot. End of July/August full fed larvae turn head upwards and hibernate few cm above the growing point. Pupation happens in March and adults emerge during April and early May. Flies live for about two weeks and lay eggs on shoot tips and leaves. Description: Mature larvae 6-9 mm long, light yellowish, always above growing point; pupae same shape as larvae; adults dark, 3.5-5 mm large (picture 66). Feeding pattern/damage: Larvae induce shortening and thickening of new developing internodes. The resulting gall consists usually of 5-6 shortened internodes (picture 60), which are never mined by larvae. Distribution: Europe, North America (introduced) References: Chvala et al., 1974				Pic. 60: Gall of Lipara pullitarsis without leaves Pic. 66: Adult Lipara pullitarsis

2/04/07

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