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Aphids as crop pests.
Editor(s): Emden, H. F. van Harrington, R.
2007 CABI (H ISBN 9780851998190)
This book contains 31 chapters covering aphids as crop pests, from recent advances in molecular science and chemical ecology to forecasting and insect pest management decision support systems. It is a comprehensive reference volume on all aspects...
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Taxonomic issues.
Chapter: 1 (Page no: 1)
Author(s): Blackman, R. L. Eastop, V. F.
2007 CABI
This chapter highlights some of the problems of interpreting the observed variation within and between aphid species, and discusses what the names given to aphids really mean. Fourteen taxa that probably head the list of economically important...
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Population genetic issues: the unfolding story using molecular markers.
Chapter: 2 (Page no: 31)
Author(s): Loxdale, H. D. Lushai, G.
2007 CABI
This chapter briefly introduces the molecular techniques currently used in aphid biology and population genetics, discusses the recognition of genetic individuals, lineages and their persistence, and highlights other aspects of aphid biology...
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Life cycles and polymorphism.
Chapter: 3 (Page no: 69)
Author(s): Williams, I. S. Dixon, A. F. G.
2007 CABI
This chapter first describes the major types of aphid life cycle and the different morphs associated with each stage of the cycle. Thereafter, factors that induce the production of the morphs that cause damage to crops are discussed. Finally, the...
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Host-plant selection and feeding.
Chapter: 4 (Page no: 87)
Author(s): Pettersson, J. Tjallingii, W. F. Hardie, J.
2007 CABI
This chapter reviews the successive steps of host plant orientation, finding, selection, penetration and acceptance for an individual aphid, illustrating the different mechanisms with examples from different species of...
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Nutrition and symbiosis.
Chapter: 5 (Page no: 115)
Author(s): Douglas, A. E. Emden, H. F. van
2007 CABI
This chapter provides a mechanistic understanding of aphid nutrition and its interaction with the functions of the symbiotic microorganisms (Buchnera species). Key features of microbial symbiosis in aphids are reviewed. The domination of carbon...
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Growth and Development.
Chapter: 6 (Page no: 135)
Author(s): Awmack, C. S. Leather, S. R.
2007 CABI
This chapter describes the most commonly used measurements of aphid performance, with the relevant experimental techniques needed to investigate them. Factors that may affect the reliability of this approach are then discussed, with a particular...
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Aphid movement: process and consequences.
Chapter: 7 (Page no: 153)
Author(s): Irwin, M. E. Kampmeier, G. E. Weisser, W. W.
2007 CABI
This chapter reviews the movement of agriculturally important aphids. It includes information on how different morphs and life stages redistribute themselves in response to intrinsic factors and extrinsic perturbations over time and through...
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Predators, parasitoids and pathogens.
Chapter: 8 (Page no: 187)
Author(s): Völkl, W. Mackauer, M. Pell, J. K. Brodeur, J.
2007 CABI
The first two sections of this chapter deal with predators and parasitoids, respectively, with focus on the foraging behaviour and on cues triggering successful search. Laboratory studies suggest that many natural enemies of aphids have the...
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Chemical ecology.
Chapter: 9 (Page no: 235)
Author(s): Pickett, J. A. Glinwood, R. T.
2007 CABI
This chapter reviews the many varied interactions in aphid ecology in which semiochemicals play important roles. Taking a trophic level approach, examples of chemically mediated interactions between aphids, between aphids and plants, and between...
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Insecticide resistance.
Chapter: 10 (Page no: 261)
Author(s): Foster, S. P. Devine, G. Devonshire, A. L.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on the diagnosis of insecticide resistance in aphids, their characterization, their impact on insecticide efficacy, resistance mechanisms (e.g. metabolic and target site mechanisms) and, where known, the dynamics of resistance...
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Coping with stress.
Chapter: 11 (Page no: 287)
Author(s): Bale, J. S. Ponder, K. L. Pritchard, J.
2007 CABI
This chapter explains how aphids and their life cycles cope with different stresses (including stress from host plants, nutritional stress, non-nutritional plant factors, and temperature stress (cold or heat stress)) and how these stresses affect...
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Population dynamics.
Chapter: 12 (Page no: 311)
Author(s): Kindlmann, P. Jarošík, V. Dixon, A. F. G.
2007 CABI
This chapter discusses aphid population dynamics, including aphid biology relevant to population dynamics, biology of natural enemies relevant to aphid population dynamics, the theory of aphid population dynamics (features of aphid population...
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Feeding injury.
Chapter: 13 (Page no: 331)
Author(s): Quisenberry, S. S. Ni, X. Z.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on aphid feeding-elicited crop injury and damage. A classification scheme is proposed for aphid-feeding injury in accordance with the symptoms that aphids elicit. Recent understanding of biochemical and physiological...
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Transmission of plant viruses.
Chapter: 14 (Page no: 353)
Author(s): Katis, N. I. Tsitsipis, J. A. Stevens, M. Powell, G.
2007 CABI
This chapter reviews the transmission of plant viruses by aphids, with particular emphasis on the virus-vector interactions, the attributes that make aphids such well-adapted vectors, the different modes of transmission, the determinants of...
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Chemical control.
Chapter: 15 (Page no: 391)
Author(s): Dewar, A. M.
2007 CABI
This chapter reviews the most recent research conducted on insecticides with novel groups (neonicotinoids, pymetrozine and triazamate) from an aphid control standpoint, and compared their potential with that of older established products. Notes on...
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Cultural control.
Chapter: 16 (Page no: 423)
Author(s): Wraften, S. D. Gurr, G. M. Tylianakis, J. M. Robinson, K. A.
2007 CABI
This chapter describes a variety of cultural control techniques. These range from preventing aphid access by physically protecting crops, to enhancing aphid mortality by providing neighbouring habitats that provide out-of-season refuges for aphid...
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Host-plant resistance.
Chapter: 17 (Page no: 447)
Author(s): Emden, H. F. van
2007 CABI
This chapter discusses the resistance of host plants to aphids, including the types of host plant resistance (i.e. antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance), mechanisms of host plant resistance, yield drag or other fitness costs, negative effects on...
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Biological control.
Chapter: 18 (Page no: 469)
Author(s): Powell, W. Pell, J. K.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on attempts to control aphids using (1) classical biological control involving introductions of natural enemies into geographical areas where they did not previously occur and usually directed against introduced pests, and (2)...
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Monitoring and forecasting.
Chapter: 19 (Page no: 515)
Author(s): Harrington, R. Hullé, M. Plantegenest, M.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on the monitoring and forecasting of aphids, particularly on the importance of monitoring and forecasting their occurrence, the key parameters to monitor and forecast, the appropriate sites where monitoring and forecasting...
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Integrated pest management and introduction to IPM case studies.
Chapter: 20 (Page no: 537)
Author(s): Emden, H. F. van
2007 CABI
This chapter introduces the concepts and potential of integrated pest management (IPM), pointing out that it originated in California with work on aphids, and the IPM case studies in the succeeding chapters. It defines IPM as the use of multiple...
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IPM case studies: brassicas.
Chapter: 21 (Page no: 549)
Author(s): Collier, R. H. Finch, S.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on the integrated pest management (IPM) strategies used for controlling aphids on Brassica species in the UK, drawing comparisons with strategies employed in other countries where information is available. Specific sections...
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IPM case studies: berry crops.
Chapter: 22 (Page no: 561)
Author(s): Isaacs, R. Woodford, J. A. T.
2007 CABI
This chapter provides a general overview of successful strategies for the management of aphids in berry crops (mostly in Europe and North America), with a focus on aphid integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, especially in raspberry (Rubus...
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IPM case studies: cotton.
Chapter: 23 (Page no: 573)
Author(s): Deguine, J. P. Vaissayre, M. Leclant, F.
2007 CABI
This chapter presents the biological and ecological characteristics of Aphis gossypii, its infestation of cotton crop, its damage and economic importance. Some advantages and disadvantages of A. gossypii control strategies (chemical, cultural,...
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IPM case studies: leafy salad crops.
Chapter: 24 (Page no: 587)
Author(s): Tatchell, G. M.
2007 CABI
This chapter provides an overview of the aphid infestation of leafy salad crops (Asteraceae crops including many varieties of Lactuca sativa), and the various measures for controlling these pests, particularly by integrated pest management (IPM)...
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IPM case studies: grain.
Chapter: 25 (Page no: 597)
Author(s): Poehling, H. M. Freier, B. Klüken, A. M.
2007 CABI
This chapter provides an overview of the aphid pests Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum attacking cereal crops, particularly winter wheat in Central Europe. The population dynamics of these aphids, their direct and...
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IPM case studies: seed potato.
Chapter: 26 (Page no: 613)
Author(s): Radcliffe, E. B. Ragsdale, D. W. Surányi, R. A.
2007 CABI
This chapter discusses the various aspects of aphid management in seed potatoes, including the advantages of seed certification, the danger of aphids transmitting potato viruses, use of economic thresholds and mathematical modelling. It focuses on...
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IPM case studies: sorghum.
Chapter: 27 (Page no: 627)
Author(s): Michels, G. J., Jr. Burd, J. D.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses on the integrated pest management (IPM practices) of greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), mostly in the Great Plains of USA. Current greenbug IPM practices include chemical control, biological control,...
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IPM case studies: cucurbits.
Chapter: 28 (Page no: 639)
Author(s): Webb, S. E.
2007 CABI
This chapter focuses primarily on aphid pest management in cucurbits grown in the USA, but will also refer to strategies used in other countries, particularly for the management of aphids on cucumbers under protected cultivation. Specific sections...
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IPM case studies: deciduous fruit trees.
Chapter: 29 (Page no: 651)
Author(s): Barbagallo, S. Cocuzza, G. Cravedi, P. Komazaki, S.
2007 CABI
This chapter discusses the damage caused, virus transmission, and control of apple and pear aphids (including Eriosoma lanigerum, Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis pyri, Melanaphis pyraria,...
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IPM case studies: tropical and subtropical fruit trees.
Chapter: 30 (Page no: 663)
Author(s): Barbagallo, S. Cocuzza, G. Cravedi, P. Komazaki, S.
2007 CABI
This chapter deals with some applied aspects of the epidemiology, damage, and integrated pest management (IPM) control measures against pest aphid species (including those vectoring viruses) affecting citrus trees and other widely grown tropical...
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Decision support systems.
Chapter: 31 (Page no: 677)
Author(s): Knight, J. D. Thackray, D. J.
2007 CABI
The term 'Decision Support System' (DSS) has been used rather loosely to include a number of different methods of improving pest management and decision making over control measures. In this chapter, DSS is taken to mean one or more models,...
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