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Giardia and Cryptosporidium: from molecules to disease.
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Giardia and Cryptosporidium: from molecules to disease.
Editors(s): Ortega-Pierres, G. Cacciò, S. Fayer, R. Mank, T. G. Smith, H. V. Thompson, R. C. A.
2009 CABI (H ISBN 9781845933913)
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are both parasites of considerable global interest due to the gastrointestinal problems the organisms can cause in humans as well as domestic and wild animals. This book presents an overview of recent research. The...
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The impact of Giardia on science and society.
Chapter: 1 (Page no: 1)
Authors(s): Thompson, R. C. A.
2009 CABI
Although Giardia has a long history, it is only recently that the clinical impact of Giardia in children has been recognized. Similarly, the emergence of Giardia as a frequent parasite of companion animals, livestock and wildlife raises questions...
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Cryptosporidium in cattle: from observing to understanding.
Chapter: 2 (Page no: 12)
Authors(s): Fayer, R. Santín, M. Trout, J. M.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic pathogen transmissible from a variety of animals to humans and is a considerable public health concern. Dairy cattle have been identified in numerous reports as a major source of environmental contamination...
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Names do matter.
Chapter: 3 (Page no: 25)
Authors(s): Bowman, D. D.
2009 CABI
In zoology, each species is assigned a name by an expert or group of experts on the basis of characters that define an organism or groups of organisms that are designated as type specimens. As more is learned about a genus, the importance of...
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Centenary of the genus Cryptosporidium: from morphological to molecular species identification.
Chapter: 4 (Page no: 31)
Authors(s): Šlapeta, J.
2009 CABI
The biology and species diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium is mystifying for many protozoologists and even more so for non-specialists. Historically, two morphologically distinct parasites of the gastrointestinal tract were originally...
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Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in developing countries.
Chapter: 5 (Page no: 51)
Authors(s): Xiao, L.
2009 CABI
Genotyping and subtyping tools have been used to characterize the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis in developing countries. Thus far, five Cryptosporidium spp. - C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis - are...
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Molecular epidemiology and typing of non-human isolates of Cryptosporidium.
Chapter: 6 (Page no: 65)
Authors(s): Ryan, U. M. Xiao, L.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium has been reported in a wide variety of hosts, with C. parvum and C. hominis being responsible for most human infections. Until recently, it has been assumed that farm animals and wild animals are important zoonotic reservoirs for...
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Insights into the molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis: implications for epidemiology.
Chapter: 7 (Page no: 81)
Authors(s): Cacciò, S. M. Lalle, M. Beck, R. Pozio, E.
2009 CABI
Giardia duodenalis is a widespread parasite of mammalian species, including humans. Due to its invariant morphology, investigation of aspects such as host specificity and transmission patterns requires a direct genetic characterization of...
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Wildlife with Giardia: villain, or victim and vector?
Chapter: 8 (Page no: 94)
Authors(s): Kutz, S. J. Thompson, R. C. A. Polley, L.
2009 CABI
Among mammalian wildlife, Giardia has been reported on every continent and from a wide variety of species, including marsupials, rodents, insectivores, ungulates, marine mammals, felids, canids and ursids. Increasing efforts have been made to...
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The role of livestock in the foodborne transmission of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. to humans.
Chapter: 9 (Page no: 107)
Authors(s): Dixon, B. R.
2009 CABI
While person-to-person and waterborne transmission probably account for most human infections with Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., zoonotic transmission, particularly from livestock, has generated a great deal of interest in recent...
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The risk of zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in watersheds.
Chapter: 10 (Page no: 123)
Authors(s): Mohammed, H. O. Wade, S. E.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian protozoan that has zoonotic significance. Genotypes of this protozoan are known to contribute significantly to calf morbidity and mortality and hence have become an economic liability for many dairy and beef...
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Clinical presentation in Cryptosporidium-infected patients.
Chapter: 11 (Page no: 131)
Authors(s): Kortbeek, L. M.
2009 CABI
In immunocompetent patients Cryptosporidium can lead to a self-limited diarrhoea, sometimes recurrent. Other symptoms are vomiting, nausea, decreased appetite, weight loss, flatulence and abdominal pain and cramps. High levels of oocyst shedding...
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Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections.
Chapter: 12 (Page no: 138)
Authors(s): Hunter, P. R.
2009 CABI
For infectious diseases, molecular epidemiology can be defined as the use of molecular (predominantly genetic) methods to distinguish between strains of a microbial pathogen in order to identify markers of virulence or host range or to elucidate...
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Advances in diagnosis: is microscopy still the benchmark?
Chapter: 13 (Page no: 147)
Authors(s): Chalmers, R. M.
2009 CABI
Despite advances in the biomedical sciences, leading to developments in laboratory diagnostics, examination (usually of faeces) by microscopy remains the keystone of laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. In Europe, standard...
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Control of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water by disinfection.
Chapter: 14 (Page no: 158)
Authors(s): Hargy, T. M. Clancy, J. L. Landry, L. P.
2009 CABI
The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) serves the Greater Vancouver, BC, area, delivering water to 18 Lower Mainland municipalities, which in turn deliver water to approximately 2.1 million people. Water is collected from three mountainous...
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Towards methods for detecting UV-induced damage in individual Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Chapter: 15 (Page no: 179)
Authors(s): Smith, H. V. Al-Adhami, B. H. Nichols, R. A. B. Kusel, J. R. O'Grady, J.
2009 CABI
Water is an important transmission route for cryptosporidiosis, with at least 165 waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis documented. Cryptosporidium can be controlled through water treatment by physical removal and UV disinfection, and a method...
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Effect of environmental and conventional water treatment processes on waterborne Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Chapter: 16 (Page no: 198)
Authors(s): King, B. Keegan, A. Saint, C. Monis, P.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium oocysts are prevalent in surface waters as a result of anthroponotic activity and native animal faecal contamination. A sound understanding of the impact of environmental and water treatment processes on the survival of oocysts is...
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Methods for genotyping and subgenotyping Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts isolated during water and food monitoring.
Chapter: 17 (Page no: 210)
Authors(s): Smith, H. V. Nichols, R. A. B. Connelly, L. Sullivan, C. B.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium oocysts are frequent contaminants of water, with contributions from infected human and non-human hosts, livestock and agricultural practices, and infected feral and transport hosts. Numerous waterborne outbreaks of...
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Intervention in waterborne disease.
Chapter: 18 (Page no: 227)
Authors(s): Nichols, G. Lake, I. R. Chalmers, R. M. Bentham, G. Harrison, F. C. D. Hunter, P. R. Kovats, S. Grundy, C. Anthony, S. Lyons, H. Agnew, M. Proctor, C.
2009 CABI
Waterborne disease resulting from contaminated drinking and recreational waters is preventable. Since 2000 there has been a significant reduction in cryptosporidiosis in the first half of the year in England and Wales, but not in the second. This...
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Occurrence and control of Naegleria fowleri in drinking water wells.
Chapter: 19 (Page no: 238)
Authors(s): Gerba, C. P. Blair, B. L. Sarkar, P. Bright, K. R. MacLean, R. C. Marciano-Cabral, F.
2009 CABI
Naegleria fowleri is a water-based protozoan found naturally in soil and warm waters. The deaths of two children due to N. fowleri in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area occurred in 2002, and the drinking water obtained from groundwater was...
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Environmental factors influencing the survival of Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Chapter: 20 (Page no: 248)
Authors(s): Ortega, Y. R.
2009 CABI
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite responsible for severe diarrhoeal illness; particularly in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. In most instances, transmission has been water- and foodborne. The seasonality of Cyclospora in...
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Recent advances in the developmental biology and life cycle of Cryptosporidium.
Chapter: 21 (Page no: 255)
Authors(s): Hijjawi, N. S. Boxell, A. C. Thompson, R. C. A.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasite that has gained much attention as a clinically important human pathogen since the late 1980s; however, little is known regarding the developmental biology of this parasite. Recent molecular and...
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Basic biology of Giardia lamblia: further studies on median body and funis.
Chapter: 22 (Page no: 266)
Authors(s): Benchimol, M.
2009 CABI
Giardia lamblia is a parasitic protozoan that infects thousands of people all over the world, causing a disease known as giardiasis. Giardia trophozoites are tear-shaped cells with two nuclei located in the anterior region of the cell body....
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Giardia intestinalis: a microaerophilic parasite with mitochondrial ancestry.
Chapter: 23 (Page no: 284)
Authors(s): León-Avila, G. Hernández, J. M. Tovar, J.
2009 CABI
Highly derived mitochondrion-related organelles originally found in Entamoeba histolytica and known as mitosomes (or cryptons) are heterogeneous in morphology and exist in a range of anaerobic protists including Trachipleistophora hominis and...
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Cytoskeleton-based lipid transport in a parasitic protozoan, Giardia lamblia.
Chapter: 24 (Page no: 292)
Authors(s): Castillo, C. Hernandez, Y. Roychowdhury, S. Das, S.
2009 CABI
The early-divergent protozoan Giardia lamblia, which is a major cause of waterborne enteric disease worldwide, was shown to possess limited lipid synthesis ability and to depend upon preformed lipid molecules for energy production and membrane...
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Signalling during Giardia differentiation.
Chapter: 25 (Page no: 309)
Authors(s): Lauwaet, T. Gillin, F. D.
2009 CABI
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan pathogen of the human small intestine. The life cycle of Giardia and its capacity to differentiate from a motile trophozoite into a dormant, water-resistant cyst, and vice versa, is crucial for its pathogenesis....
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Preliminary analysis of the Cryptosporidium muris genome.
Chapter: 26 (Page no: 320)
Authors(s): Widmer, G. London, E. Zhang, L. Ge, G. Tzipori, S. Carlton, J. M. Silva, J. C. da
2009 CABI
In 1999, the National Institute of Health (NIH) recognized the importance of sequencing the genome of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis as a means of addressing the urgent need to better understand these human parasites and...
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Proteomic analyses in Giardia.
Chapter: 27 (Page no: 328)
Authors(s): Palm, D. Svärd, S. G.
2009 CABI
The parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis is a worldwide cause of diarrhoea, but the mechanism of disease remains elusive. The parasite colonizes the small intestinal epithelium, known to be a sensor for the presence of enteric pathogens,...
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Proteomic and genomic approaches to understanding the 'power plant' of Cryptosporidium.
Chapter: 28 (Page no: 344)
Authors(s): Putignani, L. Sanderson, S. J. Russo, C. Kissinger, J. Menichella, D. Wastling, J. M.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium spp. are important parasites of humans and animals for which current therapies are extremely limited. In order to target the biology of this unusual organism, a fuller understanding of its biochemistry, including the role of its...
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Energy metabolism and carbon flow in Cryptosporidium parvum.
Chapter: 29 (Page no: 360)
Authors(s): Zhu, G.
2009 CABI
Cryptosporidium lacks a Krebs cycle in the remnant mitochondria, thus probably solely relies on glycolysis to generate energy. The glycolytic pathway in this parasite consists of enzymes with a complex evolutionary history and diverse phylogenetic...
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The surface protein repertoires of Cryptosporidium spp. and other apicomplexans.
Chapter: 30 (Page no: 369)
Authors(s): Templeton, T. J.
2009 CABI
Whole-genome and high-coverage nucleotide sequence information is now available for three species of Cryptosporidium: C. parvum, C. hominis and C. muris. In this chapter I introduce the repertoires of Cryptosporidium surface and secreted proteins...
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Giardan: structure, synthesis, regulation and inhibition.
Chapter: 31 (Page no: 382)
Authors(s): S¸ener, K. Keulen, H. van Jarroll, E. L.
2009 CABI
During encystment, Giardia trophozoites become encased in a filamentous extracellular matrix of their own making that consists of novel cyst wall proteins (Cwp) 1, 2 and 3, and a novel 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactan we are naming giardan. Giardan...
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Protein kinase C in Giardia duodenalis: a family affair.
Chapter: 32 (Page no: 398)
Authors(s): Bazán-Tejeda, M. L. Argüello-García, R. Bermúdez-Cruz, R. M. Robles-Flores, M. Ortega-Pierres, G.
2009 CABI
The induction of Giardia duodenalis encystment entails an exquisite interplay among transducer elements, which proceeds in a highly ordered manner in response to external stimuli and leads to changes in gene expression. However, little is known...
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Secretory granule biogenesis and the organization of membrane compartments via SNARE proteins in Giardia lamblia.
Chapter: 33 (Page no: 409)
Authors(s): Elías, E. V. Gottig, N. Quiroga, R. Luján, H. D.
2009 CABI
Giardia lamblia trophozoites lack organelles typical of higher eukaryotes such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and compartments involved in intracellular protein trafficking and secretion, the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules. Nevertheless, the...
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Molecular mechanisms of Cryptosporidium-induced host actin cytoskeleton dynamics.
Chapter: 34 (Page no: 418)
Authors(s): O'Hara, S. P. Chen, X. M. LaRusso, N. F.
2009 CABI
Early ultrastructural observations of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected cells consistently described the accumulation of microfilaments beneath the dense band, suggesting the initiation of actin reorganization within the host cell....
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Pathogenic mechanisms in giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis.
Chapter: 35 (Page no: 428)
Authors(s): Buret, A. G.
2009 CABI
This chapter elaborates on pathogenic processes responsible for the production of symptoms during giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. To date, research findings indicate that both infections share a number of these processes. Infection appears to...
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Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in immunological control of cryptosporidial infection.
Chapter: 36 (Page no: 442)
Authors(s): Choudhry, N. Bajaj-Elliott, M. McDonald, V.
2009 CABI
Immunological control of cryptosporidial infection is dependent on a cell-mediated immune response involving CD4
+
T cells. These cells produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and a deficiency in the activity of this...
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Immune response to Giardia infection: lessons from animal models.
Chapter: 37 (Page no: 451)
Authors(s): Singer, S. M. Kamda, J.
2009 CABI
Infection with Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common parasitic infections among humans. In many parts of the world
20% of the population is infected with Giardia at any given time, and most children show evidence of having been...
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Drug treatment and novel drug targets against Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
Chapter: 38 (Page no: 463)
Authors(s): Rossignol, J. F.
2009 CABI
Against Cryptosporidium parvum only nitazoxanide and paramomycin show some activity in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS. In immunocompetent children and adults, nitazoxanide receives regulatory approval for this indication in the...
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